Chief Agitaligak

Agitaligak, a mighty Aleutian chief, sought glory but ignited tragedy. Leading an expedition east, his people settled two villages with a strict pact. Violations sparked vengeance, leading to his son’s death. Agitaligak retaliated, annihilating relatives but plunging into grief. Abandoning his conquests, he returned home in despair, his quest for fame leaving only sorrow and the ruin of his people.

Source
The Songs and Stories of the Aleuts
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 20, No. 77, Apr. – Jun., 1907


► Themes of the story

Quest: Chief Agitaligak embarks on an expedition to foreign shores, aiming to achieve glory and expand his people’s territory.

Revenge and Justice: Following the violation of a pact and the subsequent killing of his son, Agitaligak seeks vengeance against those responsible, leading to further bloodshed.

Tragic Flaw: Agitaligak’s ambition and desire for glory result in decisions that ultimately bring about personal and communal tragedy.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


One of the mightiest and best known of the Aleutian ancestors by the name of Agitaligak, chief in the village Adus, situated on Unmak Island, tired of the ordinary affairs in his life, which he could carry on near his place and among his people, decided to crown himself and his people with glory by doing some memorable and glorious deed on foreign shores.

Having before him this high aim, he did not disclose his plans until winter, when he asked his hunters to join in the enterprise; and, as he was famous and mighty, a great number of warriors gathered about him.

► Continue reading…

At a favorable time, taking their wives and children, they started on their journey towards the east in bidarras (large skin boats). While passing by Unalaska Island, a number of others joined in with them, also far-off relatives of the leader. Towards the end, Chief Agitaligak had the pleasure of seeing himself the leader and head of a large army of warriors and a great fleet, with which he proceeded from Unalaska, keeping along the eastern coast of the Alaskan Peninsula.

Before reaching the island of Kadiak, Agitaligak discovered two large bays, called in his language Kigagik Madgik, and Tugin […], which bays the chief thought favorably situated for villages, and therefore decided to remain there permanently; and, dividing his army in two parts, he designated a bay for each. The newcomers started to built two large villages (the westerly one being the home of Agitaligak) and, finding sufficient means for their maintenance, lived in peace and began to increase. Their occupation consisted mainly in hunting sea and land animals. The two villages had a compact between themselves, the violation of which was punishable by death, that, under no circumstances, except as guests, should the people of one village go to the other. Three years they lived in this manner, never going very far from their homes, and never being attacked nor meeting any unpleasantness from outsiders.

After three years, it happened that the settlers of the eastern village sent two bidarras, with the full number of paddlers, to gather wood within the boundary of the western village (wood could have been got elsewhere), which was the special property of their chief, where he had gathered much wood. These, by coming here, broke the compact and oath with their neighbors (which forbade going on each other’s side), but not only that, they even took the ready-cut wood and cut it to fit their boats; and only because darkness was approaching they decided to remain all night. Not expecting an attack from strangers, nor from their neighbors, who were their relatives, they took no precaution for the night.

Agitaligak, somehow finding out that strangers were in his possessions, sent messengers to learn what they were doing; they came back and reported that the wood, which, according to his orders, had been gathered and prepared, was all cut up and ready to be carried away in strange bidarras. He sent immediately a part of his warriors and ordered them to punish with death the breakers of the oath and thieves. They obeyed his orders, and left not a single man alive.

Chief Agitaligak had a son, Taiyaguch Kayulinach, who was already married, and (according to a primitive Aleutian custom) to a girl from the neighboring village; and as the girl had to stay until a certain time after marriage at the home of her father, and the time to move over to her husband’s home had not yet arrived, Kayulinach could, and when he felt like it did, visit his young wife, and often spent several days with her.

Soon after the above-mentioned happening in the woods, Kayulinach asked his father for permission to go, as formerly, and visit his wife, who was about to make him a father (this event would strengthen the marriage bond and give him the right to take her home). His father, knowing that his action towards his neighbors could not remain unrevenged, would not consent for a long time to his going, fearing that their revenge would be spent on him, his only heir. Finally, unable to withstand the pleadings of his beloved son, Agitaligak let him go, but on the condition that he should return, without fail, within ten days. Should he not return to him within that time, Agitaligak would consider him as dead, killed to avenge his deed.

Kayulinach alone departed immediately. On coming to the village where his wife lived he was met, not as before by all or at least a great part of the village, but by his wife’s three brothers, who informed him that his father’s doings were well known to the people, who were already planning how and by what means to repay him; and they advised him that, if cither to-day or to-morrow he should be called to a public meeting, he should refuse to go; otherwise he could not avoid being killed. Kayulinach did not altogether appreciate their words of warning and advice ; his mind was elsewhere, with his beloved wife who had just given birth to a son (his heir), to whom he hurried. She also told him of the present state of feeling in the village, and begged him not to go; he, however, neglected her advice, thinking that no one would dare to harm him, the son of the mightiest and most renowned chief; and also because he was related to nearly every one in the village through his mother and his wife; but it all ended differently from what he had expected.

The day after Kayulinach came to the village he was invited, as anticipated, to the council, which was held in the open air outside of the village. He, receiving such an invitation, dressed himself without delay in his best parka and hat, etc., and, turning aside from the tearful pleadings of his wife, went where he was called. Coming out of the house into the open air, he stopped, and, turning his eyes in all directions, said: “This world will never darken, and it will never end; this wind will never altogether cease blowing and affect fiercely man and beast: (then looking on the hills and mountains) and also the high beautiful earth will never change; but to all people and all other living creatures will come an end, and all will die; and I too will some day die, and why should I now fear a glorious death!”

Saying this, he went directly to the meeting place, and on reaching there walked right into the midst of them, and sat down in the centre. He was silent for a while, and seeing that no attempt was being made to question him, nor to greet him, he said to them: “Here, I have come to you; why did you call me?”

“We knew,” they said, “that on account of your wife you would come to us; we expected and invited you here for no other purpose than to find out from you about the two bidarras which went from here to your side; have you not heard concerning them? did not one of your people happen to see where they went? If they are yet alive, they should have returned long ago; they had no danger to expect from any one on that side; for it is peopled by you, our relatives. Therefore, tell us the truth, everything that you know concerning them.”

“Yes,” he replied, “I saw your bidarras with the men, and I know what became of them; but you will be dishonored if you revenge so many warriors on me, a poor boy.”

“We neither intend to revenge them on you, nor to harm you; tell us right out whether you saw them killed; tell us the truth.”

He answered them as before. Then all present became angry and ferocious; and one of them, who was formerly a slave of Kayulinach’s father, said: “What is the use of talking with him. and sparing him in your sorrow ? See, he is only making fun of us; we ought to do some thing to him.”

When the slave had spoken, one of Kayulinach’s uncles said to the council, “Do with him what you like.” They all agreed then that he ought to be killed. Every one of the warriors wished for the privilege of executing the sentence, singly and without aid; because Kayulinach (as his name signifies) was a very powerful man, and to kill such a hero was a glorious deed. But they who desired that privilege paid dearly for it. The first rash man did not even come near Kayulinach; for he seized him, lifted him up in the air, twisted his head off, and cast him away. Seven others of his enemies and opponents, each stronger than the former one, shared the same fate. The Aleuts, seeing that if they permitted him to meet them singly he would twist off the head of every one of them, attacked him in a body with their spears; and the slave who first suggested that Kayulinach be killed was the first to thrust a spear through his heart, killing him.

Then the nearest relatives of the dead, i. e. his uncles and cousins, with weeping, took his corpse, and making a rich cradle (a skin-covered frame on which the dead were suspended), trimmed it with various trimmings, put him into it, and hung it under a bidarra. Kayulinach’s wife wept inconsolably for him.

When the ten days within which Kayulinach had promised to return had passed, and he did not appear, his father immediately went in search of him to the village where he had gone. He arrived there in the night, and went to the house of his daughter-in-law, who in the darkness of the night sat and wept bitterly. Chief Agitaligak knew then that the weeping woman was his son’s wife, and, going up to her, began in a low voice to question her: “Is your husband, Taiyaguch Kayulinach, dead?”

She, hearing such a question, and from a stranger, replied: “Did you come to laugh at me, and to add grief to my affliction; did you not see what happened to my husband to-day; were you not then with them?”

“Be quiet, speak low; I am the father of your husband; I came to inquire whether he is yet alive; come show me where the body of my son is.”

The woman led him there where the body of her husband hung; and they both cried there a long time. Finally Agitaligak said to her: “Tell no one that I have been here; I will soon come again and avenge the death of my son with the blood of my relatives.”

Saying this, he directly departed. Arriving home the following morning, he called his nephew (his sister’s son) and all his other people, and sat him (nephew) in front of himself face to face, so near, that when he (Agitaligak) began to speak his saliva flew into the other’s face; and in a very revengeful and savage voice began speaking to him: “Algichtayach! (the name of the nephew) you arc a hunter, eager for war and thirsty for human blood. I have restrained you until now the present time; but now I give you full liberty; revenge the death of your cousin. Your brother and my son was killed in the village of his relatives; prepare yourself to wage war against our own people.” When he had finished, he gave orders to arm and be ready so soon as possible to start on the expedition.

His orders were obeyed, and the frenzied father advanced with his army without delay ; and coming to the village at night, fell on his enemies and relatives, who were not expecting him, attacked them in their barrabaras, and from this large village not a soul was left alive except his daughter-in-law and grandson, whom he took away with him, also the corpse of his son, and returned home.

Arriving home, he made a memorial feast in memory of his son; i. e. he ordered to place before the people all the eatables he had, and all who lived in the village came and ate all they wanted; and the father wept for his son. This memorial feast continued three days, then the chief gave orders that the body should be hung in his house in the same cradle in which he had lain at first; and he requested all the people that from this time forth they should neither beat the drum nor rejoice, in deference of his inconsolable grief. Neither time, nor hunting, nor tears, nor any diversion could lessen or lighten his bitter sorrow. Thinking he would find solace in killing his slaves, he ordered a big fire to be made, and when it was flaming he commenced to throw them in. But this expedient brought him no relief.

At last he decided to depart from his village, and with it leave his cherished aims and plans, i. e. to gain glory on foreign shores, and return to his native land; and the following summer he gathered all his surviving relatives, who were under him, and went back over the same course and to the same place from whence he started on his famous expedition, leaving behind all his valuables, houses, etc.

When he came home, he wept and grieved even more than before, both on account of his affliction and failure.

So, then, instead of achieving a memorable and famous deed and glorifying himself and his people, he only weakened himself, nearly all of his people being dead; and in place of honor and joy, he brought shame, sadness, grief, and tears, which did not leave him until his very end.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Brother and Sister Who Became Hair-Seals

In a family of twelve brothers and one sister, the sister discovers her secret nightly visitor is her eldest brother. Marking him with red paint and wounding him, she exposes his transgression. The siblings, shamed, leave their family and throw themselves from a bluff. Transformed by their act, they reappear in the sea as hair-seals, their story echoing in nature.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The siblings undergo a physical change, turning into hair-seals after their leap from the bluff.

Forbidden Knowledge: The sister’s pursuit of the truth about her nocturnal visitor leads to the revelation of a hidden and taboo reality.

Divine Punishment: The siblings’ transformation into hair-seals can be interpreted as a form of retribution for their transgressions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleu people


This story was told me by the chief of Unga Island.

In a certain family there were twelve brothers and one sister. She lived in a hut away from the rest of the family. There were no other men living in the neighborhood, and so she was somewhat surprised when some man came to see her at night. She did not know who it was, but suspected that it was one of her brothers, and in order to find out which one of them it was, she prepared some red paint, and when the man was about to leave she dipped her hands into the paint and put them on his shoulders. The next day, as all her brothers were outside playing, she went among them and detected marks of paint on the shoulders of the oldest. Going back to her barrabara, she sharpened her knife and placed it alongside of her.

► Continue reading…

That night, as usual, the man came and slept with her, but as he started to leave she threw her knife at him and cut the sinews of one of his legs. The following morning she went about her work as customary, when some one came to announce that her oldest brother was sick, the sinews of one of his legs being cut.

She went to him, got him out of bed, and set off with him. Their mother, learning the state of affairs, said, “We reared them that they might be a help to us and work for us; but now they have gone and ruined themselves.” The two went a long distance until they arrived at the bluff, over which they threw themselves, and a short time after they appeared as hair-seals.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

A Sea-Otter Story

A man discovers his wife and nephew’s betrayal. In a fit of rage, he kills the boy, giving his head to the woman. Keeping her vow to die with the boy, she flees to a seaside bluff and leaps into the water, transforming into a sea otter. The man watches in despair as two sea otters emerge, leaving him alone.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The narrative centers on a man’s discovery of his wife and nephew’s betrayal, leading to tragic consequences.

Revenge and Justice: The man’s act of killing his nephew serves as retribution for the betrayal he suffered.

Tragic Love: The wife’s commitment to die with the nephew highlights a sorrowful and doomed aspect of love.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


This story differs but little from the one before it, and was told me by an old Aleut of Belkofsky (Alaska Peninsula). I give all the versions I have of this same story in order to show how it differs from village to village.

In a certain place there lived a man with his wife and nephew. One day the man went away, and on his return learned that the two had dishonored him during his absence. When he went away a second time the woman said to the boy, “I will die when you die.” On his return the man noticed a number of sticks (used as tools) and asked his wife, “Who made these for you?” “Your nephew,” she replied, “made them.” Observing some wooden clamps, he inquired once more, “Who made these for you?” Again she answered, “Your nephew made them.” Then the man began to prepare some roots for eating, and when he had finished he called to his wife and nephew to eat. The boy tried to eat the food, of which he was generally fond, but somehow he could not swallow it. This was so funny that it made the man and woman laugh. The man then upbraided the boy and his wife with their criminal conduct, and ended by cutting the boy’s head off and giving it to the woman.

► Continue reading…

She turned to it and said, “I promised that I would die with you and I will.” Putting on her parka, she took the head and started for the bluff close to the sea. The husband, seeing the way she was going, started in pursuit, but she was already on the summit before he could come up to her.

She waited until he was quite close and then turned to the head and repeated, “I said I would die with you and I will.” This said, she threw herself off the bluff and disappeared in the water. The man stood there watching, and very soon he saw emerging two sea-otters who went out to sea.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Man and Woman Who Became Sea-Otters

A jealous husband invites his wife’s brother to a feast, secretly planning his murder. Despite knowing his intent, fear silences her. After the gruesome act, she mourns, fleeing with her brother’s head to a cliff where she transforms into a sea otter. Grieving and guilt-ridden, the husband drowns himself, ending their tragic tale of love, betrayal, and despair.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The husband’s jealousy leads to the betrayal and murder of his brother-in-law, causing profound grief for his wife.

Tragic Love: The wife’s love for her brother and the ensuing events culminate in tragedy for both her and her husband.

Family Dynamics: The complex relationships within the family, including jealousy and loyalty, drive the narrative.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


This is also an Attu story told to me by Mrs. Anderson. With some few changes it is told everywhere among the Aleuts, and runs as follows:

Once upon a time there lived in a certain village a married couple; and one day the husband told the wife, “We are going to make a feast, and we are going to invite your brother-in-law. Go and gather some herbs and roots, and then go to the beach and bring some moss from the rocks.” He himself went to get some seals or ducks. On his return he busied himself preparing the dishes.

This done, he sharpened his knives, and commanded his wife to call the expected guest. She knew that her husband was jealous of her brother-in-law and planned to kill him, but was forbidden by her husband to say anything to him about it. She went and called him; and as they were coming toward the house she, walking behind, thought continually of the fate that was awaiting him, yet fear of her husband prevented her from saying anything.

► Continue reading…

When they came into the house she looked at the two men and saw how much the handsomer of the two the brother-in-law was. The husband turned to the invited guest, and said: “I prepared a feast for you; I have planned it for many years. Come and eat with me.”

They sat down on the floor, having the food before them in a hollowed rock. In the mean time the woman was outside, weeping because the man she loved more than her husband was about to be killed. The meal started off pleasantly, but the husband was watching his chance, and once when the brother-in-law had an unusually full mouth and could not defend himself he jumped on him, seized him by the throat, cut his head off, and said: “Now you have your feast.”

This done he left the house and sat down among the rocks, waiting to see what his wife would do. She went in and picked up the head, washed it, put it into an intestine bag finely trimmed with sea-otter fur, and, after observing the whereabouts of her husband, started off with it towards the cliff near the house. She went quite a distance before her husband noticed her and started in pursuit, calling to her, “Where are you going?” She answered: “You will see which way I am going; you killed him and you will never see me again.” As he increased his speed she began to run until she reached the top of the cliff, from which she threw herself into the water below. The husband arrived just in time to see her disappear. He stood there watching the spot, believing her drowned; but to his great surprise there emerged two sea-otters, and one went west while the other went east. He went back to the house, where he took his hunting gear and his bidarka and said, “I will end their lives and mine too.” Saying this he launched his skin boat, got into it, and paddled away from the shore, while singing to himself:

“I will end their life,
And I will end mine.
I hear the birds singing
That sing in the spring-time,
So I am going,” etc.

And he upset his bidarka and drowned himself.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Woman Who Was Fond of Intestines

An Aleut man’s wife discovers his horrific secret: he slaughters her relatives and brings their intestines home to share with the village. Fleeing in horror, she raises her son in exile. The boy grows up, learns the truth, and plots revenge. With his mother’s help, he lures his father and companions to their doom, ultimately avenging his family and restoring justice.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The wife’s discovery of her husband’s infidelity and his gruesome actions against her relatives underscores themes of trust and treachery.

Revenge and Justice: The son, upon learning of his father’s atrocities, orchestrates a plan to avenge his family, aiming to restore moral balance.

Transformation: The emotional and psychological transformations of the characters, especially the son’s journey from innocence to a vengeful figure, are central to the story.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Once there lived an Aleut with his wife and little boy. The wife was very fond of intestines, and early each morning the husband would go out in his bidarka hunting, and return in the evening with a boat full of intestines which he gave to his wife, telling her to keep what she wanted for herself, and distribute the rest among her neighbors.

The wife was somewhat puzzled by the husband’s actions; she could not understand why he went so early in the morning, where he got so many intestines, or his reasons for wishing to have them distributed among the villagers.

► Continue reading…

She, of course, did not know that her husband had a mistress in the village whom he went to see while his wife was asleep, and that he desired the intestines distributed in order that his wife’s rival might have a share.

All of a sudden, without explanations, the man ceased going out early, and when he did go, he came back but lightly loaded. This did not in the least clear up the mystery to the wife. But one day, when he had gone somewhat later than usually, his mistress called on his wife, whom she found busy sewing a kamalayka out of the intestines her husband brought. The two got into a conversation, and, among other questions, the mistress asked:

“Does your husband love you?” — “Yes.”
“Do you love him?” — “Yes.”
“Do you know where he gets all the intestines?” — “No.”
“Can you guess why he has them distributed over the village?” — “No.”

“I will tell you,” said the mistress, “but you must not tell him I told you. Every day your husband goes to the village where your parents and relatives live and where you lived before your marriage, and kills the people there and brings their intestines to you. Yesterday there were but five people remaining in the village : your mother, your two sisters, and two brothers. He killed your mother and sisters yesterday, and to-day he went to bring the intestines of your brothers. He is in love with another woman of this village, whom he visits nightly when you have fallen asleep.”

With this parting shot she left the house, leaving the poor wife weeping so bitterly that the kamalayka was hot from her tears. For the rest of the day she did not stir from the house, but sat lamenting and sewing. Towards evening her little boy rushed in announcing the approach of his father, which she generally anticipated with pleasure, and always went down to the beach to meet him; but this time she neither answered nor made the least motion. A few minutes later the little son came again saying, “Father is here,” but all the reply he got was a new outburst of weeping.

Missing the usual meeting and greeting of his wife, the father asked the little boy where his mother was, and when told of the state she was in, he hastened to the house, where he found her on the floor shedding bitter tears and sewing the kamalayka.

“Why do you weep? has some one offended you?” — “No one has offended me.”
“Why then this lamentation?” — “I was thinking of my mother, sisters, and brothers, and my other relatives in my native village, and I wondered how they were getting along, and this made me weep.”

He did not attempt to cheer her, but after a pause he said, “I did not kill many animals to-day — two only.” This enraged her so that she jumped up from the floor, picked up the little boy, who was near her, and threw him at him, saying, “If my two brothers do not satisfy you, take him also.” The boy’s forehead came in contact with the edge of a sharp knife on the father’s breast, making quite a gash from which the blood flowed freely. This the mother noticed before escaping out of the house.

Putting aside the boy, the man made a dash for the woman, but she got out of his reach, and being the better runner of the two he did not succeed in laying hands on her. She would let him come up quite close to her, and then dash away again until he saw the hopelessness of the chase and gave it up.

In a short time the boy’s wound healed, but it left a very noticeable scar. Now that his mother was gone, his father placed him in the care of his sister, with instructions that he should under no circumstances be allowed to go very far from home. In this manner he passed a few years longer, until he became the proud possessor of a bow and arrows, with which he often amused himself. One day, while indulging in his favorite sport, he began to wonder why his father and aunt forbade his going far from the house; and the more he thought about it the more anxious did he become to go, until he finally concluded “to go just a little distance beyond that hill to see what is there.” On the way he noticed a hillock just ahead of him, at which he discharged his arrow, then ran and got it, aimed at another and another, and became so absorbed in this amusement that he did not observe how far from home it was taking him. One hillock somewhat different from the others especially attracted his attention as offering a good mark. He took aim and sent his arrow flying right into the centre of it; but what was his surprise on approaching the supposed hillock to discover that it was a barrabara, and that the arrow had gone inside through the hole in the top. When he peeped in, he was frightened at the sight of a very wild-looking woman who stared at him, and he began to cry. “Why do you cry?” the woman asked. “I want my arrow.” “Come in and get it,” the woman invited. But he was too scared to do that; he however got up courage enough to stick his foot in, hoping to draw it out that way, and he had nearly succeeded when he heard the woman move.

At this he ran away in tears. The woman called him back, saying: “Do not be afraid of me. I am your mother. It is I who threw you at your father, making the scar on your forehead. Come in, I will not harm you.” When he saw that it was really his mother, he went to her and remained with her two days. During that time she told him his father’s wicked deeds, how he mistreated and neglected her for another, and finally wrought on him so that he swore he would revenge her wrongs. She bade him go home, but attempt nothing for the present, and make no mention of what he had seen and heard.

During the boy’s absence the father was away hunting, but the aunt was quite worked up over the long absence, and ran about the fields looking for him. When he returned she asked him all sorts of questions as to his whereabouts, but all the satisfaction she got from him was that he had lost his way and could not get back. She offered him food, which he refused to touch, and finally refused to answer her when spoken to. Toward evening of the same day his father returned, and, when told that the boy would neither eat nor drink, asked what was the matter with him; but for an answer the boy turned his back on him and went to sleep. The father then inquired of the aunt whether anything unusual had occurred and whether the boy had been far from home, and to all this she replied that all during his (father’s) absence the boy’s life had gone on as ordinarily, and that he was not out of sight of the house the whole time.

As the boy grew older he avoided his father more and more, and when he reached early manhood the father lost control over him and actually feared him. One day, while the older man was away hunting, the young man took his bow and arrows, some food and water, and set out to see his mother. Before going, he told his aunt that he intended going quite a distance from home, and not to be, therefore, uneasy over his long absence. He went to the place where he had last seen his mother, and, as she was not there, he wandered on until on the following day he came in sight of some barrabaras and two men. They answered him when he spoke to them, but when he wished to enter into one of the barrabaras they barred his way. While they were thus disputing, his mother appeared on the scene and motioned to the men to let him pass. When he came inside he was greatly surprised at the quantity of furs that was lying about in great disorder, and at the abundance of meats and other eatables that he found there. He was certain he had never seen anything like it before. After eating, his mother told him to spend the night there, and in the morning take as many of the best furs as he could carry and go back to the village of his father, in order to tempt him and his relatives to come hunting in this neighborhood, which would offer an opportunity to repay him for what he had done. The boy did as he was told, took with him a heavy load of precious furs, and started back.

In his absence, the mother and the people with whom she was living made elaborate and crafty preparations for the reception of the expected guests. In the large barrabara, where the feasts and dances were always held and where visitors were generally received, quantities of oil were sprinkled about and covered up with grass. Along the walls seal-bladders full of oil were concealed, and screened with straw mats. And in this place the visitors were to be received.

The young man’s father was home on his return, and received the present of furs which his son made him with much pleasure, for the boy seemed so kindly disposed that the father hoped that his natural affection for his parent had returned. He inquired the whereabouts of the hunting grounds where the son had secured these skins, and the latter told him that it was not very far, and that it was very rich, and that he planned to go back the next day to the same place, and if he and his men cared to accompany him, he would be glad to show them the way. His offer was accepted, and the following morning a large party left the village for the hunting ground.

Some of the people of the mother’s village had been on the lookout, and when they saw the large party approaching, they changed themselves into wild beasts, — bears, wolves, foxes, etc. The hunters marked them and shot at them, but it had no other result than to drive the beasts nearer and nearer to the village. These tactics the men-beasts repeated until the hunters were decoyed into the village. Seeing so many barrabaras, the men asked the boy who the people were that lived in them. “They are friendly people,” he replied, “with whom I spent the night the last time I was in this neighborhood. To-morrow morning we will go to the other side of the village, where there is a great deal of game.” The people of the village greeted them very cordially, and assigned a place for the night to each one of them; the father and son were given the barrabara where the latter had been entertained on his previous visit. Although the mother was in the same room with them they were not aware of it, for she had concealed herself. Everywhere about them were scattered the richest furs, and the food before them was the choicest and best, and so much of it that it rather made the older man uneasy, for, though an old hunter, he had never seen anything like it before. In the evening all the people of the village, including the guests, went to the large dance-hall, where the formal reception was held and the guests entertained as was customary. One by one they descended through the hole in the roof, the only entrance there was. The interior was lighted up by two rows of stone lamps filled with oil, and grass wicks. On one side of the room sat the local men, while the visitors faced them from the other; the centre was occupied by the women, and on the two sides sat seven or eight men with drums in their hands, on which they played and accompanied their singing. They would take turns; first the local men would sing their local songs, and then the visitors sang theirs. To this music the women danced with men whom they invited from either side.

Everything moved along smoothly and joyfully until the father recognized his wife among the women. She was dancing and moving towards him. At this sight he turned pale and looked for away to get out, but the ladder had been removed. The woman moved up to him, grasped his hand, and dragged him to dance; but he resisted. The boy, who sat near, urged him and pushed him on, but all in vain. Then the woman began to sing him a song in which she went over all his misdeeds, his unfaithfulness, his cruelties, his falsehoods, as well as many of his other shortcomings, and concluded with these words, “You and your men shall never leave this place alive.” When she had said this, all the local people, including the mother and son, were turned into birds or flying insects and flew out through the hole in the roof. The visitors, unable to follow them, remained behind. On the outside grass and wood were ignited and thrown in, which set on fire the grass and oil inside. Then the smoke hole was stopped up; and in this way all those who were inside were smothered to death. A few days later the son went to his father’s village, destroying it as completely as his father had destroyed his mother’s.

He spared, however, his aunt, whom he brought back with him.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Sad Woman

After a brutal conflict between the Atka and Attu people, a woman from Attu survives alone for seven years, living in solitude and mourning. Her sadness ends when she laughs at the playful fight between two birds. Later, she encounters a man, leading to the eventual settlement of Atka people on Attu. This marks the origin of the island’s current inhabitants.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

War and Peace: The narrative begins with a brutal conflict between the Atka and Attu people, highlighting the devastation of war and its impact on communities.

Community and Isolation: Following the massacre, the sole surviving woman experiences profound isolation, living alone on the island for seven years.

Loss and Renewal: The woman’s initial loss of her community is profound, but her eventual laughter and the arrival of new settlers signify a renewal of life and hope.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Both the natives of Atka and Attu tell the following story, which was related to me by Mrs. C. A. Anderson, a native of Attu.

Many, many years ago the people of Atka and Attu were continually at war with each other, frequently surprising each other with fatal results. At this particular time, the Atka warriors gathered a large fleet of bidarkas, and one dark night fell on the Attu inhabitants, of whom but three escaped, two boys and a woman. The boys were soon discovered in the cave where they were hid and killed, but the woman was not found. After the victors had departed, the woman came out, and was painfully surprised to know that she was the only human being on the island. For seven years she lived in this solitary state, and during all this time neither smiled nor laughed. She lived mostly on sea-lions and sea-otters, which she killed with clubs while they were on the rocks.

► Continue reading…

In the eighth year her sadness came to an end in the following manner. She had as companions a young duck and seagull whom she had befriended. One day, as she was fishing along the beach, these two birds began to fight, which so amused her that she laughed out.

Not long after, some suitable driftwood came ashore, and she set about building a new home. While busily engaged with her stone hatchet in trimming a log, she thought she heard a noise behind her, and on looking around saw a man. This so frightened her that she cut off one of her fingers. A little later some more Atka people came over and settled in Attu, and they are the ancestors of the present inhabitants of that island. Another ending of this same story story is that this man and woman married, and that from them all the people of Attu are descended.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Sad Fate of Uchatngiak

The tale of Uchatngiak intertwines themes of curiosity, love, and transformation. Born into seclusion, Uchatngiak defies restrictions, experiencing life, love with a mystical goose-woman, and fatherhood. Betrayed by societal prejudice, his wife leaves, prompting Uchatngiak’s relentless quest for reunion. His journey unveils magical encounters and the enigmatic “Bird Heaven.” In a tragic twist, he transforms into a white whale, blending mythology with profound allegorical depth.

Source
Tales from Kodiak Island
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 16, No. 61, Apr. – Jun., 1903


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Uchatngiak undergoes a significant metamorphosis, ultimately becoming a white whale.

Quest: Uchatngiak embarks on a relentless journey to reunite with his wife and son, encountering various challenges along the way.

Tragic Flaw: Uchatngiak’s insatiable curiosity and defiance of restrictions set the stage for his eventual downfall.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


These tales were obtained by the author at Unga Island, Alaska, during a three years’ residence. They were told in the Russian language by Mrs. Reed, Nicoli Medvednikoff, Corneil Panamaroff, all natives of the island of Kodiak where they had heard them, and translated some literally, others more freely. The natives of Kodiak speak Russian almost as freely as they do their mother tongue. They call themselves “Aleuts,” and wherever that word is used, it refers to them, and not to the real Aleuts to the west. The author has but lately returned from Alaska.

It was a very large settlement, and over it presided only one chief. This chief had a son whom, from babyhood, he kept secluded in a barrabara. Two men watched continuously over him, giving him no opportunity either to go or look out. The boy, Uchatngiak, as he grew up and heard the shouts of the men who were shooting ducks in the bay with their bows and arrows, the laughter of others, playing “nabada” (a stick is set up and stones thrown at it), the cheering of still others, testing their skill of marksmanship on a piece of kelp, tried in vain to guess the reason of his seclusion. One day in early spring, being very restless and hearing more noise than usual, he decided to see what was going on outside. While one man was after fresh water, he sent the other one to fetch him some roots, and in the mean time pulled out the seal-intestine window, and looked out. A rapturous sight greeted him: the green grass, the flowers just beginning to bloom, the clear sky overhead, the young men happy and sportive, hunting and playing games; he gazed till blinded by tears, then fell on his bed, and wept.

The guards on their return, finding him in this condition, were frightened, thinking he was ill, or what was worse, perhaps he had looked out; in that case they would be severely punished.

► Continue reading…

He would not answer their many questions at first; but when he became composed, told them everything, and ordered them to go to his father, and say to him that he desired to go and stay outside. One of the men went to the chief, and reported to him what happened and how it happened, and delivered the son’s message. The chief thought a while, and then said: “My son is now grown up, he may come and live outside.”

The chief ordered some of his servants to dress his son in a sea-otter parka and torbarsars, to spread skins on the ground for him to walk on, to place a bearskin on the roof of the barrabara for him to sit on; others of his servants he sent through the village, inviting the people to come and see his son, concerning whom they knew nothing. Uchatngiak, seated on the barrabara, gazed with astonishment on all the people and wonders about him. Five white geese, who happened to fly by just then, had a special fascination for him, and he eyed them till they settled down some distance off. “People hunt them. I too will go and hunt them,” thought he. Sending his guards away on different errands, he snatched a bow and arrow, and started after the geese.

When he came to the place where the geese seemed to alight, he saw a lake and in it five beautiful girls bathing and enjoying themselves. In order to get a better look at them, he began sneaking around the lake, and, while doing so, came across five white geese skins. Taking one, the smallest, he sat down at a distance to see what would happen. Pretty soon the girls, who were sisters, came out of the water, and walked to the place where they left their skins. The four older sisters were soon ready to fly, but waited impatiently for the youngest sister. “Do hurry, we must be going,” they called.

“I have looked all around here for my skin, but I cannot find it,” she weepingly said. The others joined with her in the fruitless search, until Uchatngiak was espied, when the four geese flew up and away, and the girl ran to him, and begged: “O give me back my skin.” Looking at her beautiful form, he said : “No, I will not give it back to you.” He dressed her in his parka and torbarsars, and asked her to come home with him. For ten days she lived with him in his barrabara before his mother learned the fact, but she said nothing. During the day Uchatngiak hunted, and his wife went to the lake to feed on the delicate grasses that geese like so well. In this manner the young couple lived happily together until the following spring. A son was born to them in the mean while.

Uchatngiak had a very meddlesome sister, who disliked her strange sister-in-law, and often, in speaking with other women, would remark that her sister-in-law had a peculiar mouth, resembling that of a goose, and that, whenever she laughed, she covered her mouth, so that no one could see her teeth. One day, while Uchatngiak was away from home, his sister called and shamefully abused his wife, and called her a goose. The wife endured the abuse a long time, and then, putting on her goose skin, flew out through the hole in the roof and away. An alarm was given, that a goose flew out of the chief’s son’s house; and some chased after her, but in vain. Uchatngiak, when he returned and found his wife gone, grieved for her, and complained bitterly.

Several years passed. The boy, who was now five years old, was in the habit of going everywhere with his father. One day they were on the beach, Uchatngiak was fixing his bidarka, and the boy was amusing himself with a bow and arrow; while there, five geese flew right over their heads, and lighted on the rocks near the point. The boy noticed them, and said: “Father, I will go and shoot them.” Not returning soon, the father went to look for him, and could not find him, but in the distance saw the five white geese flying. “His mother joined her sisters, and they came and took my son from me !” he cried out, and felt very miserable and lonely.

This happened in the fall; and he decided to go immediately in search of his wife and son. He took with him a stone hatchet, five dried salmon, and one sour salmon. (Formerly, the Aleuts buried the salmon for the winter, and when they took them out, the salmon were “sour.”) Eastward he went a half of the winter before anything unusual broke into the monotony of his journey. One day, while following a very narrow path, he came upon two fierce foxes fighting in the path. He asked them several times to let him pass, but they heeded him not; finally, one of the foxes said to him: “Give us your sour salmon, and we will let you pass.” Dividing the salmon in two parts, he threw one part to one side and the other to the other side of the path; and while the foxes rushed for the fish, he passed on. From the top of the mountain which he ascended, he saw in the valley below smoke coming out of a small barrabara, and a path leading down to it. The path led him to the door of the barrabara, and when he pushed it in, he saw a very stout woman seated on the floor, making fine sinew threads. “May I come in ?” he asked. Without raising her head, she replied: “If you are alive, you may, if a ghost, do not.”

“I am alive,” and walked in.

“What do you want?” she asked, still without raising her head.

“I wish to know where my wife and son are?”

“I will not tell you, but if you give me half of a dried salmon, I will tell you how you may find out.”

He gave her what she asked, and when she had eaten it, she said: “Go to the top of yonder hill, there you will see two paths, one leading to the right and the other to the left. Follow the one to the right until you come to my brother who will tell you where they are.” Giving her the other half of the salmon also, he walked up the hill, took the path to the right, and followed it many days without seeing a sign of habitation. At last, one evening, while in a very narrow path, he heard a noise and then some one singing very softly. The music led him to the beach where an old man sat, singing and chopping off chips from a large stick. On closer observation, he noted that the smallest chips on falling into the water turned to trout, the larger chips became humpback salmon, the still larger ones changed to dog-salmon, those next to the largest were transformed to king-salmon, and the largest chips swam away silver-salmon. He crept closely behind the old man, watched him, and thought: “If I could get the stone hatchet, he would be obliged to tell me where they are.” The old man continued singing and chopping, and, once, as he raised up the hatchet to cut off a king-salmon, it slipped from his hand, falling at the feet of Uchatngiak. When the old man turned around, and saw the stranger, he said:

“You have my hatchet.”

“No, I have it not; but if you will tell me where my wife and son are, I will give you your old hatchet and a new one besides.”

“Give them to me;” and when he had them, he said, “I am about to cut off a king-salmon. Just as soon as he appears in the water, clutch him and hold fast to him; he will take you to your wife and son.”

He grabbed the salmon, the salmon seized his clothes, and away they went through weeds and kelp, current and stream, along the bottom of the sea, then gradually in shallow and shallower water and sandy bottom. Close to the shore he looked up and saw his son, with a bow and arrow in his hand, eying the salmon. With his feet he steered the salmon close to the boy who shot and killed the salmon, and, on pulling him out, was greatly surprised to see his father sticking on.

“Where is your mother?”

“In the barrabara,” the boy replied.

“Go and tell her that I wish to see her.”

“You had better wait outside until I go and see about it.”

The boy started off, and, when he came near the barrabara, commenced to cry. Going to his aunt Akcheten, he said : “Uchatngiak fell down; go and bring him in.” She pushed him aside, saying: “We left him afar off; and we cannot go now in winter and bring him in.” From her he went to aunt Chavillo, Qulo, and Podonigyuk, who put him off in the same manner as aunt Akcheten. Leaving them, he approached his mother, saying, “Uchatngiak fell down; go and bring him in.”

“Where is he?”

“Outside the barrabara.”

She looked, and there, as the boy said, sat Uchatngiak. She seemed glad to see him, and began questioning him : “Why and how did you come here ? You cannot live with us. This is “Bird Heaven.” (The Aleuts believed that the birds, on leaving Alaska in the fall, went to a place somewhere above the earth, known as Bird Heaven or Bird Home.)

“I came to see my wife and son. Can you not manage to keep me with you a short time?” he pleaded.

They promised to keep him, if he would promise not to go out of the barrabara. The village in which he now found himself was very large, containing many inhabitants of various colors: some red, others black, still others a mixture of colors; in fact, people of all colors and shades conceivable. In the early spring evenings his wife, her sisters, and the boy, putting on their goose skins, would fly away and not return until dawn. Before going, they made him pledge not to leave the barrabara; but during the night, as he heard many people talking, and strange and mysterious noises outside, he wished that he could go out and solve the mystery. Later in the spring, instead of going in the evenings and returning in the mornings, his folks flew away in the morning, and remained away all day. He begged to be taken along, but they paid no attention to the request.

In one end of the village was an extraordinarily large barrabara, and thither, he noticed, the different people, his own among them, gathered and remained the whole day. Two days he observed them assemble without learning their doings; on the third day his curiosity overcame him. Sneaking out of the house, he crawled to the barrabara, and, pushing aside the grass and sticks, peeped in. The interior was filled with birds, dressing and painting themselves with the variously colored rocks lying about. Everybody was already dressed or dressing, except two who were still naked. Akcheten and Chavillo spied him, and, turning to Agoiyuan (his wife), said, “Uchatngiak is peeping.” The alarm was given instantly, and the birds hurried to dress the two naked ones, sea-gull and raven. In the excitement the raven was painted black all over and the sea-gull all white, which colors they have retained to this day. Uchatngiak had seen enough, and hastened home; and when the family returned he was scolded severely, and told that the following day the whole village would depart. He pleaded not to be left behind until they finally consented to take him with them. The eagle was asked to take him on his back and carry him across safely; but when the raven heard of this arrangement, she came coaxing and begging to be allowed to carry him.

“You will soon tire, and you might hurt him,” the sisters, refusing her, said.

“If I tire, and I will not, I will turn over, and you can all see.”

She coaxed so long that they promised to let her try. The next day all the birds left Bird Heaven earthward. Uchatngiak was perched on the raven’s back, with the other birds around them to render assistance should it be needed. When about half way across, the raven began to turn over, but soon steadied herself.

“Let the eagle carry him, let the eagle carry him; you are tired, you will drop him,” they all began to clamor.

“I am not tired, and I can carry him myself,” she haughtily replied.

They had gone only a little farther when, without warning, the raven went down with her burden into the deep sea. All the other birds hovered about the spot of the accident, ready to do what they could. The eagle had his claws in position to snatch Uchatngiak when he should come to the surface. But the same Uchatngiak never appeared; for he was changed to a white whale. The raven became a drifting, large-rooted tree-trunk. Seeing the sad ending, the geese left the mournful spot, and in time came to the earth where they laid eggs, and hatched them, and have continued doing so ever since.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Boy Who Became a Mink

An old woman teaches her grandson survival skills, gifting him a magical mink skin and protective charms. Disobeying her warning, he explores a forbidden bay, facing supernatural trials, including a vengeful shaman, dangerous creatures, and a monstrous whale. Overcoming each with courage and wit, he ultimately chooses a life of freedom as a mink, blending into the wild yet retaining his unique identity.

Source
Tales from Kodiak Island
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 16, No. 61, Apr. – Jun., 1903


► Themes of the story

Forbidden Knowledge: Despite his grandmother’s warning, the boy’s curiosity leads him to explore the forbidden bay, uncovering hidden dangers and supernatural challenges.

Trials and Tribulations: Throughout his journey, he faces numerous challenges, including encounters with a vengeful shaman, dangerous creatures, and a monstrous whale, testing his courage and wit.

Magic and Enchantment: The story features magical elements, such as the enchanted mink skin and protective charms, which play crucial roles in the boy’s survival and transformation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


These tales were obtained by the author at Unga Island, Alaska, during a three years’ residence. They were told in the Russian language by Mrs. Reed, Nicoli Medvednikoff, Corneil Panamaroff, all natives of the island of Kodiak where they had heard them, and translated some literally, others more freely. The natives of Kodiak speak Russian almost as freely as they do their mother tongue. They call themselves “Aleuts,” and wherever that word is used, it refers to them, and not to the real Aleuts to the west. The author has but lately returned from Alaska.

In a small barrabara, away from other barrabaras and other people, lived an old woman and her young grandson. While the boy was small, the grandmother supplied both with food and clothing by hunting and fishing. She also taught him how to hunt and fish; and when nearly full grown, she surprised him one morning by telling him that a one-hatch bidarka (which she had made unbeknown to him) was on the beach ready for him.

It was there, sure enough, equipped and ready for hunting. He was supremely happy; for he had obtained that which for years he had been looking forward to. Every morning he went out hunting and fishing, and in the evening returned loaded with fish and game. In a little while he became very skilful in the handling of the bidarka, and daily ventured farther and farther out to sea.

His grandmother called him one morning, and said to him: “Son, you may go anywhere, except into yonder bay, and you will be safe; if you ever go there, you will never return to me. Take this mink skin, put it into your bidarka; this bag containing four tiny bows and arrows keep about your person. Should you ever be in trouble, turn to them, and they will help you.” He promised never to venture inside the bay, accepted the gifts, and disposed of them as he was told.

► Continue reading…

In those days, when this boy lived, there were no winds at all; the waters were always smooth and calm. One could go long distances from shore, and not be in danger of the winds and the waves.

Not many days after the promise to his grandmother, the boy, while pursuing a seal, went much farther from shore than one would dare go now, and when he finally stopped paddling, after killing the seal, he found himself at the mouth of the bay.

The interior of the bay looked so inviting and alluring that he laughed at his grandmother’s fears, and steered for the beautiful island in the middle of the bay. He beached his bidarka, took the mink skin, and started for the summit of a hill where he noticed a barrabara. As he began to ascend, large rocks came rolling down, blocking his way and nearly crushing him. The farther up he went the more difficult and dangerous it became. In order to save himself he jumped into a hole. The rocks fell over the hole, covered and blocked it.

He tried vainly to get out; the rocks were too heavy to be pushed off, and the openings too small to crawl through. While thinking over the situation, the mink skin occurred to him. Seizing it, he commenced chewing and stretching it until he pulled it over his head. As he did that, he changed into a mink. By scratching and squeezing, leaping and dodging, he escaped from his prison, and reached the summit, where he was surprised to see that all the rocks came from the barrabara.

Taking off the mink skin and becoming a boy again, he went into the barrabara. On the floor sat a very large woman making mats. When she saw him, she screamed in a loud and angry voice :

“Who told you to come here !”

Reaching behind her, she pulled out a long, sharp spear and threw it at him. Before the spear reached him, he changed himself into a mink; the spear went over his head, sticking into the wall. Quickly assuming his boyish shape, he grabbed the spear, and called to her: “Change and save yourself if you can !” and hurled it at her, cutting her in two.

A loud report and earthquake followed his action. The barrabara trembled, tumbled in, and he was again a prisoner. His mink skin came into good use; by scratching and dodging he managed to crawl out and run down to the shore, and, after pulling off the skin, pushed the bidarka out and started homeward.

He had not gone very far when he heard some one calling, and on looking around saw people on the shore motioning to him. An old man greeted him as he landed, and taking him by the hand, led him into a barrabara where sat several girls. Pointing to one of them, he said : “You can have her for a wife.”

This made him very happy, and glad he did not obey his grandmother. A dish of seal meat was placed before him, and after eating, they all lay down to sleep. The following morning the old man asked him to go to the woods, and bring wood for sled runners. In his position of prospective son-in-law he could not refuse any request of his prospective father-in-law, so he went.

A gruesome sight met his gaze on entering the woods. Human bones and skeletons were scattered everywhere; and he began to fear lest another trap was laid for him. He went about his work, however, and the woods soon rang with the reports of his axe.

A very frightful and horrible noise coming from the interior of the woods made him stop. The nearer it came the more terrible it sounded. “It must be a wild beast coming to eat me up,” he thought.

Soon a very ferocious beast appeared and came running towards him. The boy looked for his mink skin; it was not about him, for he had left it in the bidarka; but still he had his bows and arrows. Quickly pulling them out of the bag, he sent one tiny arrow into the side of the monster, knocking him over; and when another arrow pierced the other side, he ceased kicking. Approaching him to withdraw the arrows, the boy found him dead.

On his return to the barrabara, after finishing his work, the old man looked surprised and uneasy — the old man was a shaman, and had been in the habit of sending strangers into the woods to be killed by the monster, and then eating them —and asked the boy :—

“Did you see or hear anything strange in the woods ?”

“No, I did not,” the boy replied.

The morning of the second day, while the boy was eating breakfast, the old shaman from outside called to him :

“The girls want you to come out and swim with them !”

To refuse would have been unmanly, so he went to the beach, undressed himself, taking, however, the mink skin; for he suspected trouble, and swam after the girls, who were some distance from him. As he advanced, they retreated; and when almost up to them, a big whale appeared between them, and before he knew what to do, he was in the whale’s mouth. In there, the boy put on the mink skin, and when the whale appeared on the surface, the boy escaped through the blow-hole, and swam for the shore.

When the shaman saw him, he was vexed and troubled, saying to himself : “He is the first one that I could not overcome, but I will.”

That evening he had again a supper of seal meat; his bride sat where he could see her, but he dared not talk to her.

Early next morning the old man called him to have another swim with the girls. On the beach was a large whale, and the girls were climbing on his tail. When they were all on, he switched his tail, sending them through the air some distance into the sea.

The girls dared the boy do likewise. Stripping himself, and unnoticed by them —they were quite a distance from him — he took a tiny arrow in each hand. Instead of at once climbing on the tail, he approached the head of the whale. Sticking the arrows into the head, he asked the girls : —

“Am I to get on here ?”

“No, further down,” they answered.

He stuck the arrows into the whale, as he moved down towards the tail, repeating the same question and receiving the same answer. When he finally stood on the tail, it did not move; for the whale was dead. The girls, after waiting some time, swam to the shore to report to the shaman, who returned with them only to find the whale lifeless. Furious was the shaman; and in his heart he swore he would yet eat the boy.

The following morning the old man asked the boy whether he had any relatives, mother or grandmother, whom he would like to go and see before he settled down with them.

“I have a grandmother,” said the boy, and went off that day.

Paddling first on one side of the bidarka, and then on the other, he was making good progress, when all of a sudden the mink skin startled him by calling to him : “Look out, you are in danger !” He looked ahead; there was nothing dangerous there, so he paddled on. Again the mink skin called to him : “Look out, you are in danger !” Ahead everything was safe; but as he looked behind, he was almost overcome with fear; for a huge wave, high as a mountain, was coming his way, and would soon overtake and overwhelm him. As quickly as he could, he shot one of his arrows into the wave, breaking it, and he was once more safe.

Towards evening he steered for the shore, in order to eat and rest there, and when near the shore, a large sea monster appeared and swallowed bim, bidarka and all. He pulled out and put on the mink skin, and when an opportunity offered itself, he escaped through the monster’s gills, and swam to the shore.

His grandmother, who was also a shaman, had been watching the grandson’s doings, though far away, punished the monster by sending two large ravens to peck his eyes out.

Being on shore, and without a bidarka, the boy started to walk home. He did not take off the mink skin, and so was still a mink. On the way he came to a large lake, abounding in fish; there he stopped, fed on the fish he caught, and in a short time became acquainted with the minks of the neighborhood. This easy life pleased him so well that he decided to remain there; and there (in the neighborhood of Kodiak) he is at present. The shamans, only, can tell him apart from the other minks.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The “Unnatural Uncle”

In a remote village, a cruel man repeatedly tried to kill his nephew, disguised as a girl to avoid suspicion. Despite several deadly traps involving a log, bluff, and clam, the resourceful boy survived each attempt. Ultimately, the boy exacted justice, rescuing his parents and banishing his uncle. The family found peace and safety in a distant land of eagle people.

Source
Tales from Kodiak Island
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 16, No. 61, Apr. – Jun., 1903


► Themes of the story

Good vs. Evil: The narrative highlights the struggle between the boy’s innocence and his uncle’s malevolence.

Trials and Tribulations: The boy faces and overcomes a series of life-threatening challenges set by his uncle.

Cunning and Deception: Both the boy and his uncle employ cunning and deceit—the uncle in his murderous plots and the boy in his survival strategies.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


These tales were obtained by the author at Unga Island, Alaska, during a three years’ residence. They were told in the Russian language by Mrs. Reed, Nicoli Medvednikoff, Corneil Panamaroff, all natives of the island of Kodiak where they had heard them, and translated some literally, others more freely. The natives of Kodiak speak Russian almost as freely as they do their mother tongue. They call themselves “Aleuts,” and wherever that word is used, it refers to them, and not to the real Aleuts to the west. The author has but lately returned from Alaska.

In a village lived a man, known to his neighbors as “Unnatural Uncle.” When his nephews became a few years old, he would kill them. Two had already suffered death at his hands. After the second had disappeared, his wife went to the mother of the boys, and said: “Should another boy be born to you, let us conceal the fact from my husband, and make him believe the child a girl. In that case he will not harm him, and we may succeed in bringing him up.”

Not long after the above conversation another nephew was born. Unnatural Uncle, hearing that a child was born, sent his wife to ascertain the sex of the child. She, as had been agreed upon, reported the child a girl. “Let her live,” he said.

The two women tended and dressed the boy as if he were a girl. When he grew older, they told him to play with the girls, and impressed upon him that he should at all times imitate the ways, attitudes, and postures of the girls, especially when attending to the calls of nature. Unnatural Uncle watched the boy as he was growing up, and often wondered at his boyish looks. One day the boy, not knowing that his uncle was about and observing him, raised up his parka, and so exposed his body.

► Continue reading…

“Ah,” said Unnatural Uncle to his wife, on reaching home, “this is the way you have fooled me. But I know everything now. Go and tell my nephew I wish to see him.”

With tears in her eyes the poor woman delivered the message to the nephew, told him of the disappearance of his brothers, and of his probable fate. The father and mother of the boy wept bitterly, for they were certain he would never return. The boy himself, although frightened, assured his parents to the contrary, and begged them not to worry, for he would come back safe and sound.

“Did my brothers have any playthings?” he asked before going.

He was shown to a box where their things were kept. In it he found a piece of a knife, some eagle-down, and a sour cranberry. These he hid about his person, and went to meet his uncle. The latter greeted him, and said : “Nephew, let us go and fetch some wood.”

When they came to a large forest, the boy remarked: “Here is good wood; let us take some of it, and go back.”

“Oh, no! There is better wood farther on,” said the uncle.

From the forest they stepped into a bare plain, “Let us go back. There is no wood here,” called the boy. But the uncle motioned to him to come on, telling him that they would soon find better wood. A little later they came to a big log. “Here is what I want,” exclaimed the uncle, and began splitting it. “Here, nephew, jump in, and get that wedge out,” called the uncle to the boy, as one of the wedges fell in. When the boy did so, the man knocked out the other wedges; the log closed in on the boy, and held him fast. “Stay there!” said Unnatural Uncle, and walked off.

For some time the boy remained in this helpless condition, planning a means of escape. At last he thought of his sour cranberry, and, taking it in his hand, he rubbed with it the interior of the log from edge to edge. The sourness of the berry caused the log to open its mouth, thus freeing him.

On his way back to the village, he gathered a bundle of wood, which he left at his uncle’s door, announcing the fact to him : “Here, uncle, I have brought you the wood.” The latter was both surprised and vexed at his failure, and determined more than ever to kill the boy. His wife, however, warned him: “You had better not harm the boy; you have killed his brothers, and if you hurt him, you will come to grief.”

“I will kill him, too,” he savagely replied.

When the boy reached his father’s home, he found them weeping and mourning. “Don’t weep!” he pleaded. “He cannot hurt me; no matter where he takes me, I will always come back.” In the morning he was again summoned to appear at his uncle’s. Before going, he entreated his parents not to feel uneasy, assuring them that no harm would befall him, and that he would be back. The uncle called the boy to go with him after some ducks and eggs. They passed several places abounding in ducks and eggs, and each time that the boy suggested, “Let us take these and go back,” the uncle replied: “Oh, no! There are better ducks and eggs farther on.” At last they came to a steep bluff, and, looking down, saw a great many ducks and eggs. “Go down carefully, nephew, and gather those ducks and eggs. Be quick, and come back as soon as you can.”

The boy saw the trap at a glance, and prepared for it by taking the eagle-down in each hand, between thumb and finger. As the boy took a step or two downward, the uncle gave him a push, causing him to lose his footing. “He will never come back alive from here,” smiled the uncle to himself, as he walked back. If he had remained awhile longer and looked down before going, he would have seen the boy descending gently instead of falling. The eagle-down kept him up in the air, and he lighted at his own pleasure safe and sound. After gathering all the ducks and eggs he wanted, he ascended by holding up the down, as before, and blowing under it. Up, up he went, and in a short time stood on the summit. It was night before he sighted his uncle’s home. At the door he deposited the birds and eggs, and shouted: “Here, uncle, are the ducks and eggs.”

“What! back again!” exclaimed the man very much mortified. His wife again pleaded with him to leave the boy in peace. “You will come to grief, if you don’t,” she said. “No; he cannot hurt me,” he replied angrily, and spent the remainder of the night thinking and planning.

Although he assured them that he would return, the boy’s parents did not have much faith in it; for he found them on his return weeping for him. This grieved him. “Why do you weep?” he said. “Didn’t I say I would come back ? He can take me to no place from which I cannot come back.”

In the evening of the third day the aunt appeared and said that her husband wished the boy. He told his parents not to be disturbed, and promised to come back soon. This time the uncle invited him to go with him after clams. The clams were very large, large enough to inclose a man. It was ebb tide, and they found plenty of clams not far from the beach. The boy suggested that they take these and go back, but the uncle put him off with, “There are better clams farther out.” They waded into the water, and then the man noticed an extraordinarily large clam. “Take him,” he said, but when the boy bent over, the clam took him in. So confident was Unnatural Uncle of his success this time that he uttered not a word, but with a triumphant grin on his face and a wave of his hand he walked away. The boy tried to force the valves apart, but not succeeding, he cut the ligament with his piece of a knife, compelling the clam to open up little by little until he was able to hop out. He gathered some clams, and left them at his uncle’s door as if nothing had happened. The man, on hearing the boy’s voice outside, was almost beside himself with rage. His wife did not attempt to pacify him. “I will say nothing more,” she said. “I have warned you, and if you persist in your ways, you will suffer.”

The next day Unnatural Uncle was busy making a box.

“What is it for?” asked his wife.

“A plaything for our nephew,” he replied.

In the evening the boy was sent for. On leaving his parents, he said: “Do not feel uneasy about my absence. This time I may be away a long time, but I will come back nevertheless.”

“Nephew, here is something to amuse you,” said his uncle. “Get inside of it, so that I may see whether it fits you.” It fitted him, so did the lid the box, and the rope the lid. He felt himself borne along, and from the noise of the waves he knew it was to the sea. The box was lowered, and with a shove it was set adrift. It was stormy, the waves beat over the box, and several times he gave himself up as lost. How long he drifted he had no idea; but at last he heard the waves dashing against the beach, and his heart rejoiced. Louder, and louder did the joyful peal sound. He gathered himself together for the sudden stop which soon came, only to feel himself afloat again the next moment. This experience he went through several times, before the box finally stopped and he realized he was on land once more.

As he lay there, many thoughts passed through his mind: where was he? was any one living there? would he be saved? or would the flood-tide set him adrift again? what were his people at home doing? These, and many other thoughts passed through his brain, when he was startled by hearing voices, which he recognized, a little later, as women’s. This is what he heard:

“I saw the box first,” said one.

“No, I saw it first,” said the other.

“I am sure I saw it before you,” said the first speaker again, “and, therefore, it is mine.”

“Well, you may have the box, but its contents shall belong to me,” replied the other.

They picked up the box, and began to carry it, but finding it somewhat heavy and being anxious to know what it contained, they stopped to untie it.

“If there are many things in there, I shall have some of them,” said the first speaker, who rued her bargain. The other one said nothing. Great was their surprise on beholding him. He was in turn surprised to see two such beautiful girls, the large village, the numerous people, and their peculiar appearance, for he was among the Eagle people in Eagle land. The full grown people, like the full grown eagles, had white faces and heads, while those of the young people, like those of young eagles, were dark. Eagle skins were hanging about all over the village; and it amused him to watch some of the people put on their eagle skins and change to eagles, and after flying around, take them off and become human beings again.

The girls, being the daughters of the village chief, led the boy to their father, each claiming him. When he had heard them both, the chief gave the boy to the older girl (the second speaker). With her he lived happily, but his thoughts would very often wander back to his former home, the people there, his parents; and the thought of his uncle’s cruelty to them would make his heart ache. His wife noted these spells of depression, and questioned him about them until he told her of his parents and uncle. She, like a good wife, bade him cheer up, and then went to have a talk with her father. He sent for his son-in-law, and advised him to put on his (chief’s) eagle skin, soar up high until he could see his village, fly over there, visit his parents, and bring them back with him. He did as he was told, and in a short time found himself in the village. Although he could see all other people, his parents were not in sight.

This was in the evening. During the night he went out to sea, brought back a large whale, and placed it on the beach, knowing that all the villagers would come out for the meat. The first person to come to the village beach in the morning was Unnatural Uncle; and when he saw the whale, he aroused the village, and a little later all, except the boy’s father and mother, were there, cutting and storing up the whale. His parents were not permitted to come near the whale, and when some of the neighbors left some meat at their house. Unnatural Uncle scolded, and forbade it being done again. “I can forgive him the killing of my brothers, the attempts on my life, but I will revenge his treatment of my parents.” With these thoughts in his mind, the eagle left his perch, and flew over to the crowd. He circled over its head a little while, and then made a swoop at his uncle. “Ah, he knows that I am chief, and the whale is mine, and he asks me for a piece of meat.” Saying this, he threw a piece of meat at the eagle. The second time the eagle descended it was still nearer the man’s head, but he tried to laugh it off, and turn it to his glory. The people, however, did not see it that way, and warned him to keep out of the eagle’s clutches, for the eagle meant mischief. When the eagle dropped the third time, it was so near his head that he fell on his face. The fourth time the eagle swooped him, and flew off with him.

Not far from the shore was a high and steep rock, and on its summit the eagle put down the man, placing himself opposite. When he had taken off the skin, and disclosed himself, he said to his trembling uncle : “I could have forgiven you the death of my brothers, the four attempts on my life, but for the cruel treatment of my parents you shall pay. The whale I brought was for my parents and others, and not for you alone; but you took entire possession of it, and would not allow them even to approach it. I will not kill you without giving you a chance for your life. Swim back to the shore, and you shall be spared.” As he could not swim, Unnatural Uncle supplicated his nephew to take him back, but the latter, putting on the eagle skin, and hardening his eagle heart, clutched him, and from a dizzy height in the air dropped him into the sea.

From the beach the crowd watched the fatal act, understood and appreciated it, and, till it was dark, continued observing, from the distance, the eagle. When all had retired, he pulled off the skin, and set out for his father’s barrabara. He related to his parents his adventures, and invited them to accompany him to his adopted land, to which they gladly consented. Early in the morning he put on again his skin, and, taking a parent in each claw, flew with them to Eagle land, and there they are living now.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Grouse-Girl

Two men, an old lame man and a young handsome one, live in isolation, hunting daily. A persistent grouse transforms into a beautiful woman, becoming the old man’s wife after being rejected by the younger. Consumed by jealousy, the younger man kills his partner but is scorned by the woman, who reclaims her grouse form and abandons him to loneliness.

Source
Tales from Kodiak Island
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 16, No. 61, Apr. – Jun., 1903


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The younger man’s jealousy leads him to betray and murder his partner, underscoring the destructive power of envy.

Supernatural Beings: The woman’s ability to shift between grouse and human form introduces elements of the supernatural.

Tragic Flaw: The younger man’s envy and impulsiveness result in his ultimate isolation and despair.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


These tales were obtained by the author at Unga Island, Alaska, during a three years’ residence. They were told in the Russian language by Mrs. Reed, Nicoli Medvednikoff, Corneil Panamaroff, all natives of the island of Kodiak where they had heard them, and translated some literally, others more freely. The natives of Kodiak speak Russian almost as freely as they do their mother tongue. They call themselves “Aleuts,” and wherever that word is used, it refers to them, and not to the real Aleuts to the west. The author has but lately returned from Alaska.

Two men, the older lame and unattractive, the younger sound and handsome, lived by themselves in a barrabara, far from other human beings. When they arose in the morning, they drank some oil — to keep hunger away the rest of the day — and then went out hunting; one to the hills, and the other to the beach. In the evening one returned with seal meat, while his partner brought bear meat. Many years they lived in this manner without seeing or even knowing that other people existed.

After the usual breakfast one morning, the older man went to the beach to hunt, and the younger man to the hills, and in the evening both returned loaded with seal and bear meat respectively. By rubbing together two sticks of wood, they soon had a fire over which they cooked some meat, and, after eating, put on their parkas and sat outside on the barrabara, with their faces toward the sea. While sitting there, a grouse appeared and lit on the barrabara, near the younger man, and commenced pecking. “Why does the grouse come here?” the man asked, and pushed her away. She flew up, but returned a moment later to the place occupied before. Seeing her there again, the handsome fellow said to the other one: “What is the matter with the bird? Her home is on the hills, and yet she is bothering here.”

► Continue reading…

He drove her off, but she, not discouraged, came back to him.

“What does she want?” he exclaimed impatiently, and forced her away rather roughly.

When she descended the fourth time, it was by the side of the lame man who took her in his hand, began stroking her, and finally decided to keep her as his pet. Before retiring, the lame man made a nest for the bird near him, and then all turned in for the night.

The next morning the men went hunting as usual. As they approached the barrabara in the evening, they were greatly surprised to see smoke coming out of it, and on entering to find it clean, a warm supper waiting for them, and a pair of new torbarsar (shoes made of sealskin) garters hanging over the lame man’s bed. “Somebody has been here today,” said the younger man; and although they looked outside and inside, they found no one. The grouse was on her nest, her head hidden under her drooping wings, and looked altogether tired. Perceiving her condition, the lame man remarked: “The bird has had nothing to eat or drink the whole day; she must be both hungry and thirsty.”

This little excitement did not prevent them from enjoying their supper, nor did it disturb their sound sleep during the night; and the next morning they proceeded with their daily occupation. As the evening before, they found their home in order, the meat cooked, and a pair of new torbarsars hanging where the garters hung the day previous. The grouse was on her nest, her head under the drooping wings, but no one else was to be found, although they searched a long time. After eating their supper, the older man fed and played with the grouse, and then they all went to sleep.

On account of the stormy weather, the several days following the men remained at home. During that time the bird tried once more to gain the good grace of the handsome man, but he treated her roughly, and would not let her come near him, and she avoided him after this. The first favorable day the two men went in different directions to hunt. As soon as the younger man was out of sight, the lame man squatted down, saying: “I will watch to-day and see who cleans and cooks for us, and makes torbarsars for me.” Slowly and cautiously he crawled back quite close to the barrabara, and waited. The morning passed without giving him a clue, but towards evening he saw smoke coming out of the smoke hole. He crept still closer, and heard footsteps within. While he lay there, guessing who it might be, a young and beautiful girl stepped out. Her face was white, hair and eyebrows black, the parka was of white grouse feathers, and the leggings of the fur seal torbarsars were white with various trimmings. He gazed at her, and when she went in, he followed her, watched her a moment at her work, and then seized her.

“Ai-Ai-Y-a-h!” she exclaimed. “You scared me. Let me go.” Instead he drew her fondly to him, and when he did so, her face reddened with blushes.

“I will not let you go,” he said; but when he noticed a grouse skin on the nest, he freed her, and although she begged to have the skin back, he took it outside, and hid it.

The handsome man was both scared and amazed, but he asked no questions. Since it was customary for a newly married man to stay at home with his wife for a certain time, it was a long time before the old man went out hunting again. When he did so, he always returned before his partner, and generally found a pair of torbarsars or some other present waiting for him; but the younger man found nothing.

Though the younger man asked no questions, and knew not who the girl was and where she came from, he did a great deal of thinking. It puzzled him to know why the girl preferred a lame, old man to him a young, handsome man. She did not like him, he knew, for she never made anything for him, while the lame man had presents forced on him. He finally decided to take matters in his own hands, and make the girl his wife. One night, when the married couple were asleep, he arose and killed the lame man. Going back to his bed, he called to the girl to leave her dead husband, and be his wife. This she refused to do. “You cannot go away from here,” he said; “you will have to be my wife.”

“I will never be your wife,” she answered; and getting up, she searched for the grouse skin among her husband’s things, and found it in his tool bag. This she hid under her parka. When he called her again, saying, “Come, you are my wife,” she replied: “I came here to be your wife, but you did not take me. Three times I came to you, and three times you chased me away. The last time you hurt me. I will not be your wife now.” While speaking, she pulled out the grouse skin, shook it three times, and, when she had finished, pulled it on herself, and flew out through the smoke hole, leaving the young, sound, and handsome man wifeless and partnerless.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page