Big-Man and the boy

Two brothers encounter Big-Man while hunting. Fearing he is a cannibal, they hide in a porcupine hole. The younger brother emerges and discovers Big-Man means no harm, but the elder remains hidden. Angered, Big-Man blocks the hole with a rock. Porcupine helps the elder brother escape. Big-Man and the younger brother then journey together, with Big-Man displaying immense strength and learning from the boy about eating beaver tails.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Big-Man exhibits extraordinary characteristics, such as immense size and strength, and refers to large animals as “rabbits” and “caribou,” indicating a supernatural perspective.

Cunning and Deception: The boy’s initial brother refuses to leave the porcupine hole, suspecting Big-Man’s friendly demeanor to be deceptive, highlighting themes of mistrust and the potential for cunning.

Ritual and Initiation: The boy’s experiences, including his rapid maturation and the challenges he faces alongside Big-Man, can be interpreted as rites of passage or initiation into a new phase of life.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Two brothers were out hunting, and came to a porcupine-hole. While they were trying to get the porcupine, Big-Man overtook them. He had been following their tracks. When they saw him, they were much afraid, and crawled into the porcupine-hole. Big-Man asked them to come out. He asked them many times; but they were afraid, for they thought he was a cannibal and would eat them. At last he told them that, if they did not come out, he would defecate in front of the hole, and then they would never be able to get out. The younger brother said to the other, “I shall go out. He may eat me. Then perhaps he will leave you, and will not defecate in front of the hole.” He went out; and Big-Man patted him, and told him he would not hurt him. The boy said to his brother, “Come out! This is a good man, and he will not harm us. He is not a cannibal.” The brother, however, refused.

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He said, “He is treating you well just to deceive us. When he gets me out, then he will eat us both.” Big-Man became angry and defecated in front of the hole, and his excrements turned into rock. The boy could not get out; but Porcupine made a new hole to get out in another place, and thus liberated the boy, who went back to the camp and told his people how his brother had been taken by a giant.

Big-Man carried the boy he had taken in a bag. He saw some caribou, and said, “See the rabbits!” He killed three of them and slipped the carcasses in his belt, carrying them much more easily than a man could carry rabbits. After a while he saw a moose, and said, “See the caribou!” He shot the moose, and carried it in the same way. At night he camped, started a fire, cooked the moose and three caribou, and fed the boy. He was very much amused at the small quantity of meat the boy ate, and laughed heartily. He said, “You are a light eater.” He finished all of the rest of the caribou and moose himself. Soon he said, “Let us go to sleep!” and he lay down on the ground, occupying the whole of a large open place. When he spread out his arms and legs, he knocked down all the trees in the way, just as a person might do with grass. He put the boy in his armpit to sleep; but the boy crawled out, and lay by the fire. The lad grew rapidly, and soon became a man. They came to a lake where there was a large beaver-house. Big-Man said, “See the beaver! Get a pole to open their house.” The boy cut a pole about four inches through, such as is used by Indians for breaking open beaver-houses. Big-Man laughed, and said, “That is no good, it is too small.” He got the boy to cut larger and larger ones, until he was hardly able to carry the last one. Big-Man said they were all too small, and that he would now help him. He pulled up a large tree by the roots, struck the top of the beaver-house with it, broke it down, and thus killed all the beavers. He picked out the carcasses and cooked them. He ate the meat, but threw the tails into the lake. The boy took one of the tails and ate it. Big-Man said, “Don’t eat that! It is poison, and will kill you. In my country we never eat beaver-tails. We are afraid of them.” The boy continued eating the tail, so Big-Man thought he would taste it. He said, “Oh, my! It is very sweet!” and he sent the boy to gather up all the tails that he had thrown away. He ate them all. Big-Man asked the boy how he knew that beavertails were such nice food; and he answered, “They always eat them in my country.”

He staid with Big-Man a year, and by that time was a full-grown man. Big-Man treated him well all the time. Now they came to the end of Lower Iskut Lake. The lad said he saw something dark moving near the other end of the lake. He thought it must be wind or a storm-cloud. Big-Man looked, and said, “A bad man lives there. He is a large fierce cannibal. His children are swinging there.” When they came near, they saw two large trees moving backwards and forwards. The hammock of the cannibal giant’s baby was attached to them. The baby was asleep, and the mother was there swinging it. Big-Man told the lad not to be afraid when they entered the camp. Big-Man asked the giantess where her husband was, and she answered that he was out hunting. The giant himself then killed the woman by means of his membrum, which was so long that it pierced her heart. They then killed the baby and departed, leaving both bodies where they were. Big-Man said to the lad, “Her husband will pursue us, but do not be afraid. If you run away, he will eat you.” Big-Man always carried a bag which contained four heads, — two of old and two of young beavers. These were his helpers. He said to the lad, “When the cannibal giant attacks me, and seems about to overcome me, I shall call on you. You will then bring the heads of the oldest two beavers and place them against his legs. If I call a second time, bring the heads of the young beavers.” Soon the cannibal arrived at the other end of the lake. He cried when he discovered the bodies of his wife and baby. He tracked Big-Man, who waited for him. When he reached them, he said to Big-Man, “You killed my wife and child.” Big-Man acknowledged it. Then they fought and wrestled almost all day. Towards evening Big-Man called out that he was getting weak. The lad took the heads of the oldest two beavers out of Big-Man’s medicine-bag, which was in his charge, and placed them one against each leg of the giant. They chewed the giant’s legs; but their teeth were dull, and they were too old to chew very fast. Before long Big-Man called again, and the lad set the heads of the young beavers at the giant’s legs. Their teeth were sharp, and they cut quickly. The beavers chewed through the giant’s legs; and he became helpless, and was about to fall. Big-Man held him up, and called to the lad to run to the top of the neighboring mountain. The lad ran up a considerable distance, and called, “Grandfather, am I far enough?” Big-Man answered, “No, go farther!” The lad climbed again. Thus several times he asked Big-Man, and then went higher, until at last he reached the top. Big-Man then lifted up the giant’s body and threw it into the lake, and the splash of the water almost reached the place where the boy was standing. The remains of his body may be seen there now as islands in the lake.

After this event Big-Man found the lad crying one day, and asked him the reason of his sadness. He said he wanted to see his parents. Big-Man said, “All right! You shall see them.” The lad thought he might lose his way if he attempted to return alone. Big-Man said, “No, you will not get lost.” He cut a stick, and peeled the bark off the lower end, leaving a little bark and the stumps of the limbs at the upper end. He said, “Plant this stick at your camp every night before you go to bed, and in the morning you will find it on the ground pointing in the direction you have to go. At night sing the word ‘Ta’tsestuhe!’ and game will appear, which you may kill and eat. Sing ‘Eku’kemaze!’ when you want fat, and it will be there for you to eat; but always leave a little, never eat it all.” The lad bade Big-Man good-by, and started on his journey. The first night he sang the game-song Big-Man had given him, and immediately a lynx appeared above him on a tree. He killed it and ate his fill. The second night he sang the fat-song, and a white thing appeared. This was fat. He ate what he required, and left a little. Thus he used the guiding-stick and the two songs as Big-Man had directed; and each morning he knew which way to go, and each night he had plenty to eat. At last he came to the crossing of two winter trails made by the people. He camped here, as he had been directed by Big-Man; and in the morning, by the direction in which the stick lay, he knew which trail to take. At last he reached the lodge of his people. He stuck up outside in the snow the stick Big-Man had given him, as he had been directed. In the morning it was gone. He kept the fat for a long time. He ate it whenever he wanted, but always left a morsel. In the morning the piece of fat was always as large as before. He kept it in a sack. Once when he was out hunting, his brother looked in the sack, and, seeing a little fat, ate it all. The fat expanded in his stomach, and he swelled out and burst.


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Yatsedu’sa’tz

In Tahltan lore, there are two types of giants: the Yatsedu’sa’tz, towering beings who don’t harm humans but occasionally keep them as pets, and smaller, cannibalistic giants. In one tale, a Yatsedu’sa’tz captures a man, amused by his tiny stature and minimal appetite. After consuming five caribou, the giant rests, placing the man in his armpit, which is spacious enough to accommodate him safely.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Mythical Creatures: The story centers on interactions with giants, beings of immense size and strength.

Cunning and Deception: The man’s survival may involve using wit to navigate his captivity and the giant’s actions.

Community and Isolation: The man’s abduction by the giant separates him from his community, emphasizing themes of isolation and the desire for return.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


There were giants of two kinds. One kind, called Yatsedu’sa’tz, were very tall, almost reaching the sky. They did not kill people, but sometimes stole them and made pets of them. The other kind were much smaller; they were cannibals, and ate people. Once a giant took a man away. He was very much amused at his small size and the small amount he ate. He asked him often if he had eaten enough, and then laughed heartily.

After travelling some distance, he said to the man, “Grandson, I am sleepy, and will lie down.” He had just finished a meal of five caribou. He stretched himself, knocking down the trees all around him with his arms and legs. He called the man to come to bed, and put him in his armpit. It was as large as a house, and the man had plenty of room. Some trees fell down across his arm and on his shoulder, but the man was safe in the armpit.

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Ete’tuata and big-toad of Teslin

Ete’tuata, a man from Teslin Lake, had a giant toad named E’dista as his guardian. His skeptical son doubted the toad’s existence until they visited its dwelling. Using a long pole, Ete’tuata summoned E’dista from the mud. Upon seeing the massive creature, the son tried to flee but was paralyzed by its influence. Ete’tuata then persuaded the toad to leave, resulting in the formation of a waterfall at the site.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: Ete’tuata uses a long pole to coax the toad from its hiding place, demonstrating cleverness in dealing with the creature.

Sacred Spaces: The toad’s dwelling near Teslin Lake is portrayed as a significant and feared location.

Origin of Things: The departure of the toad leads to the creation of a waterfall, symbolizing a change in the natural landscape.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


This is said to have happened not long ago, and therefore the Indians do not consider it to be a mythological tale belonging to ancient times.

Once at a place near Teslin Lake called Eka’tzetzin [said to mean something similar to saying “poked and caught pole”], where there is now a waterfall, a gigantic toad had his house. This toad was the guardian of a Teslin man called Ete’tuata. His son knew that his father had E’dista, or Big-Toad, for his guardian, but thought it was only the spirit of the monster. He did not believe that any really existed, and he scoffed when people said they were afraid to go near the place where the toad lived. One day he was hunting with his father near the place, and said to him, “Where is this place that people are afraid to go to?” After his father had pointed out the locality, he proposed that they should go there, but his father would not consent. The son then told his father he did not believe the stories told about that place, and wanted to see for himself. At last his father said, “Well, if you are not afraid, let us go!” He made the lad get a very long slender pole and carry it. When they came to the place, which was at the head of a small lake south of Teslin Lake, his father took the pole and pushed it down through the soft mud until it was nearly out of sight. Soon something moved, and took hold of the pole.

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The boy was sitting near by; and his father said to him, “E’dista has taken hold now. Don’t run!” He pulled at the pole, and the toad came up. As soon as the lad saw its huge head emerging slowly out of the mud, he tried to run away. He ran only a short distance, when the influence from the toad reached him; and he became spell-bound, and could go no farther. His father said to Toad, “I want you to leave here, so that people may have a trail passing here. You must go away, or I shall kill you.” Toad agreed. When he left his house (or the burrow that he had occupied), the ground caved in, and left a hole through which the water poured out; and since then there has been a waterfall at this place.


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E’dista; or, big-toad of Chesley River

E’dista is a colossal toad that once inhabited areas near streams and lakes, such as Chesley River. These toads would emerge from their burrows to devour unsuspecting people. In one tale, two hunters encountered E’dista; one escaped by rubbing urine on himself, while the other was consumed. The villagers later burned the toad to death, discovering its massive bones afterward.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Mythical Creatures: The story centers around E’dista, a gigantic toad, which is a mythical creature.

Conflict with Nature: The tale involves humans confronting a dangerous natural entity that threatens their safety.

Community and Isolation: The community unites to confront and eliminate the threat posed by E’dista, highlighting the strength of collective action.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


E’dista is the name of a gigantic toad said to have inhabited the country in mythological times. These toads lived near streams and lakes, and burrowed in the mud and earth. When any people came near, they ran out and devoured them.

Formerly gigantic toads lived in some parts of the country. There was one near Teslin Lake, another on the south fork of the Stikine River, and another on Chesley River. Once two (Tlingit or Taku) men were hunting on Chesley River. They camped near a hollow not far from where Big-Toad had his house. They saw a fire running around on the water and along the shore. They said to each other, “What is that?” and one of them proposed that they run away. They tried to run, but were unable to move. One man had presence of mind enough to urinate and to rub the urine over his head and body.

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Then he became capable of moving, and managed to get away. Soon he saw something like a fire go to where his partner was standing spellbound, and devour him. He went back to a camp where many people lived, and told them of his escape and of his comrade’s death. They said that was E’dista. They went to Big-Toad’s house, and set fires in the woods all around it. Toad ran out to attack them, and was burned to death. After the fires were out, they went back to the place, and found a number of huge bones lying there. The shoulder-blades were as large as the floor of a small cabin [about twelve feet in diameter. Old Indians claim to have seen the bones, but say they are now rotten and covered up with earth and vegetation.] The place where this happened is about eleven miles below Chesley Post, above McDonald’s Portage.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The man who became a marmot

A lazy young man is abandoned by his community during a marmot-trapping expedition. Struggling alone, he encounters a woman carrying a baby and, after a series of events, marries her. She helps him become a successful trapper but warns him not to harm young marmots. Disobeying her, he kills them, leading to her departure and the loss of all his gains. He then finds himself living among marmots, experiencing their world until spring arrives.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The marmot woman deceives the young man by appearing as a human, leading to significant events in the story.

Conflict with Nature: The young man’s actions against the marmots and his subsequent integration into their world highlight a struggle and eventual union with natural forces.

Moral Lessons: The tale imparts teachings about laziness, disobedience, and the consequences of one’s actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Once a party of people were trapping marmots at a creek a little south or southwest of the head of Raspberry Creek. Among them was a lad who was very lazy. The people were angry with him because he would not do any work: therefore they made up their minds to desert him. They left the camp and all their traps behind. For several days the lad tried to trap marmots, but he did not catch any, and in a short time he was starving. One day he heard a baby cry; and when he went to look, he saw a woman going along carrying a baby on her back. He ran up behind her and snatched the baby away. He ran with it into the lodge and closed the door. The woman ran after him; and when she could not enter, she went around the lodge crying, and singing:

I want back my baby, young man!
I want to enter your lodge.
Give me back my baby, young man!

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At intervals in the singing she whistled (as marmots do). He did not know that they were marmots, and, taking pity, he invited her into the lodge and married her. She said to him, “There is something wrong with you that you are so lazy. Strip off your clothes, so that I may see.” When he had taken off his clothes, she struck him sharply over the stomach, and at once he vomited lice. She said, “Tomorrow morning you must go trapping. Set all your brothers’ traps. From now on you will have good luck.” Now his traps were full of marmots every day, and soon his lodge was full of meat and skins. She said to him every morning when he went out, “If young marmots come to you and run over your feet, don’t kill them!” One day he thought, “Why does my wife tell me this? I shall kill them, and she will never know.” He struck the young marmots with a stick, and threw them into the bottom of his large game-bag. He put other marmots on top and filled the bag. As soon as he entered the lodge, his wife said to him, “Why did you kill my children? I told you not to kill them. Now I shall leave you.” He tried to hold her; but she slipped through his arms, and went out of the lodge with her baby. All the marmot-meat and all the skins became alive, whistled, and ran out of the lodge. He followed his wife in a dazed state, and at last found himself in a large house. This was the home of the marmots underneath the rocks of the mountains. He staid there all winter, but it seemed to him the same as one night. In April the marmots heard the snow-slides, and said, “That is thunder, and a sign of spring.” They came out of their houses. Soon after this the lad’s brothers came there to trap. They found no sign of their lazy brother, and no traps. They made new traps, but could not catch anything. Two of the brothers were sleeping with their wives. One of them saw a very large black-colored marmot almost as large as a man, and set a special trap for it, but he could not catch it. Then the other brother tried, but with like result. The young marmots always went out first, and, seeing the trap, came in and reported to the big ones. Then the big black marmot went out and sprang the trap. Now the third brother, who slept near his wife under separate cover, accused his elder brothers of having brought upon themselves bad luck by not regarding the winter taboos. He said he would try to catch the big marmot, as he was keeping all the taboos required in marmot-trapping. Now, the young marmot could see no trap because the hunter was keeping the taboos, and told the big marmots that all was safe. The big black marmot then went out without hesitation, and was caught in the trap. The brother brought it to camp, and gave it to the women to skin. They had made a cut down the skin of the belly and along one arm, and were making the cut on the other arm, when the knife struck something hard at the wrist. They looked, and found a copper bracelet there. They called their husbands, who at once recognized it as the bracelet worn by their brother. They said, “He has changed into a marmot.” They ordered the women to camp by themselves out of hearing while they tried to bring it to life again. They wrapped the body in down and new mats, and put it on a scaffold in a tree. They camped four days and nights at the foot of the tree without eating or drinking. On the fourth night they heard a faint sound of singing from the scaffold, and, on uncovering the body, they found that part of their brother’s head had come out of the marmot-skin. They covered him up again, and camped another four nights. Then they heard loud singing from the tree, which sounded like that of a shaman. They uncovered the body, and found that he had come out of the marmot-skin down to the knees. They covered him up again; and before daybreak on the following morning he had recovered his natural form, and was singing like a shaman. He sang:

You will find out what we think in the mountain.

He staid with his brothers, and told them all about the Marmot people,—how they lived, about their customs, and about the trapper’s taboos. He became a shaman, and the marmot was his guardian.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Cenakatla’x; or, the salmon girl

A young girl, dissatisfied with moldy salmon, vanishes and is taken to the Salmon people’s realm. Unable to consume their food, she gathers herring eggs, leading to ridicule. The following spring, she returns as a salmon, is caught by her parents, and transforms back into a girl, imparting lessons on respecting salmon to ensure their continued return.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: Her voyage to the Salmon country, a realm beyond the human world, mirrors a descent into an underworld.

Harmony with Nature: It underscores the need for humans to live in balance with the natural world, particularly with the salmon upon whom they depend.

Rebirth: The narrative touches upon the salmon’s life cycle, illustrating themes of death and renewal as the salmon return each year.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tahltan people


Cenakatla’x mean “mouldy salmon.” The Salmon people are said to have named the girl thus.

A number of people were living on a salmon stream just before the first run of salmon commenced. They were short of food. A girl asked for something to eat, and they gave her a piece of old mouldy dried salmon. She would not eat it, and threw it away. About the end of the salmon-run she disappeared, and no one knew what had happened to her. They thought she had been drowned, but she had been taken to the Salmon country with the last salmon in the stream. The Salmon country is far away in the sea, and there are very many people there. She could not eat the kind of food they ate; so she went along the beach, and gathered herring-eggs. One day some Salmon people saw her eating, and called out, “Look at the girl eating excrements!” After this she always hid when eating. The next spring the Salmon said, “Very soon we shall go and see our friends inland,” meaning the Indians. They started in canoes. Some salmon branched off here, and others there, into different streams, where they were accustomed to go annually. The humpback salmon all went into shallow streams.

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Indians were fishing on many of the streams, and had weirs across the creeks. Sometimes the salmon broke part of the weirs and went through. Then they said, “We have played a trick on our friends.” The girl was swimming with the king salmon, and went to the stream where her people lived. Her mother was very busy cutting up salmon. The girl swam back and forth close to the bank so as to see her mother well. Presently the mother called her husband to come with his spear. The girl then ran back and told the king salmon. He told her not to be afraid, but to let the people spear her. He said, “You cannot die. When people club you on the head, your soul at once passes to your tail, and afterwards, when you are dead, goes to the Salmon country, returning again next spring as a salmon. Thus salmon never die, and each succeeding year as many come up the streams as ever. See the old salmon rotting where they have spawned! They are not dead. Their bodies have been left up here,’ and are rotting; but their souls have returned to Salmon Land, and will return next year.” The girl then went back to where her mother was, and her father speared her. It was a fine-looking small young fish; and her parents said, “Let us eat it fresh!” They brought the basket to boil it, and her mother began to cut the fish up. When she made the first cut, the knife struck something hard and glanced off. She looked to see what it was, and saw some dentalia. On further examination, she recognized it as the necklace of dentalia worn by their daughter when she was lost. They thought the fish must be their daughter, so they wrapped it up in feathers and a clean mat. Then they fasted for eight days. During this time it gradually changed from the form of a fish to that of a girl. On the ninth day they recognized their daughter, who in appearance was just the same as before. She said to her parents, “I have come back to tell you about the Salmon people. You must treat them respectfully; you must never talk evil of them, nor disparage them or their flesh. If you do not heed these things, then they will take revenge on you.”


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

 The child who became a sea-gull

A seagull in human form abducts a woman’s young daughter, taking her to a nest on a nearby islet. The mother searches and hears her child, now transformed into a seagull, singing to her. Despite recognizing her mother’s presence, the child flies away with the other seagulls whenever her mother approaches, leaving the mother unable to retrieve her.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Loss and Renewal: The mother experiences the loss of her child, who is renewed in a different form as a sea-gull.

Conflict with Nature: The human characters face a direct conflict with a creature from nature that has supernatural abilities.

Family Dynamics: The story centers on the relationship between the mother and her child, highlighting themes of separation and the enduring bond between them.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Some people were camped near a lake, and among them a woman who had a little girl (or baby?). Near by, on an islet in the lake, seagulls had their nests. One day a sea-gull came in human form and stole the little girl from the people’s camp, and took her to her nest. Her mother searched for her, and came to where the sea-gulls were. The girl recognized her, and sang:

Mother, here I am, here I am!

The mother followed the voice, and saw her child in the form of a little sea-gull in the nest. She tried to catch her child, who continued to sing; but she did not succeed, for the sea-gulls always flew away when she came near, and the child went with them.

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The girl who married a toad

A wealthy man’s daughter repeatedly encounters a toad at her door, which she dismisses. One night, the toad transforms into a young man who proposes marriage, and she agrees, unaware of his true identity. They elope to his father’s lakeside home. Later, when she visits her family, they urge her to stay. However, a multitude of toads besiege the house, compelling her to return to her husband. This story explains why women fear toads, believing they can abduct people.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The girl’s initial acceptance and subsequent return to the toad husband highlight complex emotional dynamics.

Forbidden Knowledge: The girl unknowingly enters a union with a supernatural being, leading to unforeseen consequences.

Cultural Heroes: The narrative serves to explain cultural beliefs and practices, highlighting foundational figures in the society.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A wealthy man had a daughter who lived in a little room by herself. She had just finished the training that girls undergo at puberty. For several successive mornings she noticed a toad (or frog?) lying at the door, and kicked it out of the road. One night the toad changed into a young man, and asked the girl if she wanted him for a husband. She did not know that it was the toad, and answered, “Yes.” The girl put on her marten robe and eloped with the young man. That night they went to a big lake, where the house of the Toad chief, the wealthy father of the youth, was located. Her parents and all the people searched for her, but could find no trace of her. [Some narrators say that they found her robe.] After she had been with the Toad people a while, the chief, her father-in-law, told her to go and visit her parents. Her people saw her coming, followed by her husband. Her father invited them into the house, and gave them a good (or high) place to sit in [place where nobles or people of rank sit down].

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He ordered his slaves to cook for them and give them to eat. They noticed that the Toad ate no meat, so they gave him berries to eat. He and his wife finished their dishes. The chief asked his daughter not to go back with Toad, but to stay with them. She told her husband, and he left her. Now the people closed all the chinks of the house, so that no Toads could enter. In the morning they saw that many Toads had surrounded the house. Soon they came in; and finally they filled the house, much to the terror and annoyance of the people. The girl’s father offered to pay the Toads for the girl, but they paid no attention. Then the girl said to her father, “Let me go with them!” The girl returned to the Toad chief’s house, and all the Toads left. For this reason women are now afraid of toads, who steal people.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The man who married a grizzly bear

A hunter insults Grizzly Bear after slipping on its excrement. Soon after, he meets a woman who leads him to her home, where they live together for months, though it feels like days to him. Unbeknownst to him, she is a Grizzly Bear in human form. Eventually, his brothers, aided by his loyal dog, track him down. The man returns to his human family but remains connected to his Grizzly Bear wife and their children.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The man’s relationships with both his human and grizzly bear families explore complex familial bonds and loyalties.

Conflict with Nature: The narrative delves into the tensions between humans and the natural world, exemplified by the man’s initial disrespect towards the grizzly bear and his subsequent immersion into her realm.

Love and Betrayal: The man’s union with the grizzly bear woman and his eventual return to his human family touch upon themes of love, fidelity, and the challenges of dual existence.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A man who was married and had several children was hunting. He happened to step on some grizzly-bear excrement, which made him slip and fall. He was angry, and called Grizzly Bear nasty names. Shortly afterwards he met a nice-looking woman, who asked him if he cared to go with her. She said, “We shall go only a little way, then we will camp and lie down together.” The man agreed, and went with her. As they went along, he thought he was stepping over logs; but in reality each time he seemed to step over a log, he stepped over a mountain. After travelling a long way, they came to the house of the Grizzly woman. They entered, and staid there three months. The man thought it was only three nights. The woman asked him sometimes if he was hungry; and when he answered, “Yes,” she cooked dried salmon for him, and fed him dried berries after soaking them to freshen them. At the end of three months the woman, who was a shaman, sang.

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Then she said to her husband, “People are coming. Tomorrow your brothers will find us.” The man’s brothers were hunting in the neighborhood of where the Grizzly had her den. It was in the middle of winter, and they had their lost brother’s dog with them. He was called Tsa’shwa [this is used as a dog-name among the Tahltan and Tlingit (-hwa is said to mean “young man” in the Tlingit language)], and was very keen of scent. He found the old tracks of his master under the snow, and followed them. Now, bears feel the steps of people who walk on their tracks, for it is as though sparks fell on them. The bears turn these aside, and then the people lose the track. If bears do not pay attention to the sparks, the people can track them down. Now sparks of considerable force fell into the Grizzly woman’s den, for the brothers were drawing near. The woman pushed them back as fast as she could; but Tsa’shwa was cunning, and kept right on the tracks. The brothers followed him closely. At last the Grizzly woman became tired, and allowed the sparks to fall. Tsa’shwa and the brothers now came close to the den. His master recognized his voice and called him. Then the dog became excited. The hunters thought their brother must be there; but they were afraid to encounter the bear in its den, for they heard people talking inside. They thought the inmates of the den might not be bears. They returned to camp, although Tsa’shwa was loath to leave. When they had gone, the Grizzly woman advised her husband to leave. They went to a distant place, and took up their abode near a salmon creek. The next day the brothers came back to the den accompanied by another brother, but they found the den empty. For a long time the man lived with the Grizzly woman at the salmon creek, and no one discovered their house. He hunted and fished, and they always had plenty of food. His wife bore two children. One day she said, “You have a wife and children among the people. Go back and visit them.” He went in a canoe. His brothers and the people were glad to see him. He saw his former wife, but was afraid to talk to her. After a while he returned to his Grizzly-bear wife. Thus he visited his people three or four times. On his last visit his former wife intercepted him when he was about to leave, and asked him why he never spoke to her and to his children. She said, “How can I support your children? They are the same as fatherless.” He spoke with her. Then he feared something evil might happen: therefore he called upon a wise old man, and asked his advice. The old man told him what the result of his indiscretion would be. The hunter then requested the seer to watch him with his mind (or invisible seeing-power) and to tell the people what would happen to him. The old man promised to do so. Then the hunter, full of evil forebodings, returned to his Grizzly bear wife. As he approached the shore, he saw her weeping. She had known at once when the man had spoken to his former wife, and became sorry and wept. As he came close to the shore, the two cubs ran out into the water to meet him. Their mother followed. She caught the man in her arms and tore him to pieces.


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Origin of the grizzly-bear death-song

A woman married a grizzly bear and bore twin sons who appeared human but had bear-like features. During a village game where participants imitated bears, the mother and her sons donned bear skins, transforming into real bears. Overcome by their instincts, they attacked and killed many villagers. Filled with remorse, they retreated to the mountains, singing a mourning song. This “Grizzly-Bear Song” was heard and adopted by the people, becoming a traditional lament sung by hunters after killing a bear.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Loss and Renewal: The accidental killing of villagers by the transformed family leads to their departure and the creation of a mourning song, symbolizing loss and the emergence of a new cultural element.

Moral Lessons: The story imparts lessons about the consequences of actions and the importance of understanding and respecting the boundaries between human and animal realms.

Cultural Heroes: The bear-children and their mother become foundational figures in the culture, their story explaining the origin of a significant mourning song.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Once a woman was taken away by a grizzly bear and became his wife. She bore twins, and after a year she returned home with her children, who were half bear. They had some hair growing between the shoulders and around the wrists. The people often had games of playing bear, both children and elders. Some of them dressed in bear-skins, and the others hunted them, carrying sticks and wooden knives. When a person acting bear was overtaken, he stood up and fought. The Grizzly children were asked by the other children to play. They said, “We want you to show us how your father does.” The Bear children asked their mother’s permission, but she would not consent. Many times the cubs were asked, but their mother always refused. One day, however, she gave them their bear-skins. She also said, “I shall play bear too.” As soon as the three put on their skins, they looked like real bears.

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They ran uphill into a hole, and the people acting hunters chased them. The Indians shouted, “Hoh!” as men do when they want a bear to come out of his hole. The three bears came out of the hole and attacked the people. They killed most of them, and the others ran away. Then the grizzly bears went into the mountains and never came back. As they went along, they sang a mourning-song known as “The Grizzly-Bear Song,” because they were sorrowful for having killed their relatives. The people heard them singing, and learned the song.

This is said to have happened on the Upper Nass or Upper Skeena River: therefore, among the tribes to the south, hunters sing these mourning-songs for a bear whenever they kill one. The Grizzly twins were just like ordinary Indian children before they put on their bearskins (and were born as such).


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page