The moose that had been a man

An old hunter plans to pursue two moose. The moose, aware of his intentions, attempt to evade him. The hunter successfully kills one and chases the other, which eventually reveals itself as his younger brother who had transformed into a moose. Recognizing this, the hunter spares the moose, allowing his brother to return to human form.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Transformation: The younger brother undergoes a physical change from human to moose and back to human.

Family Dynamics: The relationship between the hunter and his younger brother is central to the narrative.

Loss and Renewal: The younger brother’s disappearance and eventual return to human form symbolize themes of loss and restoration.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


A large band of Indians were moving about when one old man said that he would hunt the next morning along the mountains. There were two moose together who heard the old man say that. “That old man has great supernatural power; he is coming after us and we will not be able to get away from him. We will travel very slyly,” the moose said. They had heard the old man talking and therefore traveled about with great caution.

When the old man came along he did not follow the tracks of the moose, but went around another way and shot one of them with arrows. He did not stop to cut up the moose he had killed, but, saying to himself that there had been two of them and that one was missing, he went after it.

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The moose ran very fast and lay down quietly at the end of the path. The old man went directly to the place where the moose was lying, following a direction at right angles to that taken by the moose. The moose got up. The old man had feathers on his bow (arrow) which showed the way he should go. When these feathers moved the moose heard it. He saw the man. “What shall I do now, he has me killed long ago?” the moose said to himself. He looked about to see where the trees were thick and ran there. The man ran along beside him so that the moose could not escape. Seeing a small open place, the moose said to himself, “Let him kill me there.” Seeing that there was nothing more that he could do, he ran to the open place, jumped to the spot, and fell.

It seems that the moose was a person. This old man had had a younger brother who had disappeared into a herd of moose. That was the moose he was following. “I am that one,” the moose said, “what do you want?” “It is better for you to go to some larger country,” said the man. He did not kill the moose for he knew it was his younger brother. Then he left him and became a man again.


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The orphan boy kills beaver

In a time of famine, an orphaned boy and his sister discover a beaver lake. The boy asks his sister to cut a hole in the ice and make him willow arrows. He successfully spears many beavers, providing food for their people. Later, as starvation looms again, the boy’s anger leads him to consume a beaver leg, after which he kills more beavers, ensuring their survival.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Sacrifice: The sister’s dedication to her brother, carrying him and assisting in his endeavors, exemplifies personal sacrifice for a loved one.

Conflict with Nature: The act of hunting beavers in a frozen environment highlights the struggle against natural elements to secure food.

Family Dynamics: The close relationship between the orphaned siblings, with the sister taking on a parental role, underscores the complexities of familial bonds in challenging circumstances.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


There was a young girl and her younger brother whose father and mother had died. The girl raised her brother. Once when the people were dying of starvation they came where there was a beaver lake as they were moving about. The boy’s sister was carrying a load on her back. [Perhaps this sentence should mean she was carrying her brother on her back.] The boy asked his sister to cut a hole through the ice for him so he might fish there. He also asked her to make him some arrows of a willow, saying he would try to get some fish. She was also to build a fire on the shore. To all this she gave her assent. They went to the bank and sat by a fire for a time. Then he started again to the lake where he stuck his arrows into the water and speared many beaver which he pulled out and killed with a club.

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He went back to his sister and asked her to bring the beaver for him. She went for them and brought them to the fire where she singed them. Then she started out after the other people carrying the singed beaver and her brother. The boy sat on his sister’s back working at the beaver. As she was carrying him along there someone saw him. They ran up to him. His sister put him down. The people took all the beaver tails from him.

After that they were again dying of starvation. The boy was angry. He ate the leg of a beaver because he was angry. Starvation was killing them and they sent for him. He defecated and again he killed many beaver They lived all right after that.


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Agait’osdunne marries the chief’s daughter

Agait’osdunne, a man of low status, impregnates the chief’s daughter. To identify the father, the chief uses his thunderbirds, which reveal Agait’osdunne’s guilt. Banished together, Agait’osdunne utilizes his supernatural abilities to provide for them, while their former tribe faces starvation. Despite adversities, including an attack that nearly kills him, Agait’osdunne’s resilience and powers ensure their survival.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Transformation: Agait’osdunne, initially perceived as a miserable man who had never killed anything, demonstrates supernatural abilities and resourcefulness, transforming his and his wife’s dire circumstances into a sustainable life.

Conflict with Authority: The chief, representing authority, casts out his daughter and Agait’osdunne, leading to their struggle against this imposed hardship.

Revenge and Justice: After being ostracized, Agait’osdunne ensures that those who cast them out receive only animal blood to sustain themselves, serving as a form of retribution for their earlier actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


They did not know what kind of a man Agait’osdunne was. He was a miserable man and miserable beyond that; and they had no respect for him since he had never killed anything. There was another man who was highly respected, the chief. He had a daughter of whom he took great care to guard her from evil. All at once it appeared from her shape that she was pregnant. Her father was determined to find out by whom she was in that condition. He was a man who had very great supernatural power, and had some young thunderbirds that he was keeping in a cage. He thought he would find out what he wanted to know through the help of these birds. He brought the men all together and asked each of them who did it.

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They all denied knowing who had done it. Then he made them go in where the birds were. If the man who was guilty went in the birds would ruffle up their feathers. He was going to find out about it in this way. They went in one by one but the feathers of the birds did not move.

“Are these all the men?” he asked. “There is one man who is not here,” they told him. Then Agait’osdunne came in and the feathers of the birds stood out immediately. “Her child is from that man,” he concluded. He sent his child away in very pitiful condition. “Let them die,” he said. He cast them off, leaving them no clothes to wear. They were in pitiful condition and there was nothing they could do. Agait’osdunne was determined they should live. With his supernatural power he caused a moose to come there and killed it. From its skin he made two good garments. He was that kind of a being. If he said something should happen that thing happened.

By means of that power they lived all winter without suffering hardships. Those from whom they had moved were starving to death. Because they had cast him off to die, he would give them nothing but the blood, and he gave them much of that. “Let them live on the blood of the animals that are killed,” he said. When he went after animals he told his wife that the one which came first should be spared. There was one mean man who shot it and killed all the animals that they lived on. When she saw her husband was not around she thought something might have befallen him. She took a mooseskin garment and went to him. When she came up to him he was still alive. She put a skin over his head and made him well again. Agait’osdunne was from an animal. Nothing was difficult for him.


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Atcecq kills a bad man

In a time of famine, a young boy named Atcecq visits a notorious old man known for his cruelty. Despite warnings, Atcecq seeks food from the old man, who attempts to intimidate him. After consuming the offered fish without harm, the old man challenges Atcecq to a display of supernatural power. Atcecq cleverly turns the old man’s power against him, causing his death. This act liberates the community, allowing them to access the lake’s fish and end their starvation.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Trickster: Atcecq employs cunning and wit to outsmart the malevolent old man, a hallmark of the trickster archetype.

Conflict with Authority: Atcecq challenges the old man’s oppressive dominance, ultimately overthrowing his tyrannical rule.

Moral Lessons: The tale imparts ethical teachings, emphasizing the triumph of good over evil and the value of intelligence in overcoming adversity.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


One time when they were starving they started to move toward a lake where they knew there were fish. A bad old man was known to live there but they thought he was away from home. When they came to the place they found he was still living there. Then that small boy said he would visit his grandfather, meaning the old man. His friends advised him against it, but he replied that since he was starving and suffering much he would visit him nevertheless. The others tried hard to stop him but he set out to pay the visit. When he arrived the old man asked why he came. “I came to you, grandfather, because I am starving,” the boy replied. “Well, you will not live long,” the old man said, “go back or I will kill you.”

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“You do not talk as other people do, grandfather,” the boy said. “Well, cook him some fish,” he told his wife. The boy ate the fish when it was set before him. “What kind of a person are you who eat the fish I give you and still live? You are Atcecq,” the old man said. “Why do you say that? I ate what you gave me and I am happy,” the boy replied.

“Cook for him again,” he said, and his wife did so. “No person ever did this way with me before, but let us use supernatural power on each other,” the old man said. “What am I to do, that you speak that way?” the boy asked. “You have eaten much of my food,” the old man replied. “You do something to me first, grandfather,” the boy said. The old man made a large frog sit on his palm and told the boy to take it. “Now you do something to me,” the old man said. “Yes, grandfather, but what do I know, that you should say that to me?” the boy asked. “You swallowed a small frog and how is it that it did not bother you?” the old man asked. “What sort of a person am I that you should say that?” the boy asked again. The old man swallowed it and he could hardly breathe.

When Atcecq started back the old man said that since he had done that to him, he would know how to cure him. He sent his wife to bring the boy back that he might cure him. When the boy saw the sorrowful looking old woman coming after him he told her that he was not yet old enough to marry and that her husband might keep her. He turned back and came to the old man who was still breathing. When the boy began to sing over him the frog closed the old man’s mouth and he died.

The boy then ran back to his friends who asked how it happened he was still alive. “My grandfather was very kind. He is not a mean man. He fed me well and I ate what he gave me,” the boy replied. They knew the old man was mean and they were afraid of him.

Atcecq killed him and the people were very much pleased. They moved camp to the place where the fish were and many people were saved from starving.

The old man had many wives for he had taken the wives of the men he had killed. They took these women away. Many people were glad because of what Atcecq had done.


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Atcecq kills buffalo

In a time of famine, a group of Indigenous people discovered buffalo but lacked the means to hunt them. A boy named Atcecq took initiative, despite the community’s anger and threats against him. He skillfully hunted the buffalo, distributing the meat based on family size, thereby saving the community from starvation. This tale highlights themes of courage and resourcefulness.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Hero’s Journey: Atcecq embarks on a transformative adventure, taking initiative to hunt the buffalo and ultimately becoming a hero to his people.

Conflict with Authority: Atcecq defies the community’s decision to wait until the next day to hunt, challenging their authority by acting on his own.

Sacrifice: Atcecq risks his life and faces the community’s wrath to provide food for his people, sacrificing his safety for their well-being.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


One time when a band of Indians were without food, someone saw some buffalo. They did not have guns and since the buffalo were in an open place without cover they did not know how they could get them. They decided to wait until the next day when they could make a fence and drive them into a corral.

A boy, named Atcecq, started after the buffalo by himself, and the people were all angry. “Let us kill him,” they were saying. They went after him. They prepared a large fire for him and sat down by it waiting for him. As he was coming back he found his grandmother who had raised him, sitting behind the fire crying.

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“Why are you crying, grandmother?” he asked. “These people say they are going to kill you,” she replied. “Show me which one of them says that of me,” he asked of his grandmother. They were afraid of him.

Then they started after the buffalo and found them still where they had been seen. “Be careful, they might see us,” they said. The boy followed along after the others. They also told him to take care the buffalo did not see him. This boy had killed all the buffalo. From a man who had many children he had taken two of his arrows, but if there was only one child he took only one arrow. With these arrows he had killed all the buffalo, allotting them one or two animals according to the number of children. They were all saved from starving.


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Agait’osdunne, the hair scrapings man

An old woman discovers a mysterious child among hair scrapings. She raises him, noticing his rapid growth and peculiar behavior, including transforming into a buffalo at night. The boy aids his starving relatives by providing beaver meat and later, as a buffalo, leads them to a successful hunt. His actions bring prosperity to his people.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Creation: The tale begins with the mysterious appearance of a child among hair scrapings, suggesting a unique origin or birth.

Supernatural Beings: The boy’s extraordinary abilities and origins point to interactions with or the existence of supernatural entities.

Conflict with Nature: The narrative includes elements of humans struggling against natural forces, such as starvation and the need to hunt for survival.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


One time when many people were camping about they heard a child cry where they had been dressing hides. All the women ran to the place. When they did not find the child they took up the hairs of the scrapings one at a time and put them to one side. There was nothing there. Then an old woman went there and found a child crawling among the scrapings. She took the child up and put it in her mitten.

She took care of it after that and it became large very quickly and was soon walking about. He became a person from the buffalo. “Grandmother bring me only grass,” he said to her. She brought him grass for a bed. During the night it all disappeared.

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“He is always doing such things,” she said to herself. When she lay down again she watched him through a hole in her blanket. She saw him get up and shake himself and immediately become a buffalo. “Why did I do this?” she said to herself and lay down again under her blanket. “So this is what you are doing,” she thought. After that she took good care of him.

Once the Indians were all chiseling out beaver. “I will watch them,” the boy thought and went where they were eating the beaver meat. When he saw the meat, he reached to take some a man was offering him. The man pulled it back again, fooling the boy. He was very angry. One old man gave him something to eat. After the Indians had gone he picked up a beaver leg and swallowed it, saying, “You will not kill beaver until I pass this bone.”

After that his grandmother traveled alone with the children behind the main band who were starving. Her nephews were starving; they were having a hard time. “Grandmother, I will fish with a hook and line. There are fish here in this old beaver pond,” he said. She cut a hole in the ice for him. “I will fish here,” he said. She went over where he was fishing. He took out a large beaver. He pushed a stick into the water and caught four beaver which he killed with a club. “Grandmother, there are four fish down there which I have killed,” he said to her. His grandmother went there and found he had killed four large beaver. She carried them back and put them by the fireplace. They ate beaver meat. “Grandmother, give me the mesentric membrane,” he said. She did as he requested.

Then his grandmother took him on her back and carried him after the other Indians. When the advance party saw the mesentric membrane he had in his hand they acted like crazy people about it. They threw down the children they were carrying to run after him. They got hold of the membrane and pulled it from side to side. This made him angry.

His uncle had set snares for beaver. He was sitting there by them and started to cry. “What is the matter?” he asked. “Kill it for me,” he said. Then he passed the leg bone of a beaver. Then all who were there, all his uncles, took out beaver.

Then they moved on ahead. Again they were starving, when someone reported having seen buffalo that did not know people were about. After the others had gone to bed he took arrows from each man and went to the buffalo. When he came near them he transformed himself into a buffalo and started to play with them. He killed them all and started back. They had a big fire ready for him and were sitting there, waiting. His grandmother was sitting on the pile of wood, crying. “Grandmother, why are you crying?” he asked. He took an arrow and held it on his bow. “One buffalo was caught in the willows. Who said this about me? Who said of me that, ‘he went along the people’s trail carrying arrows?’” he inquired. No one spoke and for that reason he did not shoot. He held two arrows by their heads, broke them, and threw them into the fire. “What did I do to your animals?” he asked them. They thought the buffalo were all ahead of them.

They started away, but one old man sat there after the others had gone. Agait’osdunne had put some buffalo fat in the fold of his blanket. He pulled that out for his grandfather. “Grandfather, the wolves killed a young buffalo. I thought I would put its fat in my pocket.” He passed it to him. “It is not young buffalo’s fat,” the old man said to himself. Then he told his grandfather that each man who knew his own arrows would know which buffalo belonged to him. His grandfather went away along the road after the others. They thought the buffalo were lying there alive and they were sitting over them ready to shoot. “.Why are you sitting there?” he asked. They thought the buffalo were still alive and they would take them all in snares. When he came to them he said, “Take the ones your arrows are sticking in.” He thought he and his grandmother would have an animal and he had left an old arrow lying on it. They stepped over that buffalo.

Agait’osdunne was very poor. The large band that camped ahead had a certain man for chief. He had a daughter no one liked. She went out one time and looking at Agait’osdunne said, “I do not like your eyes.” He was very angry because of that and after she had gone he went there and urinated.

She was very soon pregnant and gave birth to a child. “Make a medicine lodge,” the chief said. They made a medicine lodge. “The child will urinate on the man who is its father,” the chief said. They all came there where the medicine lodge stood. He disappeared now and then and then he was not about at all. [This probably refers to the spirit supposed to assist in the divination.] They did not know who could be its father. Agait’osdunne was the only one who did not go there. “Well, let everyone of the men come here,” the chief said. His grandmother was sorry for the child and liked it and for that reason went there. As soon as she took it, the child urinated. All the women then stripped the clothes from Agait’osdunne and put out his fire, but his grandmother put some fire in sinew and put it inside a pillow. They drove him away from his grandmother. “I hope when they get up they will take out the sinew,” she said. The next morning when they arose there was nothing they could do anything with. “Look inside grandmother’s pillow,” he said. She went there and found fire under the sinew where it had been left and built a fire with it.

“I wish you would make some arrows for me,” he told the woman. She made arrows for him from some poor willows. “I wish three wolves would come along here to us,” he said. Before long three wolves came there and he killed them all. The women went to them. They took hold of the wolves by their noses, rubbed them, and pulled the entire body out of the skins. Then they put on the skins with the hair still on them. “I wish thirteen caribou would come along here,” he said. They came very soon and he killed them all. They made a tipi cover of their skins. He wished again for three moose and they came. He killed them and they had the leather they needed.

He wished the others might die of starvation. For his grandmother, however, he used to drop fat along behind. “Because they did not care whether he starved or not, let them be very hungry and die of starvation,” he was thinking about them. “Well, let them come here,” he thought. They came there. He told them that before he had resolved not to get meat for them. He went away from them but before leaving, he told them that if many moose went by they were not to shoot the leader but only those following behind. Then owl, who was a person then, shot the moose that was in front. His wife took a skin and ran after him. She ran far away to him. “You are alive. You will not die quickly,” she said to him. “Roll up in the skin,” she told him. Then they beat owl with a club and that is why his head is large.

Second version. A child was heard to cry from a buffalo skin. An old woman went toward it and found a child sitting among the hairs which had been scraped from the buffalo skins. She took up the child and because she felt sorry for it, took care of it and raised it, although the others tried to dissuade her.

It grew quickly. “Put nothing but grass under me, grandmother,” he said. She put some grass under him but in the night she saw it was gone; there was nothing but bare ground under him. “What are you doing, grandchild?” she said to herself. She watched him through her ragged blanket one night and saw him stand up, a large buffalo. He ate up the grass he was lying on. “My grandson is a buffalo,” she thought.

A famine was killing the people when someone saw a herd of buffalo. There were many people camping there who decided to go together and kill the buffalo. The boy saw the buffalo and at night, while the people were asleep, took an arrow from each man’s supply. He went to the buffalo during the night and shot them all because they were not afraid of him. “The buffalo will belong to the man whose arrow is on it,” he said to himself, and distributed the arrows on the dead buffalo. “We will make meat of this one for my grandmother,” he said, and placed two of his arrows on one of the animals.

He went back to the camp to find someone had built a big fire. His grandmother was sitting on the wood, crying. “What is the matter, grandmother?” he asked; “You went for the people’s animals and they say they will burn you.” “Who says that about me?” he asked. “They all say it of you. They are not pleased.” “None of your animals ran away. They are still where they were last night. Go to them,” he said.

An old man was sitting there after the others had left. He took a seat by this old man and said, “I saw the wolves kill a young buffalo, grandfather.” They two followed along the way the others had gone. They found some of the Indians lying in front of the dead buffalo while others were trying to surround them. When they came up to the buffalo they found they had all been killed and the arrows were lying on the bodies. The people were all very much pleased.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Tumaxale, a culture hero

Tumaxale encountered a girl destined as a sacrifice to a giant beaver. He killed the beaver with an arrow, dismembered it, and scattered the pieces, creating beavers of normal size. After reuniting the girl with her people, he continued his journey, confronting and defeating various malevolent beings. This tale highlights themes of bravery and the origins of beavers.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Cultural Heroes: Tumaxale exemplifies a foundational figure who shapes society by overcoming challenges and protecting his people.

Origin of Things: After defeating the beaver, Tumaxale dismembers it, and the scattered pieces transform into regular-sized beavers, explaining their presence in the world.

Quest: Tumaxale embarks on a journey, facing various challenges, including battling adversaries and navigating perpetual darkness, to achieve his goals.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


There were once two brothers who were traveling together. When they came to a large lake they decided to separate, one going along the shore in one direction and one in the other.

One of them, Tumaxale, had not gone far before he came to a trail which had been used by people. He followed this trail between two mountains until it came out again on the large lake. He passed along where sky and water were seen on either side, and walked across on an old beaver dam. He saw a pretty girl sitting nearby, whom he addressed as sister, asking her why she was there. The girl, as soon as she saw someone approach, began to cry. “Why do you cry, sister?” the young man asked.

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“A large beaver lives here that can only be pacified by giving him a human being. I have been given to him,” she replied. “He said he would come to get me this evening when the sun is half way down that big mountain.” Saying that he would watch for the beaver, he left the girl on the top of the mountain where he told her to wait for him. The girl told him that the beaver came out just at the edge of the water where the beaver dam made a bend. The young man sat there watching for the beaver and keeping track of the sun, and said to himself, “My sister said he will come out when the sun reaches that point.”

The water began to move. Although the lake was a large one it was all set in motion. The beaver himself looking like a mountain came out at the turn of the dam. When the young man saw the beaver he said to himself that he was too big; but he also remembered how bad he was, and shot him, the arrow striking just behind the ear. He then ran away, Oh how he ran. He came up where the girl was sitting and the rising water came right up toward them. The water receded, and they followed it back until they came to the beaver dam. Because the beaver was so large he cut it up in little pieces and threw them all over the country. “You will be only so large,” he said. The pieces were as large as a man’s little finger and there became as many beaver as there were pieces which were scattered over the world.

They two started after the people who were living on ahead. “I will sit here and wait for you, sister,” he said. “Go to your relatives.” As soon as they saw her coming they all started to cry, thinking they would not live. “My brother killed it,” she told them. “Where is your brother?” they asked. “He is sitting right there,” she said. “And what is your brother’s name?” they asked her. “His name is Tumaxale (he goes along the shore),” she told them. They were all glad he had done that, and did not want to let him go away. Each one of them asked him to be a son-in-law. He stayed there a short time, but concluded he would not remain in one place. He told them he was going out. They warned him there were bad people there. He went up to them and clubbed them all to death, leaving not one of them alive.

He walked along the road until he came to a large place where he slept. There was a narrow place between two hills where it was the custom to set snares. He set a snare there and went to bed. It was very dark and daylight did not return. He kept climbing up the hill to look for the dawn, but there was not a sign of it. The darkness had lasted so long his wood was all gone. Although it was still night he went back where he had set the snare. He found it was the sun that had been caught, but it was so hot he could not go near it. “Let all the animals come here quickly,” he said to himself. They all came running there, but could do nothing. The very last, a mouse, came running back all burned. He had gnawed the rope off. The young man ran back along his own road to the place where the sun had been caught and took his snare again.

He went on the way he had been going. Winter came on him again. As he was walking along, he came to a place where someone had drawn a sleigh along. Tumaxale had slept there and hung up a lynx. Some one had eaten some of the lynx in his absence. He started to follow him. He saw he had gone along there that day. He was again carrying a big lynx. When they saw him coming they prepared a tipi for him. He asked them to roast the lynx he was carrying. “My grandchild, did you ever eat this?” someone asked. “I only make use of its fat,” he replied. She gave it to him. “I live on this kind only,” he said. He drank only the soup of it.

Then they lay down for the night. That one was not a proper man. He looked carefully at the man’s feet as he lay there. His moccasins were hanging up at his feet. He put the other man’s moccasins in the place of his own. Then the man with whom he was staying thought he would take down his guest’s moccasins, but he really took down all his own, put them in the fire and lay down again. In the morning he got up before the other man and quickly took down his own moccasins. “Here, grandchild, those are my moccasins,” the guest called to him. He passed them to him and began to cry. He sat there without any moccasins. Tumaxale only had two pair of moccasins but they did not wear out. He went entirely around the edge of the sky without wearing them out. He gave him one of the two pair of his own moccasins. He was pleased, and gave him one of his own arrows. He too was pleased. “When you are about to lie down tonight we will shoot at the end of a stump,” he said.

Then he went on the way he had been going. He dropped the lynx which he had been carrying for food. Suddenly he came to a trail that had been used by people. There he shot at a stump. The arrows were pointing up. “Do not get it,” he was told. He thought it was quite close and stepped up toward it. The arrow went further and further up until he followed it clear to the sky. Then he went on after it until he came where some people were living. The people to whom he came lived on nothing but caribou. He thought it was on this world.

After he had remained there a short time he thought he would go to his own country. Then the old woman made a line of caribou skin for him. She made a large amount of the line and then she made a hole for him through the ground. She put him in a skin and gave him a knife. “When you think you are on the earth cut through the skin,” she told him. Finally, he thought he must be on the earth. He tried to swing himself but he did not move. He cut through the skin to find himself on a big bird’s nest. He said, “Grandmother your line,” as he had been told to do; and she drew the line up.

Then he started to go far away. He was on a large bird’s nest. Three young birds were sitting in it. He came up to them and began to ask questions. The two larger ones said they did not like this man who had been given them. For that reason he knocked them down with a club. One of them told him what he asked. “You are not going to live,” he warned the man. “When does your father come back?” he asked the bird. “There is hail and a big wind when he comes back,” the young bird said. “And your mother, when does she get back?” he asked again. “She comes when there is rain and a big wind,” was the reply.

The man made ready for them. There was hail and the father returned. “I smell an animal here,” he said. “Well, what have you been leaving here?” the young one replied. “I certainly smell something alive,” he said and went around the edge of his nest looking for it. He knocked him down with a club.

Again, the mother was coming back. Again, “I smell something alive,” she said. Again, she started around the edge of the nest. Again, he knocked her down. He took the small one and it went about with him. “You will be just this small,” he told it. He traveled around with it until it was just large enough to fly. They came to a river and the man put the bird on the bank. “Do you see a fish swimming about at the bottom of the river?” he asked the bird. “Yes,” he replied. “Well, jump on it,” he told the bird. He jumped on the fish, caught it, and took it out of the water. “Why don’t you eat it?” he asked the bird. “Is it good?” he asked again. “Yes,” was the reply. “As long as the world exists you shall eat them. You shall live on them,” the man said.

Again he started on the way he was going. Suddenly, he came where there was a road used by people. He traveled along on this road, camping on it until he came where an old woman was living. When he came to her she said, “Grandchild, how have you been traveling? Grandchild, these people are bad. You will not live. My three daughters have all kinds of bad things living in their bodies with which they kill people.” He killed all the things that lived in them. That is why the old man was very angry.

Then the young man said, “I will make arrows.” “Well, let him go for them,” the old man said. “Grandmother, what does he mean?” he asked. “Grandchild, he means a bad place. It is there he is in the habit of going,” she replied. “What kind of a place is it?” he asked. “At a place where saskatoons grow there are large snakes. It is there he goes. That is the place he means,” she said. Then he went there. He made himself stone leggings and went among the saskatoons with them. The snakes all rushed at him and caught him by the legs. He clubbed the snakes, took the arrow shafts, and went back.

“Get the polishing stone from your father for me,” he said. “Let him get the polishing stones where I usually get them,” the old man said. He went to his grandmother to ask about it. “Grandchild, it is a difficult place. There is an elk there who is a person. He walks back and forth on the top of a cutbank. He has something that chases people and barks after them like a dog. You can’t get up to him without his knowing it,” she told him. He got up to him and was ready for him. “I saw you first,” he said. “You go down the bank first.” The man refused, but nevertheless was forced to run down the bank and he kicked at him. “Why didn’t you run straight along the road?” he asked. They ran along again and he kicked at him but did not hit him. He threw him down and he fell down the bank. The elk’s wife down below killed him. She thought it was a stranger she was killing but it was her own husband. The woman came up to him from below, and began running about. He knocked her down and killed her with his club. He took the polishing stone and went home with it.

The young man put his arrows in the fire, “I will put feathers on them,” he said to himself. “Go to your father and get feathers for me,” he said. “Let him get feathers where I always get them,” the old man replied. Again he went to his grandmother, “Grandchild, he means a hard place. Big eagles live there,” she told him. That they might not get his scent he approached them from the windward. He killed all the birds with his club, took the feathers, and went home with them.

Again he said, “Get sinew for me from your father.” “Let him get it where I always get it,” said the old man. Again, he went to his grandmother, “Grandmother, where does he mean?” he asked. “Grandchild, it is a difficult place. There is a big buffalo living on a large prairie. One cannot get to him without his knowledge. Snipes which make a noise when he does not see a person sit on the ends of his horns. As soon as he came where the buffalo lay the birds saw him and flew up. He made them go down again. They flew up again without cause. “Why do you mislead me?” he asked. “We were deceived by the leaves,” they replied. He lay down again. The man transformed himself into a rodent and made himself a road to the buffalo. He made roads in many directions. Then he gnawed the hair off well below the animal’s shoulder and stabbed him there. He ran away along his own road. He killed him, took sinew for himself, and went home with it.

“Go to your father and get pitch for me,” he said. “Let him get pitch where I always get it,” the old man replied. Then he went to his grandmother. “Grandmother, what does he mean?” “Grandchild, there are trees which are like animals. These large trees are growing together and it is only in between them that pitch is to be had. That is what he means.” Then he made mittens of stone for himself and put them on. When he came there he threw in a stick. The trees struck against each other. He pulled his hand out leaving only his mitten. After that he took the pitch he wanted.

Now he had killed all the things the old man used to dream about. This caused him to be very angry.

Then he told his three daughters that they should go for berries and they went off for them. “My son-in-law, some grizzly bears used to live over there. Let us go after them,” the old man said. They two started to go there and went on until they came to a large prairie on a point of land. “This is where they used to be,” he said. They went down to the river. There were three bears standing together on the prairie. “You watch for them here,” the old man said. The young man lay in wait for them while the old man scared them down there. The three bears ran toward him and as they came up he put an arrow into each one as it passed. Then he called for his wife, and told her that the young man had killed all their children.

Tumaxale then chased him entirely around the world. As he was about to kill the old man, he jumped into the water. He called for a pelican and one lighted there and drank up all the water. They looked for him everywhere on the lake bottom and could not find him. He called for small diving birds. When they came he instructed them to go to the pelican. When they lighted by him he said, “You seem to like my belly. I myself was looking for the skull of the black water beetles.” They all stabbed the pelican right in his mouth and flew away. The mean old man was completely drowned.

After that he started on in the direction he had been going. Not far from there he met an old man whose head was gray. He was a pitiful looking man. “Who is he?” he said to himself. It was his younger brother. They were boys when they separated. When they saw each other, the other one also said to himself, “Who is that?” They began to tell each other what they had been doing, and then they realized they were brothers.


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