No’unne’gu

A wealthy young man named No’unne’gu seeks to marry Ka’muxa’isyuk’s daughter. Ka’muxa’isyuk, a powerful shaman, has previously killed No’unne’gu’s brothers using two brown bears. No’unne’gu overcomes deadly challenges, including retrieving lava stones from Siberia and confronting the bears. After marrying the daughter, he kills her in revenge for his brothers and leaves her body in her father’s fish-net.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Quest: No’unne’gu embarks on a perilous journey to Siberia to retrieve lava stones, a task assigned by Ka’muxa’isyuk.

Cunning and Deception: Ka’muxa’isyuk employs deceitful tactics, such as creating a storm and setting traps, in attempts to thwart No’unne’gu’s mission.

Revenge and Justice: After successfully completing the tasks and marrying Ka’muxa’isyuk’s daughter, No’unne’gu exacts revenge for his brothers’ deaths by killing her and leaving her body for her father to find.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


A story told in connection with the feast of animals’ souls.

No’unne’gu is a rich man, who has a parka of marten skins. He lives with several of his brothers at a place on the Yukon some distance above Anvik. He is the youngest of the family. Below Anvik lives a rich man, who has a wife and a daughter. His name is Ka’muxa’isyuk. He has two sons. They live in one of the Ingalik villages. Every year one of the young men of No’unne’gu’s family goes down to court Ka’muxa’isyuk’s daughter, but her father kills them, with the help of two brown bears that he keeps. Finally it comes No’unne’gu’s turn to go down. He is a strong man. Ka’muxa’isyuk sends him to Siberia to get tcachl (lava-stones) to put into the fire when the kashime is heated, so as to preserve the heat. He takes his baidara and sets out. He gets the stones; but when he starts to return, Ka’muxa’isyuk, who is a powerful shaman, creates a great storm.

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But No’unne’gu has a charm bound up in his hair at the back of his neck. It is a small, black stone. He takes this out, and throws it toward the shore from which he has come, and a path of smooth water appears, while the waves rage on each side. The shaman thinks that he has finished him; but he gets back, with the stones. Then the shaman sends him into the woods for a load of fuel. There is a path under the spruces; but the two brown bears have been set to watch for him, one on each side of the path. He is not afraid of them, but takes one with each hand, by the back of the neck, and gives them a shaking and goes on. He brings back the wood and splits it in front of the door of the kashime, and makes a fire, and heats up the stones that he has brought. The shaman thinks that by sending him into the kashime while the fire is hot, he will cause his death; but he survives, and the shaman gives in, and lets him have his daughter. He takes her in his canoe and goes off; but on the way he takes off her parka, and ties a string around her neck, and throws her, screaming, into the water, and drags her until she is dead, in revenge for the death of his brothers. When he reaches her father’s fish-net, he fastens her body in it and goes home. The next day her father finds the body in the net, with the rope around the neck, and he understands.


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Origin of the Feast for the Dead

A cherished young woman becomes separated from her family during a hunting trip and encounters two mysterious figures who lead her to a shadowy realm. There, she experiences strange customs and eerie phenomena, ultimately discovering that she is among the spirits of the dead. This narrative explains the origin of the Feast for the Dead, a ritual honoring departed souls.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Journey to the Otherworld: The protagonist is taken to a mysterious and dark house, symbolizing a venture into a realm beyond the living.

Ritual and Initiation: The story delves into practices and ceremonies associated with the Feast for the Dead, highlighting the cultural significance of honoring ancestors and the deceased.

Ancestral Spirits: The tale emphasizes the connection between the living and the spirits of ancestors, showcasing the influence of forebears on cultural practices.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


The Feast for the Dead is also called Parka feast, or spirit feast

There was a family living on the Upper Yukon, — a man and his wife and several children. All the children were boys except the youngest, who was a girl. Now, because they had but the one sister, the young men thought a great deal of her, and did everything they could think of to please her. They saw that she had the finest parkas and boots that could be had, and, among other things, they made her a beautiful sled.

One spring they all started to the hunting-grounds for the annual hunt. Each of the party had his own sled; and as they went on. the girl fell behind, and her father and brothers got so far ahead that they were out of sight. She hurried on, trying to catch up with them, and occasionally looking up to see whether she was overtaking them.

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As she did this, she became aware of two men standing beside the path. Their forms were vague and shadowy, and she could hardly distinguish them. She was afraid, but they told her to come on; and since there was no other way for her to do, she went forward and tried to pass them; but when she came up to them, they seized her, and she lost consciousness, and knew nothing more until she was set down at the door of a house, and the two men were standing on either side of her. They told her to go into the house, and to go to their place at the back of the room. She went in; but the room was so dark that she could see nothing except that high up above her head there was a faint ray of light about as large as the eye of a needle. She stood looking at this place for a long time, until she heard the voice of an old woman, saying, “Why did they bring this woman here?” The young woman had not been aware that there was any one in the room, and she hung her head. Some one else said, “Do something to her!” Upon this, she heard the voice of the old woman coughing as she came toward her. She had a wand in her hand; and she led the young woman back to the door, and made passes around her with the wand. When she had done this, the place seemed suddenly to become light, and the girl saw that the room was so full of women that there was no place vacant except the one belonging to the two young men; and she ran to take refuge in that place, for she was ashamed to think that she had stood so long in the presence of all these people, gazing up at the ceiling. She staid where she was for a long time, until finally the two young men came in. They remained but a short time, and then said that they were going into the kashime. When the time came to make the fire for the evening meal, and they had started the fire, the young woman was hardly able to breathe, because of the stench in the room. [The story-teller said that it was like the odor of a stable, and that perhaps the cows came from that place; for the white people are the shades of the dead, and that is why they are coming so thick.]

The only way that she could keep from stifling was to pull her parka up over her face, and breathe underneath it.

She looked at the fire, and saw the sticks move together of their own accord as they were consumed, and she wondered at this, and jumped down and ran to the fire and poked it hard. When she did this, the fire leaped up, and some one screamed out, “You are burning me!” Some one else said, “These women from down the river have no shame about anything.” When she heard this, she looked, and saw that there was an old man sitting by the fire, with his parka pulled up, warming his back. He was the one who had been burned; and the reason that the sticks moved was, that there were a great many women, whom she could not see, getting brands from the fire. Their forms were so shadowy that she could hardly make them out. A voice asked why she did not let them get the fire, instead of beating it down. After the fire had gone down, and they had put the curtain on, they told her to go outside and look; and when she went out, she saw the largest city that she had ever seen. It was so large that she could not see from one end of it to the other. There were people walking about everywhere. She had never seen anything like it before. After a while she went in, and then those two men came out of the kashime; and when they entered the house, their mother sent them a bowl of fish, which they offered to share with her, but she could not even look at it without being nauseated, on account of the smell. So they ate without her that night, and every day afterward, because she could not touch the food that they offered her.

For a long time she went without food. Every day she walked outside; but the young women made fun of her, perhaps because they wanted the young men for themselves. She staid there for a long time, until she became thin, and so weak that she could hardly stand up or move. She could hardly breathe, either; and she kept her face in her parka nearly all the time, so as to get breath. When her life was nearly gone, she wanted water more than anything else. She thought that she was about to die. She lifted her face to take one look around, and there, beside her, she saw a bowl of water, clear and good: and beside it was a bowl of food such as she used to love, — mashed blueberries mixed with seal-oil, with the best kind of dried whitefish laid on top. She caught up the water and drank it all, and ate some of the food; and when the young men came in, she asked them if they would not eat with her. They would not look at the fresh food, however, but turned to their own filthy food and ate it. By this means her life was preserved until she was able to move around. At intervals for half a year or more she found food and water by her side. She did not know where they came from, but in reality they were her parents’ offerings made in her behalf, because they supposed her to be dead.

After a while the people with whom she was living told her that they were going to some place where she could not follow them. They said that they would come to a hill where they would have to leave her, for she could not go beyond it. The other women told her this in a jealous mood; the mother of the two young men, however, said that it was true that she would not be able to go over the hill with them, but she would tell her what to do. She was to make as many bags of clothing as she could, such as they used to make up the river, — moose-skin mittens and boots and coats, and such things, — and to keep them concealed from the two young men. So she made I know not how many bags of clothing, and at last the time came for the people to make their annual journey. The whole village started off; but this girl and the two young men and their mother were late in starting, and were left a little behind. They travelled on and on, all the people being ahead of them-, and finally they came to the foot of a range of hills, and to a precipice which barred their progress. The rest of the people had gone up this place without any difficulty whatever; but when the party in the rear came to the precipice, the girl’s feet stuck fast to the ground, and she could not move, no matter how hard she tried. So the two young men went on ahead, but the old woman staid behind with the girl. Finally the girl turned as if to go back, and then she found that her feet were loosed; so she could return if she cared to, but she could not go forward.

The old woman told her that the two men would come back four times in search of her, but that she would conceal her under the trail, and tramp it down so that they could not find her; and that after they had been back four times to find her, they would give it up; that she was then to take all the bags containing the things that she had made, and go down the river a long way, to a place where she would find a summer camp, with fish-nets and racks, and that she was to remain there until summer, catching fish. Then at the proper time, after the ice had gone, the means of getting down the river would be provided for her. She said that this was all that she could do for her. So she made a hole in the trail, and bade the young woman get into it; and she covered her with snow, and tramped it down, so that there was nothing to show that she was there. Before she concealed her, however, she had told her that if they came back and found her, they would kill her; and then it would be possible for her to go up the hill, as the rest had done, and that they would probably kill her also, for having hidden her. Then the old woman went away; and after she had gone, she heard the young men coming back in search of her. For four days they kept up the search, and after that the noise ceased; and she came out and went down the river, and found it all as the old woman had said. She remained in the fishing-camp until spring; and when the fishing began, she caught fish in abundance; but she could not use them, for they smelled like those that had been offered her before; but she caught as many as she could, and hung them up on the fish-racks until she had filled the racks with pike and whitefish, and all other kinds that are caught at that season. Then the break-up began; and one night, after the ice had stopped running, she went to bed, but was awakened by a great noise. She jumped up and ran out to see what had happened. A great log, the biggest that ever was, had grounded in front of the house. She ran in and got an axe, and made her way out on the log, which was covered with branches, and chopped out a hiding-place among the branches, weaving them in and out, so as to conceal herself more perfectly. Then she brought down the bags of clothing and stowed them away in her hiding place, and tried to push the log off, but it would not move. Then she remembered that she had not brought her work-bag down with the rest of the things, and she ran up to the house and got it; and when she stepped upon the log again, she found that she could easily push it out into the current. It floated out into the middle of the stream, and I know not how many weeks it went drifting down the river; but at length she came in sight of a village and heard the noise of dancing and singing. She kept herself out of sight; and as she drifted along, she heard some one say, “Why do they not go out to see what is on the log?” Finally two men started out to examine the log. When they came alongside, they were some distance below the village. She peeped out, and told them to say that they had found nothing, and she paid them for this service with some of the clothing that she had stowed away in the bags. So they went ashore and told nobody, while she kept on down the river; and so many villages did she pass, that her supply of clothing gave out. The summer passed.; and when fall came, she was still floating down the river. When it was nearly time for the ice to form, the log floated ashore on the right-hand side, going down. After that, she walked on down the river, on and on and on. I cannot tell you how many villages she passed. One day she saw some one coming upstream in an old, broken canoe. As he came nearer, she recognized her father. She called out to him, but he seemed not to hear her. She ran along the bank, calling at the top of her voice, but he paid no attention to her; so she gave it up, and turned back, down the river. It became cold, and the ice commenced running; but she kept on her way. Winter came, still she kept on; and when the snow became deep, she turned into a bird seldom seen in these parts, and flew down the river, still on her way home. When she came to a house, she would light on the edge of the smoke-hole and sing; and the people in the house would look up surprised, because they said that the bird named in her song the girl who had been lost the year before. She passed village after village, and at length the time came when the parka feasts are now celebrated. At last she came to her own village, and then she resumed her own form. She saw nobody outside the houses. Every one was either in the house or else in the kashime, and there was a sound of weeping everywhere. She went into her own house, and saw her mother sitting by the fire; but she paid no attention to her, even when she went to her and sat down in her lap and put her arms around her and kissed her. Yet the old woman stopped crying, and said, “What is it that makes my lap itch, and my waist and my cheeks?” The girl called again and again to her mother; but, even though she was sitting in her lap, she never heard her. Then the girl began to look around, and saw some fish eggs lying in the corner. She took them and rubbed them all over herself; and then her mother saw her, and screamed out and said that it was her own daughter, and did not know what to make of her. Then the daughter told her mother where she had been, and what she had done, and how she had seen her father making his way up the river in a broken canoe. Then her mother told her that her father had died in the fall, and that they had put half a canoe on the grave, and that it was this that he was using. Then she asked for her brothers; and her mother told her that they were all in the kashime, celebrating a parka feast on her account. Then the mother made ready to take her daughter into the kashime. She took with her a great beaver blanket; and when they came to the door of the kashime, she spread it out and covered the girl with it; and so she got her into the corner of the kashime without the knowledge of the rest that were there.

There she remained until they were just ready to give the feast, and then she danced out before them all. Every one was amazed, and no one knew what to do. Then she went to her place; and her brothers brought her all the parkas and boots that they had intended to give away, and asked her to tell where she had been and all that she had seen; and from that time, the parka feasts have been celebrated. Now, as for that log, it came from underground, or from wherever the dead people are, to this world, where we are.


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The Creation (3)

The story discusses Koyukon beliefs about creation and morality. It describes a time when only water and mountains existed, followed by the creation of living beings and the first humans. When these humans committed wrongdoings, their food was taken away as punishment. The narrative emphasizes that divine beings observe human actions and that moral transgressions lead to divine retribution, often through the loss of sustenance.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Creation: The narrative explains how the world and life began.

Divine Punishment: The first humans faced consequences (loss of food) for their wrongdoing.

Origin of Things: The story provides explanations for natural phenomena and human existence.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


From the same village on the Chageluk, 1910. Isaac Fisher’s uncle, now the oldest man, gives this account.

He did not know of the name “Our Father” being taught before the missionaries came. The children were taught that if they did anything wrong, some one who lives above would see it. Eating out of doors in winter was doing wrong. He believes that when the people get to doing very wrong, God punishes them by taking away their food. Then they return to the right way. He says that there spring up right-minded men who lead the people in the right paths.

As to the origin of the world, he says that at first there was nothing but water about here, except the mountains. Living things were made next, and afterwards a man and a woman were made. Food was provided for them. When they did wrong, their food was taken away.

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As to the belief in the state of the dead, it seems to rest upon a story, which they accept as true, of a woman who was met by a spirit who supposed that she was also dead, and who took her to the abode of the spirits. The spirit is supposed to stop, on the way to its final abode, at different places where flies, mosquitoes, and other insects live.

Another account of the creation of men says that one who is above made a string of mud men reaching from the earth to the sky, and animated them.


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The Creation (2)

The earth starts small and expands over time. A pair of people emerge, finding sustenance and clothing mysteriously provided. They encounter a man who claims ownership of the provisions and commands their obedience. This man, living with other men but no women, captures a woman who transforms from a goose. The men marry these transformed women, have children, and send them across the river to populate new areas.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Creation: The narrative explains how the earth expanded and life began.

Origin of Things: It provides an explanation for the emergence of the first humans and the peopling of the river regions.

Cultural Heroes: The man who captures the goose-woman and initiates the lineage of people serves as a foundational figure in the culture.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


This account came from the oldest man in Nihlte’uxaidli’nktu, in 1896. He was the father of Benjamin and Go’uxolo’ihl Witho’. (This is from the Chageluk Slough. It would seem to be a mixture of two legends.)

The earth was small at first, and the land gradually increased. There was a small pair of people going about here and there in the grass. They warmed themselves in the grass, and grew with the earth. They slept, and found food placed near them, which they ate. Clothes were provided in the same way, and also berries. At length they met a man, who spoke to them angrily, and asked them why they had taken his food and berries. “For this you will obey my commands.” The man went away, they did not know where, — but he re-appeared to them from time to time. His village was across the Slough from Nihlte’uxaidli’nktu, where he lived with other men, but no women. Going about in his canoe, he heard the noise of talking and laughing, which proceeded from many women. He went up quietly and launched his spear, which passed through the parka of one of them. The rest turned into geese and flew away; but he captured this one and took her home. The rest of the men began to get wives in the same way. They gave their children food and clothes as they grew up, taught them different tongues, and sent them away, up and down the river, which they peopled.

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The Creation (1)

An unnamed being from above creates the world, fashioning a porcupine, a white bear, a man, and a brown bear as the first beings. After completing creation, he ascends to heaven. The Raven remains on earth, altering the original design, introducing death, and establishing the path for departed souls. The narrative also touches upon afterlife beliefs and the origins of rituals honoring the deceased.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Creation: The story explains the origin of the world and its first creatures.

Underworld Journey: The tale describes the path souls take after death to their final destination.

Ritual and Initiation: The narrative explains the origin of rituals performed by the living to honor and support the deceased.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


There was some one above who made the world. They do not name him, but speak of him as being above. He was upon the world that he made, and did all the various works that men were to do. The natives say nothing of his resting upon the seventh day, as the Christians do.

The first of the creatures that he made was a porcupine, the next a white bear, the third was a man, and the fourth a brown bear.

After that, he made all other things, and then went up to heaven, and there he remains; and there is no heaven higher than the one where he is.

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But there was on the earth another man, the Raven, who remained, and changed many things; so that what was originally intended to be good became perverted. He made wooden images, and flung them in different directions, and told them to come to life and do whatever they pleased. Originally men did not die in the same way as they do now, but passed into the spirit state and back again. The Raven changed that by making a trail for the dead people to take, and since then they do not return. When the spirit enters upon this path, it has to camp for four nights before it reaches its destination. At the end of each day, it finds a camp-fire burning. This fire burns perpetually. The path leads to some place near the sources of the Yukon River. There is a story of a young man who went up the river as far as he could go, but was warned by the people there that he should go back; for they told him that if he kept on, he would come to a portage that the souls of the dead took, and that if he were to enter on that portage and hear any sounds, he would never be able to return. So he was afraid to continue, and went back. There is also another story of a young woman who was snatched up, and found herself among the dead; but she made her escape and returned to her own people. While she was among the dead, she was sustained by the offerings of her friends, who supposed her to be dead; and it is from that time that the feast for the dead began. At this feast, clothing and food are formally given to some one who represents the dead person, and it is supposed that this turns to the benefit of the one who is gone. In general, the happiness of those who are gone is affected by the conduct of those related to them, who are still living. If these are generous and kindly, the dead will be kindly received by those who have gone before.

As to the actions of those who are still on the earth influencing their own future existence, the souls of all, both bad and good, start on the same path, but the paths separate. Those who were unkind, and wantons, whether men or women, go to a kind of kashime, where they are tortured perpetually in the fire. Those who have hanged themselves go to a place where they remain suspended in the wind. The good go to a place where they have no more trouble.


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The young man and the Ku’staka’

A skeptical young Tlingit man, disbelieving in the existence of the Ku’staka’ (mythical shape-shifters), camped alone and taunted them. One night, he encountered these beings, rendering him unconscious and attempting to extinguish his fire. Upon awakening, he found his gun missing, only to later discover it far from his camp. This experience instilled in him a profound belief and fear of the Ku’staka’.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative centers around the young man’s encounter with the Ku’staka’, entities with supernatural abilities.

Cunning and Deception: The Ku’staka’ employ tactics to disorient and overpower the young man, such as rendering him unconscious and relocating his belongings.

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change in belief, shifting from skepticism to fear and belief in the supernatural.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


There was a young Tlingit who did not believe in Ku’staka’. He was not afraid; and when he camped alone, he called to them, and said, “You cannot harm me.” One night when he was camped alone, he heard noises. He started a large fire, and lay down beside it with his gun loaded. He saw a Ku’staka’, and was going to shoot at it; but the being saw him, and he became unable to pull the trigger. Afterwards he was so affected by its influence that he became unconscious. Then the Ku’staka’ tried to put out the fire by throwing snow on it, but did not succeed. After a while the youth awoke. He saw another Ku’staka’. He tried to shoot it, but, as before, the trigger would not pull. Again he became unconscious, and they tried to put out the fire, but it was too hot. When he woke up again, his gun was gone. When daylight came, he called loudly, asking the Ku’staka’ to return his gun. They never answered.

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He heard no sounds, saw no one, and could see no tracks. He started for home, where the people were. The trail passed through a narrow defile between hills. Here he saw a stump with his gun leaning up against it. This place was a long way from his camp. After that the young man believed in Ku’staka’, and was afraid of them. [These events are said to have happened lately, since guns were introduced.]


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The woman taken by the Ku’staka’

A woman, fearing enemy attacks, hides her children in the woods but never returns. Her husband finds the children but not his wife. She had been taken by a Ku’staka’ (a mythical being) and remained under its influence for two months. Eventually, she is found living alone and is reunited with her family, leading to a celebratory potlatch.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The Ku’staka’ is a mythical entity that interacts with the human world by abducting the woman.

Loss and Renewal: The community experiences the loss of the woman and later her unexpected return, symbolizing a cycle of loss and renewal.

Conflict with Nature: The woman’s survival in the wilderness, living on raw salmon without clothes or fire, highlights a struggle against natural elements.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A Wrangel woman was camped with her husband and children. At this time people were afraid of enemies attacking and enslaving them. Her husband was away hunting, and the woman was afraid that their camp might be discovered. She took her children and went into the woods. Here she left her children hidden at the foot of a tree, saying that she had to go back to camp for something she had forgotten. She never came back. The husband came home, and, finding neither wife nor children, looked around for tracks. He followed them, and found his children in the woods. The children told their father that they had heard a noise, and that their mother had left them to go back to camp for something she had forgotten. The husband found no trace of his wife. He took the children and returned to Wrangel. This happened in the spring-time, about early in May, and at a place about thirty miles from Wrangel.

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The woman had been taken by a Ku’staka’ man, who kept her for about two months. For that time she was under his influence. Finally the Ku’staka’ deserted her, and then she recovered her senses. In summer the people moved camp to a salmon creek. The woman was then on this creek, living on raw salmon. She had no clothes and no fire. One day two young men happened to go up the creek, and saw her. She ran into a hole among the roots of trees. They went to the hole and asked her to come out. She was ashamed because she was naked. The men turned their backs, and one of them took off his shirt and threw it to her. She put it on, and accompanied them in a canoe to Wrangel, where her husband was living. When they came near her husband’s house, they called out that they had recovered his wife, but he would not believe them. Her husband was a rich man. He gave a great potlatch because of his wife’s return, and paid the young men liberally.


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The man taken by Ku’staka’

A man quarrels with his wife and encounters a woman resembling her, who leads him to a house. An old woman there reveals it’s the dwelling of the Ku’staka’, malevolent spirits that manipulate minds. Realizing his peril, he escapes but remains mentally affected. Villagers eventually capture and cure him, restoring his sanity.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Illusion vs. Reality: The man’s journey highlights the struggle between distinguishing truth from deception, as he grapples with the false reality imposed by the Ku’staka’.

Loss and Renewal: The protagonist experiences a loss of sanity and connection to his world but eventually undergoes a form of renewal as he regains his senses and returns home.

Forbidden Knowledge: The man gains insight into the existence and nature of the Ku’staka’, knowledge that is hidden and perilous, leading to his temporary madness.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Ku’staka’ is a kind of spirit being inhabiting certain parts of the country. They are common in the Tlingit country. They place people under their influence, and make them believe what they want. Finally the people become crazy and wander about. People who get lost are subject to their attacks. Some Indians, in speaking English, called them “monkey people.”

Once a Tlingit man had a quarrel with his wife, and went off in the morning without eating. He had forgotten his basket (?), and thought he would make one. He made a cut around a tree low down, and then climbed up to make the upper cut. He wore neither trousers nor leggings. A woman appeared at the foot of the tree, and spoke to him, saying, “Hurry up!” She looked like his wife, and he thought it was she. She said, “What is that I see up there?” and he answered, “These are my testicles.”

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He was losing his mind, but did not know it. He was under the influence of the woman, and came down the tree. He thought the piece of bark or stick that he was carrying down was a finished basket. The woman said, “Let us go home!” He followed her, and after a while they came to a house and went in. The man thought it was his own house. He saw an old woman sitting there. She said to him, “What are you doing here?” He answered, “I have come home. Why do you ask?” She said, “This is not your house. Wake up, and try to go home! This is the house of the Ku’staka’. I am your aunt, and was lost in the woods a long time ago. I cannot go back now, and live here. Do not stay here; for these people are bad, and make people think what is not true.” The man came half to himself, and, looking around, saw that he was in a hole underneath the roots of a tree, and that the place was not at all like his camp. He ran for home, sometimes being crazy, and sometimes sane. He reached the camp, and thought he went in and the people would not talk to him. Instead he acted like the Ku’staka’, and threw stones and sticks at the camp. When the people came out to look, he ran away like a deer. Several nights he did this. At last he fell sound asleep on a large old log. The log was taken by the tide and carried out to sea. People saw it floating about, and thought they saw the body of a man on it. They approached the log noiselessly in canoes, and saw a naked man asleep. They seized and bound him, although he fought violently, like a crazy man. They took him home, and smoked him repeatedly, using dog’s-hair and rotten urine on the fire for the purpose. At last he became quite sane again, and told the people his adventures and how it felt to be possessed.


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The woman stolen by the Duci’ne

A Duci’ne man abducts a woman and takes her to his homeland through a perilous canyon. She bears two children who later return to her people, sharing knowledge of the Duci’ne. Following this union, the Duci’ne cease killing intruders, instead turning them away to protect their territory.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Forbidden Love: The union between the woman and the Duci’ne man represents a romantic connection defying societal or cultural boundaries.

Cultural Heroes: The children, born from this union, act as foundational figures by bridging two cultures, sharing knowledge, and fostering peace between their mother’s people and the Duci’ne.

Transformation: The narrative showcases a transformation in the Duci’ne’s behavior—from hostile protectors of their territory to a more tolerant group—indicating a significant change in their societal norms.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A Duci’ne man stole a woman, and took her to his country. After travelling many days, they came to a canyon, through which they passed. The Duci’ne people had their home at the other end. No strangers ever went through this canyon and returned, for the Duci’ne killed them.

The woman bore two children. Both of them came to live among the people, whom they told all about the country and habits of their father’s people. Their mother never returned from the Duci’ne country.

After this marriage, the Duci’ne did not kill any more people; and any who travelled into the canyon near their country were turned back, and not killed. The Duci’ne kept watchers at the canyon to prevent people going through.

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The shaman and the Duci’ne

A powerful hunter with shamanistic abilities encounters a Duci’ne who attacks him. The hunter remains unharmed, and the Duci’ne, out of arrows, offers to become his protector in exchange for mercy. Following the Duci’ne’s advice, the hunter evades other Duci’ne hunters. When they eventually confront him, he kills them all, demonstrating his superior power.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The Duci’ne represents a mythical creature interacting with the human protagonist.

Divine Intervention: The hunter’s shamanistic powers and guardian spirits suggest a connection to higher powers influencing mortal affairs.

Good vs. Evil: The confrontation between the hunter and the Duci’ne, followed by the hunter’s battle against the other Duci’ne, embodies the classic struggle between opposing forces.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


There was a man who had many strong guardian-spirits. He was a great hunter, and had shamanistic powers. Once when he was hunting, he met a Duci’ne, who attacked him, thinking he would easily kill him. He shot one arrow after another at him; but the man simply shook himself, and the arrows passed by. At last the Duci’ne had no more arrows, and was now at the mercy of the hunter. He said to the latter, “If you spare me, I will be your protector. I shall talk to you, and you will talk to me, and I shall be able to help you.” He said to the man, “Now, to be safe, you must walk in the water of the creek a long distance on the road home; for there are many of my people around here, and, if they find your tracks, they will take your scent and run you down, as dogs do.” The hunter did as directed. When the Duci’ne reached his camp, the other people said he smelled different, and accused him of having killed a man.

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He denied it; but the others would not believe, and put on their moccasins to go hunt up the man. The Duci’ne, who had returned, said, “You will find out that I have spoken the truth, for the man I met is not like other men. He is far more powerful.” They found where the man had made a fire when he talked with the Duci’ne, and where he had taken to the creek. They followed both banks, and at last caught up to him where he had left the water. They shot all their arrows at him, and missed him. The man then killed them all. An old Duci’ne was following up the others to pack in the man’s flesh; but when he came to his dead comrades, he turned back. When he reached camp, the other Duci’ne man said to him, “I told you, and now you see. The man has killed all those who hunted him.”


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page