The four brothers

A malevolent shaman named Gone’tqasa’xdukaq resides in a cave, impervious to harm. To defeat him, villagers marry their sister to him and later extract information from her about his vulnerability—his heart is in his hand. They shoot his hand, killing him, and claim his red-snapper coat. Subsequently, Lqaya’k dons the coat and chases a creature into the sky, creating the Milky Way.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Sacrifice: The sister sacrifices her well-being by marrying the shaman to aid her brothers’ plan.

Creation: The story explains the origin of the Milky Way, bringing order to the cosmos through the brothers’ actions.

Family Dynamics: The plot revolves around the collaboration and sacrifices within a family to overcome a common adversary.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

Another being that hated us was a shaman, who used to live in a cave. His name was Gone’tqasa’xdukaq. They could do nothing to him, so they gave their sister to him in marriage. He always slept with his back to the fire, and a spirit watched at his door. Finally a plot was made regarding him, and the people prepared for him. They prepared boxes full of bows and arrows for him, and there came to be plenty of them. When they came to him they pulled their sister into the canoe. He (the shaman) always wore a red-snapper coat. When he was pursuing them, he kept jumping so (accompanied by gesture). While he was chasing them they shot at him. They kept asking their sister, “Where is your husband’s heart?” She said, “I still love my husband’s heart.” After a time she told them where her husband’s heart was. “Shoot him in the middle of his hand. His heart is there.”

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Then they killed him outside of Ring island. They carried him to Ring island. They took the red-snapper coat off from him. It was for this coat that they had killed their brother-in-law.

After that Lqaya’k put it on and went after large animals. He chased something from below named Kacka’lk. [An error. Kacka’lk was Lqaya’k’s elder brother.] He chased it far up out into the sky. They are Lqaya’k’s footprints which are there [that is, the Milky Way].


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How the Kiksa’di came to Sitka

The Kiksa’adi clan faced annihilation by the Sky-people, leaving only one woman who hid beneath a log. She encountered various beings, ultimately marrying the Sun’s son. They had five children and lived in a fort. When enemies attacked, the brothers invoked their grandfather, the Sun, who scorched the invaders by peeking through the clouds, boiling the sea, and destroying them. The brothers remained safe within their fort.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Creation: The narrative explains the origin of the Kiksa’di people in Sitka.

Divine Intervention: The sun deity assists the protagonist and their offspring in overcoming adversaries.

Revenge and Justice: The destruction of the enemies by invoking the sun’s power serves as retribution for their earlier aggression.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

When we were first born people hated us. And after that some beings named Sky-people brought war upon us. They destroyed us completely. A woman saved herself. And right here at Qantu’lki she dug a hole under a log to conceal herself from the enemy. Various creatures came out in f rout of her. “I wonder who can tell me about things,” she said. Grizzly bear came out near her. She said, “What can you do?” “Whenever I catch a man I slap my paws down upon him.” The woman said, “That is nothing.” Some one in the sun spoke to her. “How am I?” it said. “What can you do?” Then he said, “My father in the sun peeps out through the clouds, through the mottled clouds.” That was the one that married her. Then she began to have children. There were five of them, including one woman. After that he lowered down a big fort on them. They grew up inside of it. And when the enemy saw that they were inside of it they started to come.

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One [of the brothers], named Coward, was quarrelsome. Another was named Lqaya’k and another Kacka’lk, and to all of them he gave directions. “When they get stronger than you put your minds on me.” So, when the enemy became too strong for them, they put their minds on their father (grandfather), the sun. He peeped out on the enemy. It was smoking hot. The sea water out here boiled. The [hostile] people ran down quickly into the water. They were all destroyed. Then it stopped [boiling] out on the water. The brothers stayed inside of their fort.


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Origin of the frog crest among the Kiksa’di

A couple camping in Gaya’ bay hears a mysterious song. Investigating, they discover a small frog producing the melody. The husband gives the frog to his wife, and they bring it back to Sitka. This event leads to the Kiksa’di clan adopting the frog as their crest, symbolizing the origin of their association with the frog.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The tale explains the origin of the frog crest among the Kiksa’di clan.

Mythical Creatures: The frog, producing a mysterious song, plays a central role in the story.

Sacred Objects: The frog becomes a symbol of significance for the Kiksa’di clan.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

A married couple went from Sitka into Gaya’ bay, and camped at Ga’xgu-an. They were there for perhaps a month. One morning they started out hunting. Then they heard a song on Gaya’ bay. They listened. They did not hear plainly. [The man’s] wife said to him, “Do you hear it?” He said, “I hear the thing making a noise over there.” “Turn toward it,” they said. They went toward it and saw it. It was a little frog which the man let float down to his wife in the stern. He said, “It is for you.” So they brought it to Sitka. This is how the little frog’s song came to be known, and this is why the Kiksa’di claim the frog.

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The le’naxi’daq

A man discovers a woman, the le’naxi’daq, floating in a lake with her children. He brings one child home, but during the night, it removes the eyes of the villagers. A woman, after giving birth, encounters this child and kills it with her cane. She then declares herself the new le’naxi’daq, wandering the beach while nursing her child and consuming mussels.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The le’naxi’daq is a mysterious entity with malevolent powers, interacting with humans in a supernatural manner.

Transformation: The woman who kills the le’naxi’daq’s child undergoes a transformation, assuming the identity and role of the le’naxi’daq herself.

Loss and Renewal: The community experiences loss through the actions of the le’naxi’daq’s child, but there is a sense of renewal as the woman takes on a new role.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


See story “Origin of le’naxi’daq“. This is the equivalent of Skil dja’adai, or “Property Woman,” among the Haida.

This story was obtained at Sitka.

A man at Auk went out on the lake after firewood. On the way round it be saw a woman floating about. Her hair was long. Looking at her for some time, he saw that her little ones were with her. He took one of the children home. When it became dark they went to sleep. It was the child of the le’naxi’daq, and that night it went through the town picking out people’s eyes. Toward morning a certain woman bore a child. In the morning, when she was getting up, this [the le’naxi’daq’s child] came into her into the house. The small boy had a big belly full of eyes. He had taken out the eyes of all the people. That woman to whom the small boy came had a cane. He kept pointing at her eyes. Then she pushed him away with the cane. When he had done it twice, she pushed it into him. He was all full of eyes. After she had killed him the woman went through the houses. Then she began to dress herself up. She took her child up on her back to start wandering. She said, “I am going to be the le’naxi’daq.” When she came down on the beach she kept eating mussels. She put the shells inside of one another. As she walks along she nurses her little child.

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Ka’hasi, the strong man

Ka’hasi, a poor and ridiculed man, secretly bathed at night to gain strength. One night, he encountered a being named Strength who empowered him. The next day, Ka’hasi astonished his peers by breaking a tree branch they used to test their power. Later, during a sea lion hunt, he displayed extraordinary strength, earning respect and admiration from his community.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Ka’hasi undergoes a profound change from a weak, mocked individual to a figure of great strength and respect.

Divine Intervention: His newfound strength is bestowed upon him by a supernatural being named Strength, who emerges from the water to aid him.

Cultural Heroes: Through his transformation and subsequent feats, Ka’hasi becomes a revered figure, embodying qualities admired by his community.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

Among some people bathing for strength was a man named Kaha’si. He was very poor. The people bathed continually in preparation for war. He, however, was very miserable. When the others came out of the water they always laughed at him. He kept urinating in his sleep. He was always turned over on one side. It was when all were asleep that he went down to the water. When he got very cold he came ashore and went to sleep. And when daylight was coming on he threw his urine under him. Then it always ran out from under him. They kept bathing for strength in war. His friends used to whip each other in the water with boughs. They tried their strength on a big tree having a dead branch growing out from it which they called the tree-penis. And when they ran ashore out of the water they always kicked him (Kaha’si) out of their way. “When will this man break off the tree-penis?” [they said].

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The man went into the water the last time he was going to enter it. At that very time he heard some one down in it from whom he was going to get his strength. Strength was his name. Then the person came out behind him. He had a large head covered with curly hair. He held boughs. “Now,” he (Strength) said to him, “come up to me.” Then he went to him. He knocked him into the water. Twice he called him. At once he whipped him hard. “I am Strength. I come to help you,” he said to him. “Break off the thing the people are trying their strength on. Put it back again along with some urine.” Then he ran therein the night. His friends did not know it. After day had begun to dawn his friends ran thither. It was not known that he had broken it off. Why had it never been broken off before? The very first one now broke it off. Then they inquired, “Who broke off the tree-penis?” and people said, “It was Kaha’si who broke it off.” They laughed at him because [they thought] he was not strong. Then they started off with the strength they had waited for. At that time [the Indians] had no fighting ammunition. This is why they always bathed for ammunition, sitting in the water. The strong men had nothing at all with which to kill the sea lions. At once the head man said as follows, “Take him also.” They said, “Take him there.” They had nothing with which to kill the sea lions. Then they told him that they would take him along. They said, “Take Kaha’si there.” It was at that time that they gave him his proper name. They took him out to the sea-lion island. Then he caught up two sea lions. The one on the left he threw upon a flat rock, but the one on the right he tore in pieces. All kinds of strength came to the poor man to help him, and his friends never beat him afterward. He never put on clothes in time of war. His strength continued for a long time. It came to be known even down to this day. People always use his strength with which to surprise other people, and they always imitate his strength [that is, it is used as a crest and imitated at feasts]. This is all.


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Mountain Dweller

A chief’s two daughters consume tallow reserved for guests, leading to their mother’s reprimand. Ashamed, the sisters flee into the forest, encountering a mouse that guides them to its grandmother’s dwelling. There, they receive sustenance and shelter. This narrative underscores themes of hospitality, familial bonds, and the consequences of actions.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The mouse and its grandmother represent otherworldly entities that assist the sisters, indicating interactions with supernatural beings.

Conflict with Authority: The sisters’ departure can be seen as a response to their mother’s authority and the societal expectations placed upon them.

Journey to the Otherworld: Their venture into the deep woods and encounter with mystical beings symbolizes a journey into an unknown or otherworldly realm.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

A chief was living with his two children in the middle of a long town. People were always visiting him, and he kept tallow stored away for strangers. By and by a big canoe came to him, and [the peoples’] things were taken up. [The children’s] grandmother had charge of the tallow. She always had things stored away for strangers. Then she would give these to her grandchildren. Afterward the old woman would say, “The old shaggy dog took it away from me.”

After that he invited the foreign people up. He ordered the tallow in the big box to be brought for them. Now there was nothing inside of the big box. The foreign people, however, were all seated. It was thought that his children had done it. They had invited them for the food that was all eaten up.

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This is why people say even now, “They came to invite for the food that was gone.” It was entirely empty, and great was the shame that the chief felt. Afterward he questioned his children. Their dishes had hair on them. There was a dish apiece, which always lay by them. Then their mother came in to them. “Did you do this?” she said. When they kept on crying, she raised the face of the older girl. She scratched her daughter’s cheek, and also that of the younger one. She scratched on both of their cheeks because they ate up the tallow for which [her husband] had invited strangers. When the people went to bed that night the girls made a hole under the boards. Then they put the hairy dishes in their places. Afterward they went back into a hollow tree.

Next morning [their mother] said, “I wonder where they have gone.” She said to them, “Get up now.” Then the long dishes moved [as she pulled at the covers]. It was the dishes they had put in their places. They, however, had dug a hole underneath and were gone. Then their mother came out from behind the screens. No one knew whither they had gone. Afterward they went straight up into the woods. And after they had started [the people] rushed up to hunt for them, but they hid themselves. The younger kept saying to the elder, “Let us make some kind of noise for our mother.” She answered, “How does the inside of your cheeks feel?” She kept saying to her younger sister, “Oh! we can not do it. She said to us, ‘Let Mountain Dweller marry both of you.’ I know what she was saying to us.”

For this reason they went far up into the woods. They wandered along, aimlessly crying. The younger sister wanted her elder sister to go back to the place from which they had started, but she did not want her mother to see her down there. After they had gone a long distance they saw a small mouse running across a log. The mouse went into a little hill. Then her younger sister said, “Grandmother mouse, people have seen you.” So said her younger sister. “Put me quickly across this log,” said the little mouse. “My grandmother says ‘Call them into the house.’” On account of that it had run out. Then the door flew open. They [entered and] sat down. [The story is very much condensed here. The mouse’s “grandmother” had sent it to invite them in. The mouse asks to be put over the log because the entrance to her grandmother’s house was on the other side. “On account of that she had run out” refers to the mouse’s first appearance.] “Why did you come?” she said to them. After they had been seated for some time she pushed something between her teeth, and got something out. It was a piece of dried fish. She shook it. It was now a spring salmon taken from between her teeth, and they placed it by the fire. She set it before them, and they consumed it. She took a cranberry out from between her teeth. She placed it before them, and they consumed that. After they had eaten she said again, “Why did you come, my little grandchildren?” and the elder replied, “My mother said we could not marry Mountain Dweller.” “He is a very difficult person to get near. Go now, my little grandchildren.” Then she told them what to do. “Crushing-mountain is before the place, granddaughters, and also the fighting dogs (cak).” She also said, “Kelps float together in front of it. Take your knife and a whetstone with you,” she said. After she had instructed them they started out. When they had gone along for some time they saw the fighting dogs. They throw a piece of dried fish bone to them, and the dogs began to divide it. Again they went forward. Before they had gone far they came upon kelps floating together. They threw moss between. Then they passed through. After that they saw Crushing-mountain. (Just the way people tell this I am telling you, my opposite clansman.) They threw a whetstone between these. They went through. Now they saw the camp. They came to the house door.

Mountain Dweller’s mother was at home. Nothing could be seen inside of this house, there was so much fat. They were told they could not get into Mountain Dweller’s house. That is why they went there. After they had been seated for some time they were given something to eat. By and by the hunter brought in a load of food. He asked his mother, “What are those people that have come to you doing?” “They came to marry you because it was said that they could not.” So Mountain Dweller married both of them.

After they had been there for some time he started off. He said to his wives, “My mother does not let the person that stays with me last long.” For this reason they kept sticks in their hands while he was away from them. Sometime afterward their mother-in-law put aside of mountain sheep into the fire. She stood it up on end. Then it caught fire. This was the way she killed her son’s wives. After that they kept watch on her. When it was burning she pushed it toward her son’s wives. Then they pushed it back upon her, and killed her. They pulled her body outside and put something over it. They let it stand out of the ground a very little.

Meanwhile her son was away. When he arrived he was carrying a big mountain sheep. Then he asked for his mother. “She did to us just as you said. We threw it over upon her. We pulled her outside.” He said to them, “What you have done to her is well. My mother would not let a person who lived with me last long.” After that he collected sides of mountain sheep, inside fat, and tallow.

After many years had passed Mountain Dweller said to his wives, “Wouldn’t you like to go home?” “Yes,” said they. [The elder] said to him, “My mother said we could not marry you. That is why we came to find you.” “Weave some baskets,” he said. So they wove them. “Weave two that you can just put on your thumbs” [he said]. They were going to start. There were many mountains between. After they had put many canoe loads of things inside of the baskets he put them both on his thumb, and they started along with them. They were gone for a very few days.

When they were going along with him he seemed to be changed suddenly. Mountain Dweller began to shine from within. By and by they sighted their father’s town. The town was long. In the evening they came in front of the house. He had the small baskets on his thumb. Then they wished that their little brother might run out to them. They called him to them. The people had already given a mourning feast for them there. A year was now past. For this reason he ran into the house. Then he said to his mother, “My sisters have come and are outside.” At this she became angry with her young son, who had longed for his sisters. “You lie,” she said to him. At once he went back to them, crying. When he came into the house again he said to his mother, “They are there. It is well that you go out to them.” “Take a piece off of their marten blankets and bring it here,” she said. So he told them. (The way I am telling you is the way people always tell old stories.) Then he brought it into the house. At that time his mother started out. She looked. Her children were really there. “Come into the house,” she said. So they came into the house to her. Afterward the elder girl told her mother about the baskets. Mountain Dweller having shaken the baskets, she said, “There are big baskets outside. Let them be brought in.” Then two persons went out. The baskets were too heavy for them. More went out. All the men in the house tried to bring them in. When they could not, Mountain Dweller rose to get the baskets. Although they were unable to get them, Mountain Dweller put the baskets on his third finger. Inside was fat from the inside of a mountain sheep. Because her mother had scratched the inside of her daughters’ cheeks, [the elder girl] invited the people for nothing but fat. The things in the baskets were too much for them. The baskets in which these things were contained were called World-renowned-baskets.


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The shaman who went into the fire, and the heron’s son

A young boy, mistreated by his uncle’s wife, retreats into the wilderness, guided by a spirit. He creates nests along a creek and undergoes a transformation, gaining shamanic powers. His concerned uncle searches for him and eventually finds him in a cave. The boy instructs his uncle on how to handle his spiritual journeys, emphasizing the importance of rescuing him from the fire during rituals.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change, becoming a shaman with spiritual powers.

Trials and Tribulations: The boy faces challenges, including mistreatment by his uncle’s wife and the hardships of his spiritual journey.

Sacred Spaces: The cave and the nests he creates serve as significant spiritual locations in his transformation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

A little boy’s friends were all gone. His uncle was a great hunter, and the little boy was always going around far up in the woods with bow and arrows. He was growing bigger. He also went out with his uncle. His uncle went about everywhere to kill things. He always brought plenty of game down from the mountains.

One time he again went hunting. At that time the inside of the house was full of the sides of mountain sheep, on racks. His uncle’s wife bated her husband’s little nephew very much. When she went outside for a moment, he broke off a little piece of fat from the sides of mountain sheep hanging on the rack, to put inside of his cheek. Although there was so much he broke off only so much. Then his uncle’s wife looked all around. The end piece was not there.

► Continue reading…

“Is it you that has done this?” she said to her husband’s little nephew. He cried and said, “No.” Then she put her hand inside of his cheek. “Why don’t you go up on the mountain?” [she said.] She scratched the inside of his cheek. Blood ran out of his mouth. While crying he pulled his uncle’s box toward him. He took his uncle’s whetstone out of it. Meanwhile his uncle was far away.

Then he started off into the woods, carrying the whetstone, and came out to a creek. He came out on a sandy bank, pounded (or scooped) it out like a salmon, and made a nest beside the water. He stayed upon it overnight. His dream was like this. He was told, “Let it swim down into the water.” It was his spirit that told him to do this.

When his uncle came down he missed him. He asked his wife, “Where is my nephew?” She answered. “He went up that way with his bow and arrows.”

When [the boy] got up farther he made another nest. This man was named “For-little-slave.” He made eight nests. Now his spirit helper began to come to him on the last. At that time he took his whetstone down into the creek, and it swam up in it. Then he lost his senses and went right up against the cliff. He stayed up there against the cliff. Everything came to bear him there-sea gulls, eagles, etc. When his spirits left him they would always be destroyed — the eagles, sea gulls, all of them.

Now, his uncle hunted for him. After he had been out for eight days he discovered the nest his nephew had made by the creek. He saw all the nests his nephew had camped in. His uncle looked into the creek. The salmon was swimming there, and be camped under the nest. Afterward he listened. In the morning he heard the beating made by shamans’ sticks. He heard it just in the middle of the cliff. Then he came up underneath it. Before he thought that [his nephew] had seen him, his nephew spoke to him: “You came under me, the wrong way, uncle.” The uncle pitied his nephew very much. “Come up by this corner,” said his nephew. Ever afterward he was named, “For-little-slave.” then his uncle asked him, “What caused you to do this?” He did not say that his uncle’s wife had scratched the inside of his cheek. Instead be said to his Uncle: “Cave spirits told me to come here.” This was a big cave, bigger than a house.

Then his spirits came to him while his uncle was with him. They went inside, and his uncle beat time for him. Then be told his uncle to remember this: “When the spirit Nixa’ runs into the fire with me, do not let me burn up. While I am getting small throw me into a basket.” That was the way he did with him. It ran into the fire with him, and he threw him into the basket. Then he always came to life inside of the basket. He became a big man again.

That same evening he sent out his uncle to call, “This way those that can sing.” Then the cliff could hardly be seen for the mountain sheep that came down to look into the cave. When they were seated there, he whirled about his bow and arrows and all the mountain sheep were destroyed. The inside of the cave was full of them. Now, he said to his uncle: “Take off the hides.” He was singing for great Nixa’. When the spirit came out of him he reminded his uncle, “When it runs into the fire with me, don’t forget to take me out and put me into the basket.”

After all of the sheeps’ sides were covered up be sent him for his wife. He came up with his wife into the cave. Then he said to his uncle: Take the half-basket in which we cook. “Mash up the inside fat for your wife.” His spirits took out the woman’s bottom part from her. For this reason the woman never got full eating the mountain-sheep fat. She could not taste the fat. He put her in this condition because she had scratched the inside of his cheek.

By and by be said to his uncle: “Make your mind courageous when Nixa’ comes in.” In the evening he told his uncle to go out and call. The cliffs could hardly be seen. Grizzly bears came in front of the house to the door of the cave. They extended far up in lines. Then his uncle started the song for the spirit. They kept coming inside. Suddenly a grizzly bear came in. It was as if eagle down were tied around its ears. At that [the uncle’s] wife became scared and broke in two. He did this to her because she had scratched on the inside of his cheek on account of the fat. His spirit also ran into the fire with him. While his uncle stood in fear of the grizzly bear, For-little-slave burned up in the fire.

At that the cave creaked, and every animal ran into its skin. The things they were drying did so. They did so because the shaman had burned up. So the shaman and his uncle also were finally burned up.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The man who was abandoned

In a famine-stricken village, a lazy man is abandoned by his community. Left alone, a mysterious creature with long teeth approaches him, offering assistance. Following its guidance, he releases it into the water, leading to an abundance of food, including halibut, seals, and mountain sheep. When his former community discovers his prosperity, they return, and he generously shares his provisions with them.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change from being a lazy, abandoned individual to a resourceful provider, aided by a mysterious helper.

Divine Intervention: A supernatural entity with long teeth appears to assist the man, guiding him to abundant food sources and altering his fate.

Sacrifice: The protagonist’s initial suffering and abandonment can be seen as a form of sacrifice, leading to eventual prosperity and the ability to aid others.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

People living in along town were suffering from famine. A certain man stayed with his uncle, who had two wives. The people were very hungry. This man was always sleeping, for he was lazy. When their food was all gone, they started away from the lazy man to camp, but his uncle’s wife threw some dried fish into a hole beside the house post for him, while she was walking around back of the fire. Then she said to him, “I threw a piece of dried fish into the post hole for you.” He would put a small piece of this into his mouth. When he took it out, he would go to sleep. He always had his head covered.

Suddenly something said to him, “I am come to help you.” When he looked there was nothing there. At once he fell asleep. Hunger was overcoming him. At once he prepared himself for it.

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What was speaking to him was a small thing running around him. Its teeth were long. Then he took it away. He put it among his rags, and fell asleep again. Then he dreamed that it said to him, “Put me into the water.” When it was getting light he did so. He went down into the water with it. He kept throwing it up and down in his hands. Saying, “You came to help me,” he threw it into the water. Where he threw it in [the water] smoked. And when it was getting dark he covered his head. When day was beginning to dawn be heard the cry of the raven below him. A halibut had drifted ashore there, and the thing that was helping him was at its heart.

Quickly he built a house. He built a big one. In the morning he went down to the beach with his helper and let it go. Toward daylight he again heard the raven’s call at the beach, and he ran down. Then five seals were floating below him, one behind another. His helper hung around the neck of the fifth, and he took it off. One could not see about inside of his house on account of the drippings. His uncles who had left him, however, were suffering from famine.

Suddenly some mountain sheep came out above him. He let it go among them. Then all fell down. The inside of his house could not be seen on account of the great abundance of food.

Now, when his uncle thought that he had died, he sent some one thither to burn his body. His slaves that he told to go after him came thither, and he called the slaves into the house. They came up. He gave them things to eat, and they remained with him one night. One of these slaves had a child. Then he said to them, “Do not take away anything.” The little slave, however, threw a piece inside of something. “Tell your household that you burned me up.” He left those directions with them.

When they reached home that night the baby began to cry: “Little fat, Little fat,” the slave’s child began to cry out. There was a great famine in the town whither the people had moved. Some among them had died. Then the chief thought about the way the slave’s baby was crying. He kept crying louder: “Little fat, Little fat,” be cried. His mother said, “He is crying for the inside of a clam.” But the slave had a piece of fat on her side for her baby. She sat up with it. Its mouth was greasy all over. At once she confessed to him. She said to her master, “He is there. The things that he has are many.”

Then all started thither. Indeed it was a great quantity of things that he had. The wife of his uncle who had hated him tried to make herself look pretty, but when she wiped her face something got inside of the rag and she cut her face. But the one who had thrown something into the post hole for him, he thought kindly toward. Then the people moved to him. He willed, however, that the food should not fill his uncle or his uncle’s wife. Just where they lay, his uncle and his uncle’s wife were dead. So he married the other wife that helped him. The food his helper obtained for him, however, he sold for slaves. The people came to him to buy everything. Afterward he fixed a little box for the thing that had helped him. No one ever saw it because it was kept out of sight.

One day a whale came along, moving up and down, and he let his helper go at it. In the morning the big whale floated up below on the beach. When all were busy with the whale he forgot his helper. It was hanging to the last piece. When they took up the whale he forgot it. And because be forgot it all of the people were destroyed. This is why people say to a lazy man even now: “You will be like the man that was abandoned.” All the things that had been killed came to life. Some ran into the water and some into the woods. The people were completely destroyed.


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The origin of copper

A chief’s daughter, while berry-picking, insults a grizzly bear and is subsequently taken by him as his wife. Living among the grizzly-bear people, she struggles with their customs. A grandmother mouse warns her of the danger, prompting her escape. Pursued by bears, she is rescued by a canoe that transports her to the sun. There, she marries the sun’s sons, who eliminate a cannibalistic threat for her. Eventually, she returns to her father’s village with her new family.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative includes interactions with grizzly-bear people and the sun’s sons, both of which are supernatural entities.

Journey to the Otherworld: The woman is taken to the realm of the grizzly-bear people and later ascends to the sun’s domain, both representing journeys to otherworldly places.

Trials and Tribulations: The protagonist faces multiple challenges, including captivity by the grizzly bears, the threat of a cannibal, and the struggle to return to her father’s home.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.
Another version is incorporated into the story of Raven

A chief lived in the middle of a very long town. His daughter was fond of picking berries. Once she went for berries with her father’s slaves, and while picking far up in the woods she stepped upon some grizzly-bear’s dung. “They always leave things under people’s feet, those wide anuses,” she said. When they wanted to go down her basket broke, and her father’s slaves picked up the berries and put them back for her. Very close to her father’s house it broke again.

Then one said to her, “Now pick them up yourself.” While she was putting them in a man came to her whirling a stick in his hand. “Let me marry you,” he said to her. Then he started off with her. He went up toward the woods with her and passed under two logs. These things which looked like logs were mountains.

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The people missed this woman. For that the people were called together, and they searched everywhere for her. It was the grizzly bear to which the high-caste woman had spoken angrily that married her. The grizzly-bear people kept going after salmon. After they had gone her husband went out after wet wood. She, however, always collected dry wood. When they came up from the salmon place they threw off their coats. They shook them. Something in these like grease would burn in the soaked wood. The woman’s dry wood, however, always went out. It was not long before they did something to the high-caste woman on account of it.

When they went out again, the woman saw smoke right under her foot. A grandmother mouse was coming out from under a little hill. It was that which was going to help her. “Come in, grandchild,” she said, “These are very dangerous animals you are among. The grizzly-bear people have carried you away.” She told her the truth. Then she gave her advice. “Over there is your father’s home.” So next morning when they were gone after salmon she started running in the, opposite direction. When they came home at midday the grizzly-bear people missed her. The woman’s dress had rotted up there. After she had crossed one mountain she glanced behind her. It looked dark with grizzly bears. When they gained on her she began crying for her life. She came out on the edge of a lake. In the middle of this big lake a canoe was floating wearing a dance hat. It said to her, “Run this way into the water.” Then she ran into the water toward it. She was pulled in, and it went up with her into the sun.

The sun’s sons had married a cannibal [Luqana’, probably equivalent to Kwakiutl Lo’koala]. Whomsoever they married never lasted long before they killed her. Now, however, they liked the one they had just married. To make way for her they killed the cannibal. They killed her over a Tsimshian town. They chopped her into very fine pieces. This is why there came to be so many cannibals there. They could see the Tsimshian town. When the sun got straight up over her father’s town they said, “Here is your father’s town.” Very soon they had a child. Their father’s canoe, a grizzly-bear canoe, stood at the end of this town. The canoe could hear. They loaded it with things. They put grease inside of it for their father-in-law. Then it walked away with them. After it had walked on for a long time it would stop suddenly. This was because it was hungry, and they would then break up a box of grease in front of the bow. They came in front of their father-in-law’s house. Then she recognized her father’s house, and went up in front of it. Then her brother came into the house and said, “My sister has come and is outside.” But his mother beat him because he claimed to see his sister who had been long dead. His mother went out. It was indeed true, and they were coming ashore. They did not see them (her husbands), however, for they were like streaks of moonlight. Now, after they had brought all their things up, one went out and said, “There is nothing there.” The wife said, “That moonlight down there is they. Tell them to come up.” So people went to tell them. They came up. Then the sunbeams lay alongside of the woman in streaks, and their little son in front of them was also like a sunbeam. After they were seated inside of the house they began to appear as if coming out of a fog. “Eat something, my daughter,” said the chief. Then a very young man ran to get water for them. But her husband took a fishhawk’s quill out, and put this into it. If it bent over on account of the wet the man had not behaved himself. After they had examined everyone she sent her little brother, and her little brother always brought water for them. When her brother went away she took her husband’s bucket for the water herself. But after she had been twice, a man near the water seized her hand. And, when she brought it into the house and set it close beside her husbands, they put the fishhawk’s quill into it. This time, after her hand had been caught, the quill bent over with slime. Then they started to getup to go outside, away from her. She would catch first one and then the other, but her hands passed right through them. Then they ceased to see them. Their canoe, however, ran about on the lake.

After that the sun’s children began to wish that filth would kill their son. This is why poverty always kills a little boy when his father dies. After her little child had begun to suffer very much they compelled him to go outside with his mother. She made a house with branches at the other end of the town. There she stayed with her little child. She continually bathed her little child inside of the house of branches, and he grew larger there. People kept throwing the leavings of food on top of their house. They always called him” This man living here.” They would laugh at him. Whenever the little boy ran out among the boys who were playing they said “Uh! Garbage-man.” Now he said to his mother, “Make a bow and arrows for me.” And, after she had made them, he went out shooting just at daybreak. He shot all kinds of things. When he was getting to be a man, he kept going up close by the lake.

After he had gone up there many times something came up quickly toward him. Its mouth was red. After it had done so twice, he asked his mother, “What is that, mother?” Then he prepared anew spear. “When it opens its mouth for you and puts its forefeet up on land run down to it. It is your father’s canoe.” So he went there and it opened its mouth for him. His mother had said, “Shoot it in the mouth,” and, when he had shot it, it was heard to say “Ga,” like a raven. It was as if its seats had been all cut off. It was a copper canoe in which were wide seats. The canoe was nothing but copper and broke entirely up. Throughout the night he carried it into his house to his mother. No person knew of it.

Now he began making a big house out of copper. He would pound out spears and bracelets under the branches. In those days there was no iron or copper. He also pounded out copper plates. Then he set them all round the inside of the house. When they threw garbage upon his house [they kept calling him] “Pounding-chief.” After he had finished the house there were plenty of copper plates which he kept pounding out. When they laughed at him and he ran outside they would say, “Uh! Garbage-man.” There was a chief’s daughter whom they would let no one marry. After people from all places had tried to get her he prepared himself. He dressed himself at night. He took a piece of twisted copper. He knew where the chief’s daughter slept. He poked the woman through a hole with this copper roll, and the woman caught hold of it. She smelt it. She did not know what the copper was, no person in the world having ever seen copper. Then he called to her saying, “Come outside,” and she went outside to him. “Go down to my house with me. With me you shall stay,” he said to her. She did not know whence the man came. The man that used to be called dirty was only going to the beach with her. Just before she touched the door it opened inward. The copper door shone in her face. Whence were all those coppers that stood around inside of the house? Then he married her in his house.

By and by the people began searching for that woman. They missed her for many days. Two days were passed in searching for her. Then her father said to a slave, “Search below here.” The slave searched there for her. When he had looked into the house the slave backed out. It began shining in his face. Then the woman’s husband from inside the house said to him, “Come in. Do not tell about my house,” he said. “Say Garbage-man has married her.” When he came into the house he told about it. He said, “Garbage-man has married her.” Then they started to rush out. Her mother cried, “My daughter!” Then they rushed to his door. They kicked into the house, under the house made of branches. “Dam” it sounded. It shone out into her face, and they started back from the house door. Where was their anger against him? Then she became ashamed. After they got home he sent for his father-in-law, and he put eight coppers on him because he had married his daughter. Then they threw the branch house away, letting the copper shine out. But his father had done this purposely to him in order to help him. So even now, when a man is poor, something comes to help him. This shows how valuable copper was at the place where this happened. Even lately a copper plate used to cost two slaves. It has since become an everlasting thing there (i.e., it, is now used there all the time).


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The Sky Country

A man, longing for his lost wife, wanders through the woods, finding a necklace and encountering helpful strangers. Reaching her in a mysterious village, he faces hostility but reveals his mastery over water to escape harm. Later, he and his wife discover they are in the sky, lowered to Earth by a spider’s web. Safely returned, they resume their happy life together.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: The protagonist’s venture into the sky realm parallels a journey to an otherworldly domain, seeking his lost wife.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features a spider woman who assists the couple’s descent to Earth, highlighting interactions with mystical entities.

Transformation: The protagonist’s experiences—from losing his wife, journeying through the sky, to reuniting and returning home—depict significant personal and situational changes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A certain man’s wife was taken away from him, and he longed so much for her that he thought he would follow her along the beach. He was half crazy. When he went out and thought he was walking along the beach, he was in reality in a wide trail which ran through the woods. As he went on he saw where people had been camping, and from the dentalia shells left by these people he made a beautiful necklace. For a long time he wandered on with his head bent down, and, when he looked up suddenly, he saw smoke ahead. He walked toward it very fast. When he came close he saw a woman tanning a skin. He showed her the necklace he had made and said, “I will give you this string if you will tell me where my wife is.” The woman answered, “She is over there at the next camp.” So he finally reached her, and he remained with her for a long time, thinking that he was among his brothers-in-law.

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The people of the village where this man was staying, however, hated him and wanted to burn him to death. After they had kindled the fire and were dragging him toward it he said, “Oh! how happy I am. I want to die. I would rather you killed me right away than be as I have been.” When they heard that they stopped and began pulling him toward the water instead. But he said that he was afraid of water, and, as they dragged him along, he struggled hard and seized everything about him. At last, when they did throw him in, he came up again in the middle of the lake and looked at them. Then one of the people said, “See him. He is out there looking at us.” The man laughed at them, saying, “Don’t you know that all of the waters are my work? How foolish you were to put me into the water just where I like to be.” He said this because he was a good swimmer and there was a great deal of rain in his country. Afterward he stayed in the water all the time he was there.

All this while the man had really been up in the sky, and now he wanted to get down. So he and his wife started back together and came to a house where lived a certain woman. She was really the spider and the house her web. Then this woman put them into a web and began to lower them to the earth. Before they started she said to them, “When you get caught on anything jerk backward and forward until the web comes loose.” The things she thought they might get stuck upon were the clouds. In this way the man and his wife reached the earth safely, and afterward the web was drawn up. Then they lived happily again as they had been living before the woman was taken away.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page