The Infidel Jew

A man entrusted a jar of gold, disguised as butter, to a Jewish friend before traveling. On his return, he found only butter and concealed his sorrow. His brother devised a plan: after hosting the Jew at a feast, he swapped the Jew’s child with a monkey. Believing it divine punishment, the Jew returned the gold, and the child was restored, resolving the deceit.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The Jew’s initial act of stealing the gold and the brother’s clever scheme to retrieve it highlight the use of wit and deceit.

Divine Punishment: The Jew and his wife interpret their child’s transformation into a monkey as a supernatural retribution for their dishonesty.

Family Dynamics: The interactions between the brothers and the Jew’s family underscore the complexities of familial relationships and the lengths one might go to protect and support loved ones.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by J. Rivière
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

A man went on a journey. At the moment of departure he placed with a Jew, his friend, a jar filled with gold. He covered the gold with butter and said to the Jew: “I trust to your care this jar of butter, as I am going on a journey.” On his return he hastened to the house of his friend. “Give me the jar of butter that I left with you,” he said. The Jew gave it to him. But the poor traveller found nothing but butter, for the Jew had taken the gold. Nevertheless, he did not tell anybody of his misfortune. But his countenance bore traces of a secret sorrow. His brother perceived it, and said to him: “What is the matter with you?”

“I intrusted a jar filled with gold to a Jew,” he answered, “and he only returned a jar of butter to me. I don’t know what to do to recover my property.”

► Continue reading…

His brother replied: “The thing is easy. Prepare a feast and invite your friend the Jew.”

The next day the traveller prepared a feast and invited the Jew. During this time the brother of the traveller ran to a neighboring mountain, where he captured a monkey. During the night he entered the house of the Jew and found a child in the cradle. He took the child away and put the monkey in its place. When day had come the mother perceived the monkey tied in the cradle. She called her husband with loud cries, and said to him:

“See how God has punished us for having stolen your friend’s gold. Our child is changed into a monkey. Give back the stolen property.”

They immediately had the traveller summoned, and returned his gold to him. The next night the child was taken back to the cradle and the monkey was set free. As I can go no further, may God exterminate the jackal and pardon all our sins!

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Ali and Ou Ali

Ali and Ou Ali, two mischievous friends, engage in a series of cunning schemes and betrayals, often resulting in humorous consequences. From stealing and trickery to absurd retaliations, their adventures illustrate their mutual mischief and competitive camaraderie. Despite constant deception, they ultimately divide a treasure, symbolizing the strange bond they share, where friendship and rivalry coexist in a comically chaotic balance.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The story revolves around their clever schemes and mutual betrayals.

Conflict with Authority: The protagonists occasionally challenge societal norms or figures of power.

Cultural Heroes: The characters represent a folkloric depiction of cleverness valued in Berber culture.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by J. Rivière
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

Ali and Ou Ali were two friends. One day they met at the market. One of them bore ashes and the other carried dust. The first one had covered his goods with a little flour. The other had concealed his merchandise under some black figs. “Come, I will sell you some flour,” said Ali.

“Come, I will sell you some black figs,” answered Ou Ali.

Each regained his own horse. Ali, who thought he was carrying flour, found, on opening his sack, that it was only ashes. Ou Ali, who thought he was bearing black figs, found on opening his sack that it was nothing but dust. Another day they again greeted each other in the market. Ali smiled.

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Ou Ali smiled, and said to his friend:

“For the love of God, what is your name?”

“Ali; and yours?”

“Ou Ali.”

Another time they were walking together, and said to each other:

“Let us go and steal.”

One of them stole a mule and the other stole a rug. They passed the night in the forest. Now, as the snow was falling, Ali said to Ou Ali:

“Give me a little of your rug to cover me.”

Ou Ali refused. “You remember,” he added, “that I asked you to put my rug on your mule, and you would not do it.” An instant afterward Ali cut off a piece of the rug, for he was dying of cold. Ou Ali got up and cut the lips of the mule. The next morning, when they awaked, Ou Ali said to Ali:

“O my dear friend, your mule is grinning.”

“O my dear friend,” replied Ali, “the rats have gnawed your rug.”

And they separated. Some time afterward they met anew. Ali said to Ou Ali:

“Let us go and steal.”

They saw a peasant, who was working. One of them went to the brook to wash his cloak there, and found it dry. He laid the blade of his sabre so that it would reflect the rays of the sun, and began to beat his cloak with his hands as if to wash it. The laborer came to the brook also, and found the man who was washing his cloak without water.

“May God exterminate you,” said he, “who wash without water.”

“May God exterminate you,” answered the washer, “who work without a single ox.”

The other robber watched the laborer, and had already stolen one of his oxen. The laborer went back to his plough, and said to the washer, “Keep this ox for me while I go and hunt for the other.” As soon as he was out of sight the robber took away the ox left in his charge. The laborer returned, and seizing the goad by one end he gave a great blow on the plough-handle, crying:

“Break, now. It matters little.”

The robbers met in a wood and killed the oxen. As they lacked salt, they went to purchase it. They salted the meat, roasted it, and ate it. Ali discovered a spring. Ou Ali not being able to find water, was dying of thirst.

“Show me your spring,” he said to Ali, “and I will drink.”

“Eat some salt, my dear friend,” answered Ali. What could he do? Some days afterward Ou Ali put ashes on the shoes of Ali. The next day he followed the traces of the ashes, found the spring, and discovered thus the water that his friend was drinking. He took the skin of one of the oxen and carried it to the fountain. He planted two sticks above the water, hung the skin on the sticks, and placed the horns of the ox opposite the road. During the night his friend went to the spring. At the sight of the skin thus stretched out, fear seized him, and he fled.

“I am thirsty,” said Ou Ali.

“Eat some salt, my dear friend,” answered Ali, “for salt removes thirst.”

Ali retired, and, after having eaten, ran to examine the skin that he had stretched out. Ou Ali ate the salt, and was dying of thirst.

“For the love of God,” he said finally, “show me where you drink.”

Ali was avenged. “Come, Jew-face, and I will show you the water.” He made him drink at the spring, and said to him: “See what you were afraid of.” The meat being finished, they started away. Ou Ali went to the house of Ali, and said to him:

“Come, we will marry you to the daughter of an old woman.”

Now, the old woman had a herd of oxen. She said to Ali: “Take this drove to the fields and mount one of the animals.” Ali mounted one of the oxen. He fell to the ground; the oxen began to run and trample on him. Ou Ali, who was at the house, said to the old woman:

“O my old woman, give me your daughter in marriage.”

She called her daughter. “Take a club,” she said to her, “and we will give it to him until he cries for mercy.”

The daughter brought a club and gave Ou Ali a good beating. Ali, who was watching the herd, came at nightfall and met his friend.

“Did the old woman accept you?” he asked him.

“She accepted me,” answered Ali. “And is the herd easy to watch?”

“From morning till night I have nothing to do but to repose. Take my place to-morrow, and mount one of the oxen.”

The next day Ou Ali said to the old woman, “To-day I will take care of the herd.” And, on starting, he recommended Ali to ask the old woman for her daughter’s hand.

“It is well,” answered Ali. Ou Ali arrived in the fields; one of the oxen seized him with his horns and tossed him into the air. All the others did the same thing. He regained the horse half dead. Ali, who had remained at the house, asked the old woman for her daughter’s hand. “You ask me again?” said she. She took a club and gave it to him till he had had enough. Ou Ali said to Ali: “You have played me a trick.” Ali answered him: “Without doubt they gave me the stick so hard that I did not hear the last blow.”

“It is well, my dear friend. Ali owes nothing to Ou Ali.”

They went away. The old woman possessed a treasure. Ou Ali therefore said to Ali: “I will put you in a basket, for you know that we saw that treasure in a hole.” They returned to the old woman’s house. Ali goes down into the hole, takes the treasure, and puts it into the basket. Ou Ali draws up the basket, takes it, abandons his friend, now a prisoner, and runs to hide the treasure in the forest. Ali was in trouble, for he knew not how to get out. What could he do? He climbed up the sides of the hole. When he found himself in the house, he opened the door and fled. Arriving at the edge of the forest he began to bleat. Ou Ali, thinking it was a ewe, ran up. It was his friend.

“O my dear,” cried Ali, “I have found you at last.”

“God be praised. Now, let us carry our treasure.”

They started on the way. Ou Ali, who had a sister, said to Ali: “Let us go to my sister’s house.” They arrived at nightfall. She received them with joy. Her brother said to her:

“Prepare some pancakes and some eggs for us.”

She prepared the pancakes and the eggs and served them with the food.

“O my sister,” cried Ou Ali, “my friend does not like eggs; bring us some water.” She went to get the water. As soon as she had gone, Ali took an egg and put it into his mouth. When the woman returned, he made such efforts to give it up that he was all out of breath. The repast was finished, and Ali had not eaten anything. Ou Ali said to his sister: “O my sister, my friend is ill; bring me a skewer.” She brought him a skewer, which he put into the fire. When the skewer was red with the heat, Ou Ali seized it and applied it to the cheek of Ali. The latter uttered a cry, and rejected the egg. “Truly,” said the woman, “you do not like eggs.”

The two friends started and arrived at a village.

“Let us go to my sister’s house,” said Ali to his friend. She received them with open arms.

Ali said to her: “O my sister, prepare a good stew for us.”

They placed themselves at the table at nightfall, and she served them with food.

“O my sister,” cried Ali, “my friend does not like stew.”

Ali ate alone. When he was satisfied, the two friends started, without forgetting the treasure. On the way Ali said to Ou Ali: “Give it to me to-day and I will deposit it in my house.” He took it and gave it to his wife. “Bury me,” he said to her. “And if Ou Ali comes tell him that his old friend is dead, and receive him with tears.” Ou Ali arrived, and asked the woman in tears to see the tomb of his dead friend. He took an ox-horn and began to dig in the earth that covered the body.

“Behind! behind!” cried the pretended dead man.

“Get up, there, you liar,” answered Ali.

They went away together. “Give me the treasure,” asked Ou Ali; “to-day I will take it to my house.” He took it to his house, and said to his wife: “Take this treasure. I am going to stretch myself out as if I were dead. When Ali comes receive him weeping, and say to him: ‘Your friend is dead. He is stretched out in the bedroom.'”

Ali went and said to the woman: “Get me some boiling water, for your husband told me to wash him when he should die.” When the water was ready the woman brought it. Ali seized the kettle and poured it on the stomach of Ou Ali, who sprang up with a bound. Thus he got even for the trick of his friend. The two friends divided the treasure then, and Ali went home.

The Apple of Youth

A king with five daughters seeks husbands for them. A stranger wins the youngest’s hand and suggests a novel way for all daughters to choose their suitors. After marriage, the king demands a magical apple granting eternal youth. The youngest son-in-law braves an ogress’s city to retrieve the true apple, restoring the king’s youth. Named heir, he ascends the throne after the king’s death.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Quest: The protagonist embarks on a journey to obtain the magical apple that grants eternal youth.

Sacred Objects: The apple itself is a powerful artifact imbued with mystical significance, capable of restoring youth.

Trials and Tribulations: The protagonist faces challenges, including navigating the ogress’s city and obtaining the apple, to achieve his goal.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

There once lived a king who had five daughters and no sons. They grew up. He wanted them to marry, but they would not have any of the young men of the city. A youth came from a far country and stood under the castle, beneath the window of the youngest daughter. She saw him, and told her father she would marry him.

“Bring him in,” said the King.

“He will come to-morrow.”

“God be praised,” said the King, “that you are pleased with us.”

The young man answered, “Give me your daughter for a wife.”

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“Advise me,” said the King.

The stranger said, “Go and wait till to-morrow.”

The next day the young man said to the King: “Make all the inhabitants of the city come out. You will stand with the clerks at the entrance to the gate. Dress your daughters and let them choose their husbands themselves.”

The people began to come out. The eldest daughter struck one of them on the chest with an apple, and they said: “That daughter has chosen a husband. Bravo!” Each one of the daughters thus selected a husband, and the youngest kept hers. A little while afterward, the King received a visit from one of his sons-in-law, who said to him, “What do you want us to give you?”

“I’ll see what my daughters want,” he answered. “Come back in six days.”

When they went to see their wives the King said to them, “I will ask of you a thing about which they have spoken to me.”

“What is it? We are anxious to know.”

“It is an apple, the odor of which gives to the one who breathes it youth, no matter what his age may be.”

“It is difficult,” they answered. “We know not where it can be found.”

“If you do not bring it to me, you cannot marry my daughter.”

They kept silent, and then consulted with each other. The youngest said to them, “Seek the means to satisfy the King.”

“Give us your advice—-“

“Father-in-law, to-morrow we shall bring you the apple.” His brothers-in-law added: “Go out. To-morrow we will meet you outside the city.”

The next day they all five met together. Four of them said to the other, “Advise us or we will kill you.”

“Cut off your fingers,” he said.

The first one began, and the three others did the same. The youngest one took them and put them into his game-bag, and then he added, “Wait near the city till I come back.”

He went out into the desert and came to the city of the ogress. He entered, and found her ready to grind some wheat. He said to the ogress, “Show me the apple whose color gives eternal youth to the old man who smells it.”

“You are in the family of ogres,” she said. “Cut a hair from the horse of their King. When you go into the garden cast this hair into the fire. You will find a tree, from which you must pick five fruits. When plucking them do not speak a word, and keep silence on your return. It is the smallest fruit that possesses the magic power.”

He took the apple and went back to the city, where he found his companions. He concealed in his breast the wonderful fruit, and gave the others to his brothers-in-law, one to each. They entered the palace of the King, who was overjoyed to see them, gave them seats, and asked them, “Have you brought it or not?”

“We have brought it,” they answered.

He said to the eldest, “Give me your apple first.”

He took a mirror in his left hand, and the fruit in the right hand, bent down, and inhaled the odor of the apple, but without results. He threw it down upon the ground. The others gave him their apples, with no more success.

“You have deceived me,” he said to them. “The apples do not produce the effect that I sought.”

Addressing, then, the stranger, he said, “Give me your apple.”

The other son-in-law replied: “I am not of this country. I will not give you my fruit.”

“Give it to me to look at,” said the King. The young man gave it to him, saying, “Take a mirror in your right hand and the apple in your left hand.”

The King put the apple to his nose, and, looking at his beard, saw that it became black. His teeth became white. He grew young again. “You are my son,” he said to the young man. And he made a proclamation to his subjects, “When I am dead he shall succeed me on the throne.” His son-in-law stayed some time with him, and after the death of the King he reigned in his place and did not marry the other daughters of the King to his companions.

The Language of the Beasts

A compassionate man helps a greyhound, who is revealed to be a prince of the nether world. Later, the man inadvertently eats a magical creature, leading to a series of events where he gains the ability to understand animals. He discovers treasure but faces challenges due to his gift. Ultimately, through wit and the advice of animals, he overcomes obstacles and lives happily ever after.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Forbidden Knowledge: The man’s ability to understand the language of animals is a form of esoteric knowledge, granted with the caveat that revealing it would result in his death.

Cunning and Deception: The protagonist employs wit and the insights gained from understanding animals to overcome obstacles and secure his fortune.

Moral Lessons: The story imparts lessons on compassion, the consequences of one’s actions, and the prudent use of special gifts or knowledge.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

Once upon a time there was a man who had much goods. One day he went to market. There came a greyhound, which ate some meat. The butcher gave it a blow, which made it yelp. Seeing this, the heart of the man was touched with compassion. He bought of the butcher half a piece of meat and flung it to the greyhound. The dog took it and went away. It was the son of a king of the nether world.

Fortune changed with the man. He lost all his possessions, and began to wash for people. One day, he had gone to wash something, he stretched it on the sand to dry. A jerboa appeared with a ring in its ear. The man ran after it, killed it, hid the ring, made a fire, cooked the jerboa and ate it.

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A woman came out of the earth, seized him, and demanded, “Haven’t you seen my son, with an ear-ring?”

“I haven’t seen anybody,” he answered; “but I saw a jerboa which had a ring in its ear.”

“It is my son.” She drew him under the earth and told him: “You have eaten my son, you have separated me from him. Now I will separate you from your children, and you shall work in the place of my son.” He who was changed into a greyhound saw this man that day, and said to him: “It is you who bought some meat for a greyhound and threw it to him?”

“It is I.”

“I am that greyhound. Who brought you here?”

“A woman,” answered the man, and he recounted all his adventure.

“Go and make a complaint to the King,” answered the other. “I am his son. I’ll tell him: ‘This man did me a good service,’ When he asks you to go to the treasure and take as much money as you wish, answer him: ‘I don’t want any. I only want you to spit a benediction into my mouth,’ If he asks you, ‘Who told you that?’ answer, ‘Nobody.'”

The man went and found the King and complained of the woman. The King called her and asked her: “Why have you taken this man captive?”

“He ate my son.”

“Why was your son metamorphosed into a jerboa? When men see one of those they kill him and eat him.” Then addressing the man: “Give her back the ear-ring.” He gave it to her.

“Go,” said the King, “take this man to the place from which you brought him.”

The son of the King then said to his father: “This man did me a favor; you ought to reward him.”

The King said to him: “Go to the treasure, take as much money as you can.”

“I don’t want money,” he answered; “I want you to spit into my mouth a benediction.”

“Who told you that?”

“Nobody.”

“You will not be able to bear it.”

“I will be able.”

“When I have spat into your mouth, you will understand the language of beasts and birds; you will know what they say when they speak; but if you reveal it to the people you will die.”

“I will not reveal it.” So the King spat into his mouth and sent him away, saying to the woman, “Go and take him back where you found him.” She departed, and took him back there.

He mounted his ass and came back to his house. He arranged the load and took back to the people the linen he had washed. Then he remounted the beast to go and seek some earth. He was going to dig when he heard a crow say in the air:

“Dig beneath; you will sing when God has made you rich.”

He understood what the crow said, dug beneath, and found a treasure. He filled a basket with it. On the top he put a little earth and went home, but often returned to the spot. On one of these occasions his ass met a mule, which said:

“Are you working still?”

The ass replied: “My master has found a treasure and he is taking it away.”

The mule answered: “When you are in a crowd balk and throw the basket to the ground. People will see it, all will be discovered, and your master will leave you in peace.”

The man had heard every word of this. He filled his basket with earth only. When they arrived at a crowd of people the ass kicked and threw the load to the ground. Her master beat her till she had enough. He applied himself to gathering the treasure, and became a rich merchant.

He had at home some chickens and a dog. One day he went into the granary, and a hen followed him and ate the grain. A cock said to her:

“Bring me a little.”

She answered, “Eat for yourself.”

The master began to laugh. His wife asked him:

“What are you laughing at?”

“Nothing.”

“You are laughing at me.”

“Not at all.”

“You must tell me what you are laughing at.”

“If I tell you I shall die.”

“You shall tell me, and you shall die.”

“To-night.” He brought out some grain and said to his wife, “Give alms.” He invited the people, bade them to eat, and when they had gone he brought food to the dog, but he would not eat. The neighbor’s dog came, as it did every day, to eat with his dog. To-day it found the food intact.

“Come and eat,” it said.

“No,” the dog answered.

“Why not?”

Then the dog told the other: “My master, hearing the chickens talk, began to laugh. His wife asked him: ‘Why are you laughing?’ ‘If I tell you, I shall die.’ ‘Tell me and die,’ That is why,” continued the dog, “he has given alms, for when he reveals his secret he will die, and I shall never find anyone to act as he has.”

The other dog replied: “As he knows our language, let him take a stick and give it to his wife until she has had enough. As he beats her let him say: ‘This is what I was laughing at. This is what I was laughing at. This is what I was laughing at,’ until she says to him, ‘Reveal to me nothing.'”

The man heard the conversation of the dogs, and went and got a stick. When his wife and he went to bed she said to him, “Tell me that now.”

Then he took the stick and beat her, saying: “This is what I was laughing at. This is what I was laughing at. This is what I was laughing at,” until she cried out:

“Don’t tell it to me. Don’t tell it to me. Don’t tell it to me.” He left her alone. When the dogs heard that, they rejoiced, ran out on the terrace, played, and ate their food. From that day the wife never again said to her husband, “Tell me that!” They lived happy ever after. If I have omitted anything, may God forgive me for it.

Beddou

Two thieves, Beddou and Amkammel, embark on a journey of deceit and theft, starting with stealing oxen from a laborer. Their exploits escalate, involving trickery, betrayal, and greed, culminating in Beddou murdering Amkammel. From the burial site, a pomegranate tree grows, leading to Beddou’s exposure and execution. The tale illustrates the destructive cycle of treachery and the inevitability of justice.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The protagonists engage in deceitful schemes, including stealing oxen and money, highlighting the role of trickery in their actions.

Revenge and Justice: The story culminates in Beddou’s execution by the King, serving as retribution for his misdeeds and emphasizing the theme of justice.

Divine Punishment: The emergence of the pomegranate tree from the burial site symbolizes a supernatural element leading to Beddou’s exposure and punishment.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

Two men, one of whom was named Beddou and the other Amkammel, went to market bearing a basket of figs. They met a man who was working, and said to him: “God assist you!”

“Amen!” he answered. One of them wanted to wash himself, but there was no water. The laborer, him who was with him (sic), said, “What is your name?”

“Beddou.”

“By the Lord, Beddou, watch my oxen while I go to drink.”

“Go!”

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When he had gone, he took away one of the oxen. On his return the laborer saw that one was missing. He went to the other traveller and asked him:

“By my father, what is your name?”

“Amkammel Ouennidhui” (“The Finisher”), he answered.

“By the Lord, Amkammel Ouennidhui, watch this ox for me while I go look for the one that is gone.”

“Go!”

He stole the other one. When the laborer returned he didn’t even find the second.

The two thieves went away, taking the oxen. They killed them to roast them. One drank all the water of the sea, the other all the fresh water, to wash it down. When they had finished, one stayed there to sleep, the other covered him with ashes. The former got up to get a drink and the ashes fell on the road. When he came back, the second covered himself with the ox-head. His brother, who had gone to get a drink, was afraid, and ran away. They divided the other ox to eat it. The one who had drunk the sea-water now drank fresh water, and the one who had drunk fresh water now drank sea-water. When they had finished their repast they took up their journey. They found an old woman who had some money, upon which she was sitting. When they arrived they fought. She arose to separate them. One of them took her place to pass the night, and pretended that he was dead. The old woman said to him:

“Get up, my son.”

He refused. In the evening one of them stole the money, and said to his brother:

“Arise! Let us go!”

They went away to a place where was sleeping the one who had taken the money. The other took away the dirkhems and departed, leaving the first asleep. When he awaked he found nothing. He started in pursuit of the other, and when he arrived he found him dying of illness. The latter had said to his wife, “Bury me.” She buried him. He who had first stolen the money went away. He said, “It is an ox.”

“It is I, my friend,” he cried. “Praise be to God, my friend! May your days pass in happiness!” Beddou said to him: “Let us go for a hunt.”

They went away alone. Beddou added: “I will shave you.”

He shaved him, and when he came to the throat he killed him and buried his head. A pomegranate-tree sprang up at this place. One day Beddou found a fruit, which he took to the King. When he arrived he felt that it was heavy. It was a head. The King asked him:

“What is that?”

“A pomegranate.”

“We know what you have been doing,” said the King, and had his head cut off. My story is finished.

The King and His Family

A king of Maghreb, his wife, and four sons are separated by a shipwreck. Each finds their path: the king discovers a silver mine and builds a city, while his sons become learned men across different lands. Unknowingly reunited at court, their shared stories reveal their identities. The mother overhears them, and the family is joyfully restored, their fate shaped by divine intervention.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Loss and Renewal: The initial loss of family unity is followed by a renewal of bonds when they are miraculously reunited.

Family Dynamics: The narrative explores the relationships within the family, highlighting their separation and the joy of their reunion.

Echoes of the Past: The characters’ past experiences and identities play a crucial role in their recognition and reunion, emphasizing the lasting impact of their shared history.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

In times gone by a king reigned over Maghreb. He had four sons. He started, he, his wife, and his children, for the Orient. They set sail, but their ship sank with them. The waves bore them all in separated directions. One wave took the wife; another bore the father alone to the middle of the sea on an island where he found a mine of silver. He dug out enough silver until he had a great quantity and he established himself in the country. His people after heard tell of him and learned that he dwelt in the midst of the sea. They built houses until there was a great city. He was king of that country. Whoever came poor to him he gave him pieces of money. A poor man married his wife. As for his sons, they applied themselves to a study, each in a different country. They all became learned men and feared God.

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The King had a search made for tolbas who should worship God. The first of the brothers was recommended to him. He sent for him. He sought also a khodja. The second brother was designated. He summoned him to the court. The prince also especially wanted an adel. Another brother was pointed to him. He made him come to him as, indeed, he also did the imam, who was none other than the fourth brother. They arrived at their father’s without knowing him or being known by him. The wife and the man who had espoused her also came to the King to make complaint. When they arrived the wife went alone that night to the palace. The prince sent for the four tolba to pass the night with him until morning. During the; night he spied upon them to see who they were. One of them said to the others, “Since sleep comes not upon us, let each one make known who he is.”

One said: “My father was a king. He had much money and four sons whose names were like yours.”

Another said: “My father was a king. My case is like yours.”

The fourth said in his turn: “My father, too, was a king. My case is like that of your three. You are my brothers.”

Their mother overheard them and took to weeping until day.

They took her to the prince, who said, “Why do you weep?”

She answered: “I was formerly the wife of a king and we had four sons. We set sail, he, our children, and I. The ship which bore us was wrecked. Each one was borne away alone, until yesterday when they spoke before me during the night and showed me what had happened to them, to their father, and to their mother.”

The King said, “Let me know your adventure.”

They told him all that had happened. Then the prince arose, weeping, and said, “You are my children,” and to the woman, “You are my wife.” God reunited them.

Strange Meetings

A traveler encounters mysterious scenes: a lean mare, a fat mare, a serpent stuck in a hole, a restless sheep, and a man playing ball whose children are old. An old man interprets them, revealing metaphors for human behaviors: greed, sacrifice, the permanence of words, household woes, and the influence of spousal choices on aging and familial outcomes. These lessons underscore life’s moral and social complexities.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The story reflects on how individual choices, like selecting a spouse, can influence the aging process and the well-being of one’s children, emphasizing the importance of family decisions.

Ancestral Spirits: The old man’s interpretations connect the traveler’s experiences to ancestral wisdom, suggesting that understanding the past can provide guidance for present behavior.

Transformation through Love: The narrative implies that the choice of a spouse (a form of love) can lead to personal transformation, affecting one’s aging process and the future of one’s offspring.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

Once upon a time a man was on a journey and he met a mare who grazed in the meadow. She was thin, lean, and had only skin and bone.

He went on until he came to a place where he found a mare which was fat, although she did not eat.

He went on further until he met a sheep which kicked against a rock till evening to pass the night there.

Advancing he met a serpent which hung in a hole from which it could not get out. Farther on, he saw a man who played with a ball, and his children were old men.

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He came to an old man who said to him: “I will explain all that to you. The lean mare which you saw represents the rich man whose brothers are poor. The fat mare represents the poor man whose brothers are rich. The serpent which swings unable to enter nor to leave the hole is the picture of the word which once spoken and heard can never go back.The sheep which kicks against the rock to pass the night there, is the man who has an evil house. The one whose children you saw aged while he was playing ball, what does he represent? That is the man who has taken a pretty wife and does not grow old. His children have taken bad ones.”

Half-a-Cock

A tale of wisdom and folly, this story recounts the journey of a divided cock, one-half of which embarks on a clever pilgrimage, gaining wealth through wit and alliances with animals like the jackal, lion, and boar. Its wise mistress benefits, while the foolish counterpart’s greed leads to misfortune, as her attempts to replicate the success with a dog result in tragedy, underscoring the value of prudence and foresight.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Trickster: The protagonist embodies the trickster archetype, employing cleverness to navigate challenges.

Conflict with Authority: The half-cock challenges figures of power or control to gain wealth and success.

Trials and Tribulations: The story revolves around the challenges the half-cock faces and overcomes.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

In times past there was a man who had two wives, and one was wise and one was foolish. They owned a cock in common. One day they quarrelled about the cock, cut it in two, and each took half. The foolish wife cooked her part. The wise one let her part live, and it walked on one foot and had only one wing. Some days passed thus. Then the half-a-cock got up early, and started on his pilgrimage. At the middle of the day he was tired and went toward a brook to rest. A jackal came there to drink. Half-a-Cock jumped on his back, stole one of his hairs, which it put under its wing and resumed its journey. It proceeded until evening and stopped under a tree to pass the night there. It had not rested long when it saw a lion pass near the tree where it was lying. As soon as it perceived the lion it jumped on its back and stole one of its hairs, which it put with that of the jackal.

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The next morning it got up early and took up its journey again. Arrived at the middle of a forest, it met a boar and said:

“Give me a hair from your back, as the king of the animals and the trickiest of them have done–the jackal and the lion.”

The boar answered, “As these two personages so important among the animals have done this, I will also give you what you request.” He plucked a hair from his back and gave it to Half-a-Cock. The latter went on his way and arrived at the palace of a king. It began to crow and to say:

“To-morrow the King will die, and I will take his wife.”

Hearing these words the King gave to his negroes the command to seize Half-a-Cock, and cast him into the middle of the sheep and goat-pen to be trampled upon and killed by them, so that the King might get rid of his crowing. The negroes seized him and cast him into the pen to perish. When he got there Half-a-Cock took from under his wing the jackal’s hair and burnt it in the fire. As soon as it was near the fire the jackal came and said:

“Why are you burning my hair? As soon as I smelled it, I came running.”

Half-a-Cock replied, “You see what situation I am in. Get me out of it.”

“That is an easy thing,” said the jackal, and immediately blowed in order to summon his brothers. They gathered around him, and he gave them this command: “My brothers, save me from Half-a-Cock, for it has a hair from my back which it has put in the fire. I don’t want to burn. Take Half-a-Cock out of the sheep-pen, and you will be able to take my hair from its hands.” At once the jackals rushed to the pen, strangled everything that was there, and rescued Half-a-Cock. The next day the King found his stables deserted and his animals killed. He sought for Half-a-Cock, but in vain. The latter, the next day at the supper hour, began to crow as it did the first time. The prince called his negroes and said to them:

“Seize Half-a-Cock and cast him into the cattle-yard so that it may be crushed under their feet.”

The negroes caught Half-a-Cock and threw him into the middle of the cow-pen. As soon as it reached there, it took the lion’s hair and put it into the fire. The lion came, roaring, and said:

“Why do you burn my hair? I smelled from my cave the odor of burning hair, and came running to learn the motive of your action.”

Half-a-Cock answered: “You see my situation. Help me out of it.”

The lion went out and roared to call his brothers. They came in great haste and said to him, “Why do you call us now?”

“Take the Half-a-Cock from the ox-yard, for it has one of my hairs, which it can put into the fire. If you don’t rescue Half-a-Cock, it will burn the hair, and I don’t want to smell the odor of burning hair while I am alive.”

His brothers obeyed. They at once killed all the cattle in the pen. The King saw that his animals were all dead, and he fell into such a rage that he nearly strangled. He looked for Half-a-Cock to kill it with his own hands. He searched a long time without finding it, and finally went home to rest. At sunset Half-a-Cock came to his usual place and crowed as on the former occasions. The King called his negroes and said to them:

“This time when you have caught Half-a-Cock, put it in a house and shut all the doors till morning. I will kill it myself.”

The negroes seized him immediately and put him in the treasure-room. When it got there, it saw money under its feet. It waited till it had nothing to fear from the masters of the house, who were all sound asleep, took from under its wing the hair of the boar, started a fire, and placed the hair in it. At once the boar came running and shaking the earth. It thrust its head against the wall. The wall shook and half of it fell down, and going to Half-a-Cock the boar said:

“Why are you burning my hair at this moment?”

“Pardon me, you see the situation in which I am, without counting what awaits me in the morning, for the King is going to kill me with his own hands if you don’t get me out of this prison.”

The boar replied: “The thing is easy; fear not, I will open the door so that you may go out. In fact, you have stayed here long enough. Get up, go and take money enough for you and your children.”

Half-a-Cock obeyed. It rolled in the gold, took all that stuck to its wing and its foot, and swallowed as much as it could hold. It took the road it had followed the first day and when it had arrived near the house it called the mistress and said: “Strike now, be not afraid to kill me.” His mistress began to strike until Half-a-Cock called from beneath the mat:

“Enough now. Roll the mat.”

She obeyed and saw the earth all shining with gold.

At the time when Half-a-Cock returned from his pilgrimage the two women owned a dog in common. The foolish one seeing that her companion had received much money said to her:

“We will divide the dog between us.”

The wise woman answered: “We can’t do anything with it. Let it live, I will give you my half. Keep it for yourself. I have no need of it.”

The foolish one said to the dog, “Go on a pilgrimage as Half-a-Cock did and bring me some gold.”

The dog started to carry out the commands of his mistress. She began her journey in the morning and came to a fountain. As she was thirsty she started to drink. As she stopped she saw in the middle of the fountain a yellow stone. She took it in her mouth and ran back home. When she reached the house she called her mistress and said to her:

“Get ready the mats and the rods, you see that I have come back from the pilgrimage.”

The foolish one prepared the mats under which the dog ran as soon as she heard the voice of her mistress and said, “Strike gently.” The woman seized the rods and struck with all the force possible. The dog cried out to her a long while for her to stop the blows. Her mistress refused to stop until the animal was cold. She lighted up the mats and found the dog dead with the yellow stone in its mouth.

The Seven Brothers

Once upon a time, seven brothers vowed to leave home if their mother bore another son. Upon her giving birth to a boy, they departed. One brother was betrayed and left in a well but was rescued by a passing caravan. Later, he killed a serpent terrorizing a city, saving the king’s daughter. As a reward, he married her, gaining honor and status.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The narrative centers on the relationships among the seven brothers, highlighting sibling rivalry and betrayal.

Hero’s Journey: The protagonist embarks on a transformative adventure, facing challenges that lead to personal growth and eventual honor.

Transformation through Love: By saving the king’s daughter and marrying her, the protagonist’s status and life are profoundly changed through this emotional connection.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

Here is a story that happened once upon a time. A man had seven sons who owned seven horses, seven guns, and seven pistols for hunting. Their mother was about to increase the family. They said to their father: “If we have a little sister we shall remain. If we have a little brother we shall go.” The woman had a little boy. They asked, “Which is it?”

“A boy.”

They mounted their horses and departed, taking provisions with them. They arrived at a tree, divided their bread, and ate it. The next day they started and travelled as far as a place where they found a well, from which they drew water.

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The older one said, “Come, let us put the young one in the well.” They united against him, put him in, and departed, leaving him there. They came to a city.

The young man remained some time in the well where they had put him, until one day a caravan passing that way stopped to draw water. While the people were drinking they heard something moving at the bottom of the well. “Wait a moment,” they said; they let down a rope, the young man caught it and climbed up. He was as black as a negro. The people took him away and sold him to a man who conducted him to his house. He stayed there a month and became white as snow. The wife of the man said:

“Come, let us go away together.”

“Never!” he answered.

At evening the man returned and asked, “What is the negro doing?”

“Sell him,” said the woman.

He said, “You are free. Go where you please.”

The young man went away and came to a city where there was a fountain inhabited by a serpent. They couldn’t draw water from this fountain without his eating a woman. This day it was the turn of the King’s daughter to be eaten. The young man asked her:

“Why do you weep?”

“Because it is my turn to be devoured to-day.”

The stranger answered, “Courage, I will kill the serpent, if it please God.”

The young girl entered the fountain. The serpent darted toward her, but as soon as he showed his head the young man struck it with his stick and made it fly away. He did the same to the next head until the serpent was dead. All the people of the city came to draw water. The King said:

“Who has done this?”

“It is he,” they cried, “the stranger who arrived yesterday.” The King gave him his daughter and named him his lieutenant The wedding-feast lasted seven days. My story is finished before my resources are exhausted.

The Child and the King of the Genii

A sheik instructs two talebs, one of whom is abducted by a genie. Taken to the genii’s realm, the child cries to return home. A genii prince carries him back, muffling his ears to shield him from divine worship. The child encounters symbolic visions—an unborn dog barking, a silent man, a mystical fountain—interpreted by a wise sage. Ultimately, a cloud reunites him with his parents.

Source
Moorish Literature
   romantic ballads, tales of the Berbers,
   stories of the Kabyles, folk-lore,
   and national traditions
The Colonial Press,
   London, New York, 1901

► Themes of the story

Journey to the Otherworld: The child’s abduction to the genii’s realm represents a voyage into a supernatural domain beyond human experience.

Trials and Tribulations: The child faces and overcomes various challenges and symbolic visions on his journey back home.

Divine Intervention: The child’s exposure to angelic worship and the eventual guidance by a sage suggest the influence of higher powers in his journey.

► From the same Region or People

North Africa
- Berber Lore

Learn more about the Berber peoples

Translated by Réne Basset
and Chauncey C. Starkweather

There was a sheik who gave instruction to two talebs. One day they brought to one of them a dish of couscous with meat. The genius stole him and bore him away. When they had arrived down there he taught him. One day the child was crying. The King of the genii asked him, “Why do you cry?”

“I am crying for my father and my mother. I don’t want to stay here any longer.”

The King asked his sons, “Who will take him back?”

“I,” said one of them; “but how shall I take him back?”

“Carry him back after you have stuffed his ears with wool so that he shall not hear the angels worshipping the Lord.”

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They had arrived at a certain place, the child heard the angels worshipping the Lord, and did as they did. His guide released him and he remained three days without awaking. When he came to himself, he took up his journey and found a mother-dog which slept while her little ones barked, although yet unborn. He proceeded and met next an ass attacked by a swarm of flies. Further on he saw two trees, on one perched a blue bird. Afterward it flew upon the other tree and began to sing. He found next a fountain of which the bottom was of silver, the vault of gold and the waters white. He went on and met a man who had been standing for three days without saying a word. Finally he arrived at a village protected by God, but which no one entered. He met a wise man and said to him:

“I want to ask you some questions.”

“What do you wish to ask me?”

“I found a mother-dog which was asleep while her little ones were barking, although yet unborn.”

The sage answered, “It is the good of the world that the old man should keep silence because he is ashamed to speak.”

“I saw an ass attacked by a swarm of flies.”

“It is Pjoudj and Madjoudj of God (Gog and Magog) and the Antichrist.”

“I met two trees, a blue bird perched on one, then flew upon the other and began to sing.”

“It is the picture of the man who has two wives. When he speaks to one the other gets angry.”

“I saw a fountain of which the bottom was of silver, the vault of gold, and the waters white.”

“It is the fountain of life; he who drinks of it shall not die.”

“I found a man who was praying. I stayed three days and he did not speak.”

“It is he who never prayed upon the earth and is now making amends.”

“Send me to my parents,” concluded the child.

The old man saw a light cloud and said to it, “Take this human creature to Egypt.” And the cloud bore him to his parents.