Kiviung

An old woman, a powerful angakoq, transforms her tormented grandson into a seal to outwit abusive villagers, ultimately causing their demise in a storm. Kiviung, a kind man spared from the chaos, embarks on a perilous journey, encountering witches, betrayal, and supernatural events. After surviving many trials and strange encounters, he returns home to find his son grown into a skilled hunter and his wife seeking reconciliation.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Central to the narrative is the grandmother’s magical transformation of her grandson into a seal, showcasing themes of change and adaptation.

Revenge and Justice: The grandmother’s act of turning her grandson into a seal leads to the demise of the abusive villagers, highlighting the pursuit of justice against wrongdoing.

Quest: Kiviung’s journey, filled with perilous encounters and supernatural challenges, embodies the classic quest motif, emphasizing personal growth and resilience.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


An old woman lived with her grandson in a small hut. As she had no husband and no son to take care of her and the boy, they were very poor, the boy’s clothing being made of skins of birds which they caught in snares. When the boy would come out of the hut and join his playfellows, the men would laugh at him and tear his outer garment. Only one man, whose name was Kiviung, was kind to the young boy; but he could not protect him from the others. Often the lad came to his grandmother crying and weeping, and she always consoled him and each time made him a new garment. She entreated the men to stop teasing the boy and tearing his clothing, but they would not listen to her prayer.

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At last she got angry and swore she would take revenge upon his abusers, and she could easily do so, as she was a great angakoq. She commanded her grandson to step into a puddle which was on the floor of the hut, telling him what would happen and how he should behave. As soon as he stood in the water the earth opened and he sank out of sight, but the next moment he rose near the beach as a yearling seal with a beautiful skin and swam about lustily. The men had barely seen the seal when they took to their kayaks, eager to secure the pretty animal. But the transformed boy quickly swam away, as his grandmother had told him, and the men continued in pursuit. Whenever he rose to breathe he took care to come up behind the kayaks, where the men could not get at him with their harpoons; there, however, he splashed and dabbled in order to attract their attention and lure them on. But before any one could turn his kayak he had dived again and swam away. The men were so interested in the pursuit that they did not observe that they were being led far from the coast and that the land was now altogether invisible.

Suddenly a gale arose; the sea foamed and roared and the waves destroyed or upset their frail vessels. After all seemed to be drowned the seal was again transformed into the lad, who went home without wetting his feet. There was nobody now to tear his clothing, all his abusers being dead.

Only Kiviung, who was a great angakoq and had never abused the boy, had escaped the wind and waves. Bravely he strove against the wild sea, but the storm did not abate. After he had drifted for many days on the wide sea, a dark mass loomed up through the mist. His hope revived and he worked hard to reach the supposed land. The nearer he came, however, the more agitated did the sea become, and he saw that he had mistaken a wild, black sea, with raging whirlpools, for land. Barely escaping he drifted again for many days, but the storm did not abate and he did not see any land. Again he saw a dark mass looming up through the mist, but he was once more deceived, for it was another whirlpool which made the sea rise in gigantic waves.

At last the storm moderated, the sea subsided, and at a great distance he saw the land. Gradually he came nearer and following the coast he at length spied a stone house in which a light was burning. He landed and entered the house. Nobody was inside but an old woman whose name was Arnaitiang. She received him kindly and at his request pulled off his boots, slippers, and stockings and dried them on the frame hanging over the lamp. Then she went out to light a fire and cook a good meal.

When the stockings were dry, Kiviung tried to take them from the frame in order to put them on, but as soon as he extended his hand to touch them the frame rose out of his reach. Having tried several times in vain, he called Arnaitiang and asked her to give him back the stockings. She answered: “Take them yourself; there they are; there they are” and went out again. The fact is she was a very bad woman and wanted to eat Kiviung.

Then he tried once more to take hold of his stockings, but with no better result. He called again for Arnaitiang and asked her to give him the boots and stockings, whereupon she said: “Sit down where I sat when you entered my house; then you can get them.” After that she left him again. Kiviung tried it once more, but the frame rose as before and he could not reach it.

Now he understood that Arnaitiang meditated mischief; so he summoned his tornaq, a huge white bear, who arose roaring from under the floor of the house. At first Arnaitiang did not hear him, but as Kiviung kept on conjuring the spirit came nearer and nearer to the surface, and when she heard his loud roar she rushed in trembling with fear and gave Kiviung what he had asked for. “Here are your boots.” she cried; “here are your slippers; here are your stockings. I’ll help you put them on.” But Kiviung would not stay any longer with this horrid witch and did not even dare to put on his boots, but took them from Arnaitiang and rushed out of the door. He had barely escaped when it clapped violently together and just caught the tail of his jacket, which was torn off. He hastened to his kayak without once stopping to look behind and paddled away. He had only gone a short distance before Arnaitiang, who had recovered from her fear, came out swinging her glittering woman’s knife and threatening to kill him. He was nearly frightened to death and almost upset his kayak. However, he managed to balance it again and cried in answer, lifting up his spear: “I shall kill you with my spear.” When Arnaitiang heard these words she fell down terror stricken and broke her knife. Kiviung then observed that it was made of a thin slab of fresh water ice.

He traveled on for many days and nights, following the shore. At last he came to a hut, and again a lamp was burning inside. As his clothing was wet and he was hungry, he landed and entered the house. There he found a woman who lived all alone with her daughter. Her son-in-law was a log of driftwood which had four boughs. Every day about the time of low water they carried it to the beach and when the tide came in it swam away. When night came again it returned with eight large seals, two being fastened to every bough. Thus the timber provided its wife, her mother, and Kiviung with an abundance of food. One day, however, after they had launched it as they had always done, it left and never returned. After a short interval Kiviung married the young widow. Now he went sealing every day himself and was very successful. As he thought of leaving some day, he was anxious to get a good stock of mittens (that his hands might keep dry during the long journey?). Every night after returning from hunting he pretended to have lost his mittens. In reality he had concealed them in the hood of his jacket.

After a while the old woman became jealous of her daughter, for the new husband of the latter was a splendid hunter and she wished to marry him herself. One day when he was away hunting, she murdered her daughter, and in order to deceive him she removed her daughter’s skin and crept into it, thus changing her shape into that of the young woman.

When Kiviung returned, she went to meet him, as it had been her daughter’s custom, and without exciting any suspicion. But when he entered the hut and saw the bones of his wife he at once became aware of the cruel deed and of the deception that had been practiced and fled away.

He traveled on for many days and nights, always following the shore. At last he again came to a hut where a lamp was burning. As his clothing was wet and he was hungry, he landed and went up to the house. Before entering it occurred to him that it would be best to find out first who was inside. He therefore climbed up to the window and looked through the peep hole. On the bed sat an old woman, whose name was Aissivang (spider). When she saw the dark figure before the window she believed it was a cloud passing the sun, and as the light was insufficient to enable her to go on with her work she got angry. With her knife she cut away her eyebrows, ate them, and did not mind the dripping blood, but sewed on. When Kiviung saw this he thought that she must be a very bad woman and turned away.

Still he traveled on days and nights. At last he came to a land which seemed familiar to him and soon he recognized his own country. He was very glad when he saw some boats coming to meet him. They had been on a whaling excursion and were towing a great carcass to the village. In the bow of one of them stood a stout young man who had killed the whale. He was Kiviung’s son, whom he had left a small boy and who was now grown up and had become a great hunter. His wife had taken a new husband, but now she returned to Kiviung.


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The Uissuit

The Uissuit are mythical sea-dwelling dwarfs, often seen near Iglulik and Netchillik, regions also inhabited by the Auganidjen Inuit. These beings live deep underwater and never surface fully. The Inuit attempt to catch them using hooks, but the Uissuit always dive back before being fully retrieved, revealing only their legs above the water. Despite their efforts, the Inuit have never captured one.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Mythical Creatures: The Uissuit themselves are supernatural beings that interact with humans.

Hidden or Forbidden Realms: The Uissuit inhabit the deep underwater world, a mysterious and inaccessible domain for humans.

Cunning and Deception: The Uissuit’s elusive nature and ability to evade capture highlight themes of wit and the challenges in outsmarting such creatures.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Besides the Kalopalit there are the Uissuit, a strange people that live in the sea. They are dwarfs and are frequently seen between Iglulik and Netchillik, where the Auganidjen live, an Inuit tribe whose women are in the habit of tattooing rings around their eyes. There are men and women among the Uissuit and they live in deep water, never coming up to the surface. When the Inuit wish to see them, they go in their boats to a place where they cannot see the bottom and try to catch them by hooks which they slowly move up and down. As soon as they get a bite they draw in the line. The Uissuit are thus drawn up; but no sooner do they approach the surface than they dive down headlong again, only their legs having emerged from the water. The Inuit have never succeeded in getting one out of the water.

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Kalopaling

Kalopaling is a mythical sea being from Inuit folklore with human-like features and clothing made from eider duck skins, earning him the nickname Mitiling. Feared for his oversized hood used to abduct drowning kayak hunters, Kalopaling swims noisily and basks on rocks or ice. A poignant tale recounts a grandmother who regrettably gave her grandson to Kalopaling. After repeated failed rescue attempts, Inuit hunters eventually retrieved the boy, who grew into a skilled hunter.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Kalopaling is a mythical sea creature with human-like features, known for abducting drowning hunters using his oversized hood.

Family Dynamics: The story highlights the relationship between a grandmother and her grandson, focusing on her regret after giving him to Kalopaling in a moment of anger.

Trials and Tribulations: The narrative follows the challenges faced by the Inuit hunters in their repeated attempts to rescue the boy from Kalopaling’s grasp.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Kalopaling is a fabulous being that lives in the sea. His body is like that of a human and he wears clothing made of eider ducks’ skins. Therefore he is often called Mitiling (with eider ducks).

As these birds have a black back and a white belly, his gown looked speckled all over. His jacket has an enormous hood, which is an object of fear to the Inuit.

If a kayak capsizes and the boatman is drowned Kalopaling puts him into this hood. He cannot speak, but can only cry, “Be, be! Be, be!” His feet are very large and look like inflated sealskin floats.

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The Inuit believe that in olden times there were a great number of Kalopalit, but gradually their number diminished and there are now very few left. They may be seen from the land swimming very rapidly under the water and sometimes rising to the surface. While swimming they make a great noise by splashing with arms and legs. In Slimmer they like to bask on rocks and in winter they sometimes sit on the ice near cracks or at the edge of drifting floes. As they pursue the hunters the most daring men try to kill them whenever they can get near them. Cautiously they approach the sleeping Kalopaling, and as soon as they come near enough they throw the walrus harpoon at him. They must shut their eyes immediately until the Kalopaling is dead, else he will capsize the boat and kill the hunters. The flesh of the Kalopaling is said to be poisonous, but good enough for dog’s food.

An old tradition is handed down which refers to a Kalopaling:

An old woman lived with her grandson in a small hut. As they had no kinsmen they were very poor. A few Inuit only took pity on them and brought them seal’s meat and blubber for their lamps. Once upon a time they were very hungry and the boy cried. The grandmother told him to be quiet, but as he did not obey she became angry and called Kalopaling to come and take him away. He entered at once and the woman put the boy into the large hood, in which he disappeared almost immediately.

Later on the Inuit were more successful in sealing and they had an abundance of meat. Then the grandmother was sorry that she had so rashly given the boy to Kalopaling and wished to see him back again. She lamented about it to the Inuit, and at length a man and his wife promised to help her.

When the ice had consolidated and deep cracks were formed near the shore by the rise and fall of the tide, the boy used to rise and sit alongside the cracks, playing with a whip of seaweed. Kalopaling, however, was afraid that somebody might carry the boy away and had fastened him to a string of seaweed, which he held in his hands. The Inuit who had seen the boy went toward him, but as soon as he saw them coming he sang, “Two men are coming, one with a double jacket, the other with a fox-skin jacket”. Then Kalopaling pulled on the rope and the boy disappeared. He did not want to return to his grandmother, who had abused him.

Some time afterward the Inuit saw him again sitting near a crack. They took the utmost caution that he should not hear them when approaching, tying pieces of deerskin under the soles of their boots. But when they could almost lay hold of the boy he sang, “Two men are coming, one with a double jacket, the other with a foxskin jacket.” Again Kalopaling pulled on the seaweed rope and the boy disappeared. The man and his wife, however, did not give up trying. They resolved to wait near the crack, and on one occasion when the boy had just come out of the water they jumped forward from a piece of ice behind which they had been hidden and before he could give the alarm they had cut the rope and away they went with him to their huts.

The boy lived with them and became a great hunter.


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The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut

This Inuit legend recounts the origins of the Sagdlirmiut people. It tells of a feud between two groups near Ussualung, where betrayal and murder forced a family to flee. Guided by an old angakoq, they used magical skills to escape across breaking ice, evading their pursuers. After days adrift, they landed on Sagdlirn Island, establishing a new community and lineage.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The tale begins with a power struggle between two groups, leading to betrayal and murder, which forces the protagonists to flee.

Divine Intervention: An old angakoq (shaman) uses magical skills to guide the family safely across breaking ice, aiding their escape from pursuers.

Cultural Heroes: The family’s successful journey and establishment of a new community on Sagdlirn Island mark the beginning of a new lineage, highlighting their foundational role in shaping the Sagdlirmiut people’s identity.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


In the beginning all the Inuit lived near Ussualung, in Tiniqdjuarbing (Cumberland Sound). The Igdlumiut, the Nugumiut, and the Talirpingmiut in the south, the Aggomiut in the far north, and the Inuit, who tattoo rings round their eyes, in the far west, all once lived together. There is a tradition concerning the emigration of the Sagdlirmiut who live east of Iglulik. The Akudnirmiut say that the following events did not happen in Tiniqdjuarbing, but in Aggo, a country where nobody lives nowadays. Ikeraping, an Akudnirmio, heard the story related by a Tununirmio, who had seen the place himself, but all the Oqomiut assert that Ussualung is the place where the events in the story happened.

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The sister of Mitiq, the angakoq, told the story as follows:

Near Ussualung there are two places, Qerniqdjuaq and Eraluqdjuaq. In each of these was a large house, in which many families lived together. They used to keep company during the summer when they went deer hunting, but returned to their separate houses in the fall.

Once upon a time it happened that the men of Qerniqdjuaq had been very successful, while those of Eraluqdjuaq had caught scarcely any deer. Therefore the latter got very angry and resolved to kill the other party, but they preferred to wait until the winter. Later in the season many deer were caught and put up in depots. They were to be carried down to the winter settlements by means of sledges. One day both parties agreed upon a journey to these depots and the men of Eraluqdjuaq resolved to kill their enemies on this occasion. They set out with their dogs and sledges, and when they were fairly inland they suddenly attacked their unsuspecting companions and killed them. For fear that the wives and children of the murdered men might be suspicious if the dogs returned without their masters, they killed them too. After a short time they returned and said they had lost the other party and did not know what had happened to them.

A young man of Eraluqdjuaq was the suitor of a girl of Qerniqdjuaq and used to visit her every night. He did not stop his visits now. He was kindly received by the woman and lay down to sleep with his young wife.

Under the snow bench there was a little boy who had seen the young man of Eraluqdjuaq coming. When everybody was sleeping he heard somebody calling and soon recognized the spirits of the murdered men, who told him what had happened and asked him to kill the young man in revenge. The boy crept from his place under the bed, took a knife, and put it into the young man’s breast. As he was a small boy and very weak, the knife glided from the ribs and entered deep into the heart, thus killing the young man.

Then he roused the other inhabitants of the hut and told them that the spirits of the dead men had come to him, that they had told him of their murder, and had ordered him to kill the young man. The women and children got very much frightened and did not know what to do. At last they resolved to follow the advice of an old woman and to flee from their cruel neighbors. As their dogs were killed, the sledges were of no use, but by chance a bitch with pups was in the hut and the old woman, who was a great angakoq, ordered them to go and whip the young dogs, which would thus grow up quickly. They did so and in a short time the pups were large and strong. They harnessed them and set off as quickly as possible. In order to deceive their neighbors they left everything behind and did not even extinguish their lamps, that they might not excite suspicion. The next morning the men of Eraluqdjuaq wondered why their companion had not returned and went to the hut in Qernirtung. They peeped through the spy hole in the window and saw the lamps burning, but nobody inside. At last they discovered the body of the young man, and, finding the tracks of the sledges, they hurriedly put their sledges in order and pursued the fugitives. Though the latter had journeyed rapidly their pursuers followed still more rapidly and seemed likely to overtake them in a short time. They therefore became very much frightened, fearing the revenge of their pursuers.

When the sledge of the men drew near and the women saw that they were unable to escape, a young woman asked the old angakoq: “Don’t you know how to cut the ice?” The matron answered in the affirmative and slowly drew a line over the ice with her first finger across the path of their pursuers. The ice gave a loud crack. Once more she drew the line, when a crack opened and quickly widened as she passed on. The floe began moving and when the men arrived they could not cross over the wide space of water. Thus the party were saved by the art of their angakoq.

For many days they drifted to and fro, but finally they landed on the island of Sagdlirn, where they took up their abode and became the mothers of the Sagdlirmiut.


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Ititaujang

A young Inuit man, Ititaujang, struggles to marry an orphan girl who repeatedly rejects him due to his unattractive name. Heartbroken, he leaves his village and marries a goose-woman after stealing her boots. They have a child but she later abandons him, returning to her bird form. Ititaujang undertakes a perilous journey to reclaim her, facing magical encounters, but his actions lead to a tragic end.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Ititaujang’s wife transforms from a goose into a woman upon wearing her boots, highlighting themes of change and metamorphosis.

Forbidden Knowledge: Ititaujang’s journey into the land of birds and his interactions there involve elements of hidden or restricted truths, as he navigates a world beyond human experience.

Tragic Flaw: Ititaujang’s persistence, despite repeated rejections and his eventual actions leading to a tragic end, reflect a character undone by his own weaknesses.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


A long, long time ago, a young man, whose name was Ititaujang, lived in a village with many of his friends. When he became grown he wished to take a wife and went to a hut in which he knew an orphan girl was living. However, as he was bashful and was afraid to speak to the young girl himself, he called her little brother, who was playing before the hut, and said, “Go to your sister and ask her if she will marry me.” The boy ran to his sister and delivered the message. The young girl sent him back and bade him ask the name of her suitor. When she heard that his name was Ititaujang she told him to go away and look for another wife, as she was not willing to marry a man with such an ugly name.

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[Ititaujang means “similar to the anus.” This tradition is curtailed, as some parts were considered inappropriate for this publication.] But Ititaujang did not submit and sent the boy once more to his sister. “Tell her that Nettirsuaqdjung is my other name,” said he. The boy, however, said upon entering, “Ititaujang is standing before the doorway and wants to marry you.” Again the sister said “I will not have a man with that ugly name.” When the boy returned to Ititaujang and repeated his sister’s speech, he sent him back once more and said, “Tell her that Nettirsuaqdjung is my other name.” Again the boy entered and said, “Ititaujang is standing before the doorway and wants to marry you.” The sister answered, “I will not have a man with that ugly name.” When the boy returned to Ititaujang and told him to go away, he was sent in the third time on the same commission, but to no better effect. Again the young girl declined his offer, and upon that Ititaujang went away in great anger. He did not care for any other girl of his tribe, but left the country altogether and wandered over hills and through valleys up the country many days and many nights.

At last he arrived in the land of the birds and saw a lakelet in which many geese were swimming. On the shore he saw a great number of boots; cautiously he crept nearer and stole as many as he could get hold of. A short time after the birds left the water and finding the boots gone became greatly alarmed and flew away. Only one of the flock remained behind, crying, “I want to have my boots; I want to have my boots.” Ititaujang came forth now and answered, “I will give you your boots if you will become my wife.” She objected, but when Ititaujang turned round to go away with the boots she agreed, though rather reluctantly.

Having put on the boots she was transformed into a woman and they wandered down to the seaside, where they settled in a large village. Here they lived together for some years and had a son. In time Ititaujang became a highly respected man, as he was by far the best whaler among the Inuit.

Once upon a time the Inuit had killed a whale and were busy cutting it up and carrying the meat and the blubber to their huts. Though Ititaujang was hard at work his wife stood lazily by. When he called her and asked her to help as the other women did she objected, crying. “My food is not from the sea; my food is from the land; I will not eat the meat of a whale; I will not help.”

Ititaujang answered. “Yon must eat of the whale; that will fill your stomach.” Then she began crying and exclaimed, “I will not eat it; I will not soil my nice white clothing.”

She descended to the beach, eagerly looking for birds’ feathers. Having found a few she put them between her fingers and between those of her child; both were transformed into geese and flew away.

When the Inuit saw this they called out, “Ititaujang, your wife is flying away.” Ititaujang became very sad; he cried for his wife and did not care for the abundance of meat and blubber, nor for the whales spouting near the shore. He followed his wife and ascended the land in search of her.

After having traveled for many weary months he came to a river. There he saw a man who was busy chopping chips from a piece of wood with a large hatchet. As soon as the chips fell off he polished them neatly and they were transformed into salmon, becoming so slippery that they glided from his hands and fell into the river, which they descended to a large lake near by. The name of the man was Eraluqdjung (the little salmon).

On approaching, Ititaujang was frightened almost to death, for he saw that the back of this man was altogether hollow and that he could look from behind right through his mouth. Cautiously he crept back and by a circuitous way approached him from the opposite direction.

When Eraluqdjung saw him coming he stopped chopping and asked, “Which way did you approach me?” Ititaujang, pointing in the direction he had come last and from which he could not see the hollow back of Eraluqdjung, answered. “It is there I have come from.” Eraluqdjung, on hearing this, said, “That is lucky for you. If you had come from the other side and had seen my back I should have immediately killed you with my hatchet.” Ititaujang was very glad that he had turned back and thus deceived the salmon maker. He asked him, “Have you not seen my wife, who has left me, coming this way?” Eraluqdjung had seen her and said, “Do you see yon little island in the large lake? There she lives now and has taken another husband.”

When Ititaujang heard this report he almost despaired, as he did not know how to reach the island; but Eraluqdjung kindly promised to help him. They descended to the beach; Eraluqdjung gave him the backbone of a salmon and said, “Now shut your eyes. The backbone will turn into a kayak and carry you safely to the island. But mind you do not open your eyes, else the boat will upset.”

Ititaujang promised to obey. He shut his eyes, the backbone became a kayak, and away he went over the lake. As he did not hear any splashing of water, he was anxious to see whether the boat moved on, and opened his eyes just a little. But he had scarcely taken a short glimpse when the kayak began to swing violently and he felt that it became a backbone again. He quickly shut his eyes, the boat went steadily on, and a short time after he was landed on the island.

There he saw the hut and his son playing on the beach near it. The boy on looking up saw Ititaujang and ran to his mother crying, “Mother, father is here and is coming to our hut.” The mother answered, “Go, play on; your father is far away and cannot find us.” The child obeyed: but as he saw Ititaujang approaching he reentered the hut and said, “Mother, father is here and is coming to our hut.” Again the mother sent him away, but he returned very soon, saying that Ititaujang was quite near.

Scarcely had the boy said so when Ititaujang opened the door. When the new husband saw him he told his wife to open a box which was in a corner of the hut. She did so, and many feathers flew out of it and stuck to them. The woman, her new husband, and the child were thus again transformed into geese. The hut disappeared; but when Ititaujang saw them about to fly away he got furious and cut open the belly of his wife before she could escape. Then many eggs fell down.


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Irdlirvirisissong

Irdlirvirisissong, a celestial figure, lives in the sky and visits her cousin Aningan. Known for her upturned nose and a plate for her dogs, she awaits the deceased to feed her dogs their entrails. She spares those who don’t laugh at her eerie dance and song. Aningan warns visitors not to laugh, as laughter signals their demise, ensuring their intestines become dog food.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Irdlirvirisissong is a celestial entity residing in the sky, interacting with humans and otherworldly figures like her cousin Aningan.

Divine Punishment: She enforces a strict code, punishing those who laugh during her eerie dance by feeding their entrails to her dogs, highlighting the consequences of disrespecting sacred rituals.

Underworld Journey: The narrative involves encounters with the deceased, as Irdlirvirisissong awaits souls to determine their fate, reflecting themes of life after death and the journey into the unknown.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Erdlaveersissok in Greenland;
Ululiernang in Baffin Land;
in Angmagsalik she is the sun’s mother (Jupiter)

Irdlirvirisissong has a house in the sky, and sometimes visits her cousin, Aningan. Her nose is turned up on the sides, and she carries a plate called qengmerping for her dogs, of whom she has a number. She waits for people who die, so that when they come she can feed her dogs on their intestines.

She dances about, saying, “Qimitiaka nexessaqtaqpaka” (“I look for food for my dear dogs”). If the people laugh, she cuts them open, and gives their entrails to the clogs. Otherwise they are spared. Aningan warns the people not to laugh.

When an angakok comes up to visit Aningan, he turns his head aside so that his laughter may not be seen. If he begins to laugh, Aqoq says, “Qongujukpouq” (“He laughs”). Irdlirvirisissong goes driving with her dogs.

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Aningan

A young girl lived with her grandmother when Aningana, the moonman, requested to cohabit with her. After her grandmother’s permission, Aningana promised to bring foxes as sustenance but departed after overwhelming the house with them. Separately, Aningana abducted another woman, injuring her to prevent escape. Forbidden from looking into other homes, she disobeyed and suffered burns, later grieving for a lost, ragged boy on Earth.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Aningan, as the moon man, represents a celestial entity interacting with humans.

Forbidden Knowledge: The woman disobeys Aningan’s prohibition against looking into another house, leading to her punishment.

Love and Betrayal: Aningan’s relationships with the women involve elements of desire, coercion, and betrayal.

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Learn more about the Inuit peoples


A girl lived with her grandmother. One day, Aningana, the moon man, came down, importuning her to allow him to cohabit with her. She first asked her grandmother for permission, who granted it. Then she went out with Aningana.

When they came in again, they found there was nothing to eat. Aningana, however, did not go out to get food, but said, “For the cohabitation I shall cause to present themselves to you a great number of foxes.”

Having said this, he went away, while the grandmother and grandchild remained in the house.

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Soon a fox entered the house of his own account, and then another, and still another; and a fourth came into the house, and a fifth, and a great many, so many, in fact, that the house was crowded, and the old woman almost smothered. Thereupon the women said, “Sh!” thus driving out part of the foxes. The rest they killed and ate. The foxes thereafter did not come in again.

* * *

Aningan drove down to earth and brought back a woman, whom he put into his house. He cut or stabbed the soles of her feet, so that she could not leave him. Aqong (his wife) desired Aningan, and panted, “ax, ax.” He, however, did not desire her, and threw her away from him toward the window (that is, off the bed). He forbade the woman he had brought to look into another house. She, however, disobeyed him, and in consequence the side of her face was burnt. She looked down from the sky, and saw a poor little boy in ragged clothes wandering about, unable to find his mother, and she wept to see him. [The whole tale seems mangled.]


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Qauaxsaqssuq

Qauaxsaqssuq, a mistreated boy with a small stature but immense strength, endured harsh conditions and cruelty. Despite his hardships, he became a revered and feared shaman. His strength was legendary—killing three bears with ease. Yet, his life ended tragically when enemies sabotaged his kayak, causing him to drown. His story reflects resilience, power, and the vulnerability of even the strongest against treachery.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Qauaxsaqssuq evolves from a mistreated boy into a revered and feared shaman, showcasing a profound personal change.

Revenge and Justice: After enduring cruelty, Qauaxsaqssuq demonstrates his immense strength, leading to a shift in how others perceive and treat him, reflecting elements of retribution and the restoration of order.

Tragic Flaw: Despite his strength, Qauaxsaqssuq’s trust or perhaps oversight leads to his demise when enemies sabotage his kayak, highlighting a vulnerability that results in his tragic end.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


In Greenland: Kagsagsuk, Kausaksuk, Kausaksuk
In Labrador: Kaujakjuk
In Baffin Land: Qaudjaqdjuq

Qauaxsaqssuq was a boy that was maltreated by all. In the daytime his mother hid him in the beds, but at night she had to take him out. Then he slept either in the doorway or on the roof, over the lamp-hole, in order to get at least a little warmth.

He was generally lifted and carried by the nostrils, the crooked fingers being inserted in them. He always remained small, but his feet grew very large. He was a great angakoq (shaman), and was very strong. Finally he grew tired of the bad treatment he received, and showed his strength, after which, though he never killed any one, he was much dreaded and feared.

Once he was indoors, lying on the bed without any boots on, when a man arrived inquiring for him. “Qauaxsaqssuq has gone into the house over there, and is inside,” he was told.

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Then the man called to Qauaxsaqssuq from outdoors, “Qauaxsaqssuq! Three large bears have come over from the land, and are now on the ice. Come out!” “Yes,” said Qauaxsaqssuq, and hastened to dress and put on his boots. Then he came out and saw the three bears. Holding only a knife in his hand, he ran after them. He had no dogs to harry the bears and bring them to bay, but he soon caught up with them. He first seized the old one and twisted off its head, so that it was immediately dead. Then he took the cubs and knocked their heads together, and twisted their necks until they were dead. Then he took them up, the old one on one side, the cubs on the other, and carried them home. He brought the three bears to the assembled people, who proceeded to cut them up, put them in pots, cook them, and eat them.

Qauaxsaqssuq was immensely strong, and what was heavy for others was very light for him. In spite of his small size, he could easily lift the largest rocks. He had enemies, who however were afraid to do anything against him openly. So once, when he went away to Qavanganiq, where he had a kayak, they secretly cut a hole in the skin-covering of his kayak. When Qauaxsaqssuq got into his boat, and out into the water, the boat began to fill with water, and thus it was that Qauaxsaqssuq drowned.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Igimassuxssuq

Igimassuxssuq, a giant man from Cape Parry, was notorious for killing and eating people. Fearing him, his wife fled to Saunders Island, but he pursued her. Despite his size, he squeezed into a house where villagers confronted him. Denying his deeds, he was bound by his wife, who, urged by the villagers, killed him with a knife, ending his reign of terror.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Igimassuxssuq is depicted as a giant, a being of extraordinary size and strength, which sets him apart from ordinary humans and aligns with the theme of encounters with supernatural entities.

Conflict with Nature: The narrative unfolds in the harsh Arctic environment, where survival is a constant challenge. Igimassuxssuq’s journey over the ice to pursue his wife highlights the struggle against natural elements inherent in Inuit life.

Revenge and Justice: The villagers, along with Igimassuxssuq’s wife, take decisive action to end his reign of terror. Their collective effort to bind and kill him serves as a form of communal justice, restoring peace to their society.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Labrador and Greenland story

Igimassuxssuq, or Igimarassuxssuq, was a very large man, who lived at Oangaxssut (Cape Parry), and killed and ate people. His wife became afraid, and weeping ran away to Akpan (Saunders Island). He followed her, going over the ice, until he also reached the house. “Let me come into the house,” he said. The door of the house was small, and Igimassuxssuq was a large man, but at last he managed to squeeze into the house. When the people asked him where those were whom he had eaten, he said, “Some one else has eaten them.” Then his wife tied his hands with thongs, and the people said: “Let his wife stab him with a knife.” Then his wife stabbed and killed him.

It is also said that another man later strangled her, and slashed her open in front.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Kiviung

The Inuit myth of Uxssung and Kiviuk tells of a boy who transforms into a groundseal, evading hunters and causing their demise, sparing only the kind-hearted Kiviuk. Kiviuk travels to a distant land, encountering challenges, women, and a foe who fails to harm him. Later, as an angakoq (shaman), Kiviuk follows a woman across the ice, catching narwhals before reuniting with his wife.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Uxssung’s metamorphosis into a ground seal illustrates physical change.

Divine Intervention: Uxssung’s actions, leading to the demise of hunters and sparing Kiviuk, suggest influence beyond mortal means.

Quest: Kiviuk’s journey to distant lands, facing challenges and encounters, embodies the pursuit of a significant goal.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


A complete tale about Kiviung is found in Greenland and in Baffin Land. The first portion also occurs in Labrador and Angmagsalik.

A woman put a boy on the water, and he floated away, sinking and rising. Each time that he came up he looked more like a groundseal, until the people who were looking for him could not distinguish him from one. His name was Uxssung (ground-seal). The men pursued him in their kayaks, but he caused them all to drown. He saved only one, who had been good to him, whose name was Kiviuk. Kiviuk came to a far distant land, where he met two women, with whom he stayed. A large man tried to shoot him with his bow, but was unable to.

* * *

Kiviung was going far away, paddling in his kayak. He was following a woman traveling on the ice. Far away Kiviung followed her, because he was an angakoq and knew everything.

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Finally, far away at Tinussaving, he caught and cut up many narwhals. Then Kiviung, still paddling after her, at last caught up with her. Then he cohabited with her. Then Kiviung went back to his wife, going in his kayak. When he reached her, Kiviung said: “There! Where is it? I see her in Tinussaving. There she lives and cuts up many narwhals, and lives on them.”


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page