“Kugan Agalik”, the Appearance of the Devils

The Aleuts performed Kugan Agalik, a secretive play orchestrated by men to instill obedience and faithfulness in women. Disguised as devils, men staged terrifying abductions, culminating in dramatic rescues and symbolic sacrifices. This elaborate deception reinforced fear and submission, rooted in spiritual beliefs. The secrets, revealed only with Christianity’s arrival, highlight the manipulation of tradition to enforce social control.

Source
The Songs and Stories of the Aleuts
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 20, No. 77, Apr. – Jun., 1907


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: Men deceive women by pretending to be devils, manipulating them into submission.

Ritual and Initiation: The play serves as a ritualistic method to enforce societal norms and initiate women into expected behaviors.

Illusion vs. Reality: The women are led to believe in the real presence of devils, blurring the lines between illusion and reality.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Translated from Veniaminov

The primitive Aleuts had a very effectual way of impressing on their wives the benefits of obedience and faithfulness, and training their daughters in the virtues and proper ways of life. They accomplished these objects by means of a play, which was unlike any of their other plays, or a shaman play. It was known as “Kugan Agalik (“the appearance of the devils”). The mysteries of the play were known to the men only, who, under the penalty of death, guarded them secretly, and were not allowed to disclose them to their wives, mothers, or sweethearts. A traitor had to suffer violent death, and that inflicted by his nearest blood relative. When of age the young men were initiated into its mysteries either by their fathers or uncles.

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It was not until the advent of Christianity that the women discovered how badly imposed upon they had been.

The play was performed in the following manner:

When the Aleuts decided or saw the need of performing it, they, in good time, assigned to all and each parts and places of action. On the morning of the day when the play was to be given, a part of the men, assigned to play the role of the devils, left the village for a couple of days or more, pretending they were going hunting; and those who remained at home when it was getting late, became all of a sudden restless, frightened, watchful, making believe that they had a foreboding of a calamity near at hand. In this way the men frightened the women, who were not permitted to leave the barrabara lest some harm befall them.

Shortly after the first fright and while in this condition, a loud and unusual noise outside was heard; and one of the brave men was sent out to investigate. He had not been out more than a moment before he came running back in great terror and consternation, saying: “The devils will soon appear.” He had scarcely done, when from all sides outside there arose terrible knockings and noises, so that it seemed the barrabara would crumble to pieces, and in addition to this there were ravings and awful shrieks in a strange voice. Then all the men of the barrabara would gather and place themselves in a defensive position, and cry to each other: “Stand up to it; be firm; don’t give up.” While in this mental state, the terrible devil, so tall that he could barely stand up in the barrabara, and dressed in a grassy suit, came in view and with dreadful roaring and whistling dropped into the barrabara through the opening in the ceiling. “Quickly put out the light!” all the men yelled, and that done the shrieking, whistling, howling, knocking, and all the other frightful noises increased. The devil was surrounded and attacked. “Wrestle; beat him; drive him out!” the chief shouted to his men. With each order the tumult swelled; in addition, [all sorts of] cracking, breaking, groaning, in fact – all conceivable noises filled the air. This fight and excitement lasted for a time, until the devil was overpowered and driven out, followed by the men yelling and screaming, but gradually the noise subsided, and then ceased altogether. A little later the devil-drivers returned to the barrabara, and after lighting the fires, looked about to see if any of their own men were hurt or missing, and nearly always there was somebody missing. On discovering this fact a new uproar arose: “Quickly get a woman for an offering, for a ransom for the kidnapped one!” and seizing the woman decided upon previously, and who was in a semi-conscious or unconscious state, [went] out with her. After a little time the men returned, carrying the missing man, who was apparently dead; the woman was also brought back with honor. Then followed the resurrection of the dead man, effected by beating him with inflated bladder, and calling to him to “Arise you are now with us.” Little by little he would become conscious again. His relatives, then, give him to the [shaman] who redeemed him from the devil with her person. With this, the performance ended.

A few days later returned the departed hunters, who were informed of the devil’s appearance, of the man’s abduction and his redemption.

The hunters listened to it with unusual attention and fright. As the belief of the Aleuts was wrapped up in spirits and devils, it is not to be wondered that the women were in constant dread of them, and on that account were more obedient and faithful than they would have been otherwise.


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The Woman with One Eye

An Aleut hunter vanished, leaving his two wives in despair. A bird revealed his survival with a new partner, a grotesque one-eyed woman. The wives confronted and killed her, then discovered their husband. Enraged by his betrayal, they drowned him despite his pleas for reconciliation. This cautionary tale warns against deceit and neglect in relationships, emphasizing justice over betrayal.

Source
Eskimo and Aleut Stories from Alaska
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 22, No. 83, Jan. – Mar., 1909


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The hunter’s abandonment of his two wives for another woman exemplifies betrayal within a relationship.

Revenge and Justice: The wives’ actions in confronting and ultimately killing both the one-eyed woman and their unfaithful husband highlight themes of retribution and the pursuit of justice for personal wrongs.

Cunning and Deception: The hunter deceives his wives by feigning disappearance or death, while the wives employ cunning to discover his whereabouts and exact their revenge.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Unga story

An Aleut with his two wives lived in a bay far from other people. Each day the man would go out in his one-hatch bidarka to hunt, leaving the women at their work, and in the evening they would all meet again. One day he departed as usual, but did not return in the evening, and many weeks passed before anything was heard about him. Food and wood were giving out, and the poor women did not know what to do. Worry and anxiety about the fate of their husband made them old and ill; and the only thing that kept them alive was hope, for they could not believe that he was dead. From an eminence near the hut they daily took turns watching for his coming. While one of the women was thus occupied, a bird alighted on an alder-bush, and said:

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“Chick, chickee, chick! Your husband is not drowned. He lives. By yonder point there is a beach, near there a hillock, close to that a barabara in which there is a woman with whom your husband is at present living. Chick, chickee, chick!”

The frightened woman ran quickly to the hut to tell her partner in desertion the news, but the latter would not believe it.

The following day the two went together, and while they sat there the little bird came; and this is what it sang, “Chick, chickee, chick! Your (plural) husband is not dead. He lives. Around the point is a beach, close to it a little hill, alongside of it a barabara in which there is a woman with whom your husband lives. Chick, chickee, chick!” Having said this, it flew away.

Both women felt that the bird had told them the truth, and they decided to find their husband. For several days they walked before they rounded the point where they saw the beach, the hillock, the barabara, and in the distance, out in the bay, a man fishing. They neared the hut very quietly, and, on peeping through a hole, were startled to see an old woman who had in the middle of her forehead one eye very much diseased, giving her a very ugly appearance. One-Eye somehow became aware of the presence of people outside, and called out, “Come in, come in !” The visitors entered and sat down near the fire, over which was boiling a pot of soup, of which they were asked to help themselves. But as no clam-shells with which to dip were offered them, they could not eat. One of the visitors then asked One-Eye who the person was in the bidarka fishing. She replied that it was not a bidarka at all, but a rock which at low tide seemed like a man fishing from a bidarka. She again invited her guests to eat, but they told her that they could not without spoons (clam-shells). The hostess tried to show her visitors how to eat without spoons by bending her head over the pot; but before she finished her illustration, the two women jumped on her and shoved her face into the soup until she was dead. Dressing her in her parka (fur cloak), and taking her to a conspicuous place on the beach, they propped her up into a natural position and left her there.

Towards evening the fisherman pulled for the shore, and, as he came close to the beach, the two women in hiding recognized their long-lost husband. He got out of the boat and went towards One-Eye, and, holding before him a fish, said, *’ Whenever you love me, you come to the beach to greet me.” But as he received no answer, he came to her and put his arms around her, which caused them both to fall over. While he was in this attitude, his two wives jumped out and appeared before him. On seeing them, he made a dash for his boat. They followed, and came up with him just as he was about to paddle away. One seized the bidarka. and the other grabbed the paddle, and said to him, “We thought that you were dead, and we mourned and suffered, while you were here all the time. Now we are going to kill you.” — “Don’t kill me! I will go home with you, and we will live as formerly.” — “No, no! We will kill you.”

Saying this, they pushed the bidarka out until the water reached their necks, and there turned it over and drowned their faithless and cowardly husband.


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A Story for Husbands

An Aleut man, passionate about hosting a grand play, was betrayed when his guests abandoned him, taking his wife. Stricken with shame, he sought her, finding her remarried in another village. He publicly humiliated and punished her, later reconciling but abandoning his carefree ways. This cautionary tale warns against neglecting responsibility in relationships and misplacing blame for infidelity.

Source
The Songs and Stories of the Aleuts
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 20, No. 77, Apr. – Jun., 1907


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The protagonist’s wife abandons him during his grand play, leading to feelings of betrayal.

Revenge and Justice: Upon discovering his wife’s infidelity, the man seeks her out, publicly humiliates, and punishes her, believing he is administering justice.

Tragic Flaw: The man’s excessive passion for hosting plays leads to his neglect of personal relationships, resulting in his wife’s departure.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


There was a certain merry Aleut, who was exceedingly fond of plays (evening gatherings, the usual time and ways of amusing themselves); and when present at such, would masquerade in various masks and dance. One time he decided to give a play (party) such as would astonish and arouse the envy of all. The preparations for this occasion were especially tiresome and of long duration, and when everything was ready he went to the different villages to invite guests. When the guests arrived they, as customary, encamped on the beach in their traveling tents.

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The impatient host could hardly wait till evening, and at the proper time he sent his wife to bring the masks, while he commenced singing the songs which he had composed for this special occasion, and playing on the drum.

It was already late, and still his guests did not come, neither did his wife bring the masks. He waited awhile, and then began singing and playing as before. In this manner he, being heated and in an ecstatic state, sang and played the whole night, entirely by himself. As it began to dawn, he came to himself and realized the situation; and a little later went out in the street, and what does he see? His guests had all gone home; and to his great shame they added the greatest insult in taking his young wife with them. The unfortunate play-lover tore off all the clothes and ornaments which he had on, put on shabby clothing, and for three days he neither ate nor drank. On the third day he was told that two bidarkas came from that village from whence his former guests were. He requested that the new-comers be invited to his house, and after seating them gave orders that they be treated with the best he had. When they commenced eating, he too began eating and drinking. While eating, he told them of his misfortune and grief, and then asked them whether they knew or had heard where they had taken his wife, and to which village. His guests told him that his wife was in their village, and was already married, living in the largest barrabara, situated in the very centre of the village, dressed always in her gala parka, and always painted; and in the middle of each day she sat near the fire sewing for her new husband a kamalayka from sea-lion’s intestines. After thanking his guests for the information he dismissed them.

The following day he went to the village where his wife was, and found her in the very place and situation as his late guests had described to him. At that time all the men from the village were out hunting. He then, not saying a word, seized his wife by her long hair, dragged her outside, tore off her holiday attire, leaving her naked, and in this condition dragged and placed her in his bidarka. Bringing her home, he tied her outside the barrabara, at the entrance, and left her there in the same state (naked). In this condition and position he kept her three days, then pulled her inside and shut her in, in some kind of a storeroom for seven days, and still in the same state, while he himself sat near the entrance. There he sat for seven days without eating and drinking, neither did he appease the hunger and thirst of his wife. At the expiration of that time he went to sea to hunt, but before going he told his mother that in his absence she should wash his wife, dress, and feed her. Returning from the hunt in the evening, he went to his house and met his wife with such a face and expression as if nothing at all had happened, and began to live with her in peace and harmony, as formerly; but his passion for play turned to hate, and he became more careful and thoughtful on account of his wife.

This story is composed for the benefit of those who, being themselves cause of the disobedience and unfaithfulness of their wives, throw the blame on them.


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Chief Agitaligak

Agitaligak, a mighty Aleutian chief, sought glory but ignited tragedy. Leading an expedition east, his people settled two villages with a strict pact. Violations sparked vengeance, leading to his son’s death. Agitaligak retaliated, annihilating relatives but plunging into grief. Abandoning his conquests, he returned home in despair, his quest for fame leaving only sorrow and the ruin of his people.

Source
The Songs and Stories of the Aleuts
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 20, No. 77, Apr. – Jun., 1907


► Themes of the story

Quest: Chief Agitaligak embarks on an expedition to foreign shores, aiming to achieve glory and expand his people’s territory.

Revenge and Justice: Following the violation of a pact and the subsequent killing of his son, Agitaligak seeks vengeance against those responsible, leading to further bloodshed.

Tragic Flaw: Agitaligak’s ambition and desire for glory result in decisions that ultimately bring about personal and communal tragedy.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


One of the mightiest and best known of the Aleutian ancestors by the name of Agitaligak, chief in the village Adus, situated on Unmak Island, tired of the ordinary affairs in his life, which he could carry on near his place and among his people, decided to crown himself and his people with glory by doing some memorable and glorious deed on foreign shores.

Having before him this high aim, he did not disclose his plans until winter, when he asked his hunters to join in the enterprise; and, as he was famous and mighty, a great number of warriors gathered about him.

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At a favorable time, taking their wives and children, they started on their journey towards the east in bidarras (large skin boats). While passing by Unalaska Island, a number of others joined in with them, also far-off relatives of the leader. Towards the end, Chief Agitaligak had the pleasure of seeing himself the leader and head of a large army of warriors and a great fleet, with which he proceeded from Unalaska, keeping along the eastern coast of the Alaskan Peninsula.

Before reaching the island of Kadiak, Agitaligak discovered two large bays, called in his language Kigagik Madgik, and Tugin […], which bays the chief thought favorably situated for villages, and therefore decided to remain there permanently; and, dividing his army in two parts, he designated a bay for each. The newcomers started to built two large villages (the westerly one being the home of Agitaligak) and, finding sufficient means for their maintenance, lived in peace and began to increase. Their occupation consisted mainly in hunting sea and land animals. The two villages had a compact between themselves, the violation of which was punishable by death, that, under no circumstances, except as guests, should the people of one village go to the other. Three years they lived in this manner, never going very far from their homes, and never being attacked nor meeting any unpleasantness from outsiders.

After three years, it happened that the settlers of the eastern village sent two bidarras, with the full number of paddlers, to gather wood within the boundary of the western village (wood could have been got elsewhere), which was the special property of their chief, where he had gathered much wood. These, by coming here, broke the compact and oath with their neighbors (which forbade going on each other’s side), but not only that, they even took the ready-cut wood and cut it to fit their boats; and only because darkness was approaching they decided to remain all night. Not expecting an attack from strangers, nor from their neighbors, who were their relatives, they took no precaution for the night.

Agitaligak, somehow finding out that strangers were in his possessions, sent messengers to learn what they were doing; they came back and reported that the wood, which, according to his orders, had been gathered and prepared, was all cut up and ready to be carried away in strange bidarras. He sent immediately a part of his warriors and ordered them to punish with death the breakers of the oath and thieves. They obeyed his orders, and left not a single man alive.

Chief Agitaligak had a son, Taiyaguch Kayulinach, who was already married, and (according to a primitive Aleutian custom) to a girl from the neighboring village; and as the girl had to stay until a certain time after marriage at the home of her father, and the time to move over to her husband’s home had not yet arrived, Kayulinach could, and when he felt like it did, visit his young wife, and often spent several days with her.

Soon after the above-mentioned happening in the woods, Kayulinach asked his father for permission to go, as formerly, and visit his wife, who was about to make him a father (this event would strengthen the marriage bond and give him the right to take her home). His father, knowing that his action towards his neighbors could not remain unrevenged, would not consent for a long time to his going, fearing that their revenge would be spent on him, his only heir. Finally, unable to withstand the pleadings of his beloved son, Agitaligak let him go, but on the condition that he should return, without fail, within ten days. Should he not return to him within that time, Agitaligak would consider him as dead, killed to avenge his deed.

Kayulinach alone departed immediately. On coming to the village where his wife lived he was met, not as before by all or at least a great part of the village, but by his wife’s three brothers, who informed him that his father’s doings were well known to the people, who were already planning how and by what means to repay him; and they advised him that, if cither to-day or to-morrow he should be called to a public meeting, he should refuse to go; otherwise he could not avoid being killed. Kayulinach did not altogether appreciate their words of warning and advice ; his mind was elsewhere, with his beloved wife who had just given birth to a son (his heir), to whom he hurried. She also told him of the present state of feeling in the village, and begged him not to go; he, however, neglected her advice, thinking that no one would dare to harm him, the son of the mightiest and most renowned chief; and also because he was related to nearly every one in the village through his mother and his wife; but it all ended differently from what he had expected.

The day after Kayulinach came to the village he was invited, as anticipated, to the council, which was held in the open air outside of the village. He, receiving such an invitation, dressed himself without delay in his best parka and hat, etc., and, turning aside from the tearful pleadings of his wife, went where he was called. Coming out of the house into the open air, he stopped, and, turning his eyes in all directions, said: “This world will never darken, and it will never end; this wind will never altogether cease blowing and affect fiercely man and beast: (then looking on the hills and mountains) and also the high beautiful earth will never change; but to all people and all other living creatures will come an end, and all will die; and I too will some day die, and why should I now fear a glorious death!”

Saying this, he went directly to the meeting place, and on reaching there walked right into the midst of them, and sat down in the centre. He was silent for a while, and seeing that no attempt was being made to question him, nor to greet him, he said to them: “Here, I have come to you; why did you call me?”

“We knew,” they said, “that on account of your wife you would come to us; we expected and invited you here for no other purpose than to find out from you about the two bidarras which went from here to your side; have you not heard concerning them? did not one of your people happen to see where they went? If they are yet alive, they should have returned long ago; they had no danger to expect from any one on that side; for it is peopled by you, our relatives. Therefore, tell us the truth, everything that you know concerning them.”

“Yes,” he replied, “I saw your bidarras with the men, and I know what became of them; but you will be dishonored if you revenge so many warriors on me, a poor boy.”

“We neither intend to revenge them on you, nor to harm you; tell us right out whether you saw them killed; tell us the truth.”

He answered them as before. Then all present became angry and ferocious; and one of them, who was formerly a slave of Kayulinach’s father, said: “What is the use of talking with him. and sparing him in your sorrow ? See, he is only making fun of us; we ought to do some thing to him.”

When the slave had spoken, one of Kayulinach’s uncles said to the council, “Do with him what you like.” They all agreed then that he ought to be killed. Every one of the warriors wished for the privilege of executing the sentence, singly and without aid; because Kayulinach (as his name signifies) was a very powerful man, and to kill such a hero was a glorious deed. But they who desired that privilege paid dearly for it. The first rash man did not even come near Kayulinach; for he seized him, lifted him up in the air, twisted his head off, and cast him away. Seven others of his enemies and opponents, each stronger than the former one, shared the same fate. The Aleuts, seeing that if they permitted him to meet them singly he would twist off the head of every one of them, attacked him in a body with their spears; and the slave who first suggested that Kayulinach be killed was the first to thrust a spear through his heart, killing him.

Then the nearest relatives of the dead, i. e. his uncles and cousins, with weeping, took his corpse, and making a rich cradle (a skin-covered frame on which the dead were suspended), trimmed it with various trimmings, put him into it, and hung it under a bidarra. Kayulinach’s wife wept inconsolably for him.

When the ten days within which Kayulinach had promised to return had passed, and he did not appear, his father immediately went in search of him to the village where he had gone. He arrived there in the night, and went to the house of his daughter-in-law, who in the darkness of the night sat and wept bitterly. Chief Agitaligak knew then that the weeping woman was his son’s wife, and, going up to her, began in a low voice to question her: “Is your husband, Taiyaguch Kayulinach, dead?”

She, hearing such a question, and from a stranger, replied: “Did you come to laugh at me, and to add grief to my affliction; did you not see what happened to my husband to-day; were you not then with them?”

“Be quiet, speak low; I am the father of your husband; I came to inquire whether he is yet alive; come show me where the body of my son is.”

The woman led him there where the body of her husband hung; and they both cried there a long time. Finally Agitaligak said to her: “Tell no one that I have been here; I will soon come again and avenge the death of my son with the blood of my relatives.”

Saying this, he directly departed. Arriving home the following morning, he called his nephew (his sister’s son) and all his other people, and sat him (nephew) in front of himself face to face, so near, that when he (Agitaligak) began to speak his saliva flew into the other’s face; and in a very revengeful and savage voice began speaking to him: “Algichtayach! (the name of the nephew) you arc a hunter, eager for war and thirsty for human blood. I have restrained you until now the present time; but now I give you full liberty; revenge the death of your cousin. Your brother and my son was killed in the village of his relatives; prepare yourself to wage war against our own people.” When he had finished, he gave orders to arm and be ready so soon as possible to start on the expedition.

His orders were obeyed, and the frenzied father advanced with his army without delay ; and coming to the village at night, fell on his enemies and relatives, who were not expecting him, attacked them in their barrabaras, and from this large village not a soul was left alive except his daughter-in-law and grandson, whom he took away with him, also the corpse of his son, and returned home.

Arriving home, he made a memorial feast in memory of his son; i. e. he ordered to place before the people all the eatables he had, and all who lived in the village came and ate all they wanted; and the father wept for his son. This memorial feast continued three days, then the chief gave orders that the body should be hung in his house in the same cradle in which he had lain at first; and he requested all the people that from this time forth they should neither beat the drum nor rejoice, in deference of his inconsolable grief. Neither time, nor hunting, nor tears, nor any diversion could lessen or lighten his bitter sorrow. Thinking he would find solace in killing his slaves, he ordered a big fire to be made, and when it was flaming he commenced to throw them in. But this expedient brought him no relief.

At last he decided to depart from his village, and with it leave his cherished aims and plans, i. e. to gain glory on foreign shores, and return to his native land; and the following summer he gathered all his surviving relatives, who were under him, and went back over the same course and to the same place from whence he started on his famous expedition, leaving behind all his valuables, houses, etc.

When he came home, he wept and grieved even more than before, both on account of his affliction and failure.

So, then, instead of achieving a memorable and famous deed and glorifying himself and his people, he only weakened himself, nearly all of his people being dead; and in place of honor and joy, he brought shame, sadness, grief, and tears, which did not leave him until his very end.


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The Brother and Sister Who Became Hair-Seals

In a family of twelve brothers and one sister, the sister discovers her secret nightly visitor is her eldest brother. Marking him with red paint and wounding him, she exposes his transgression. The siblings, shamed, leave their family and throw themselves from a bluff. Transformed by their act, they reappear in the sea as hair-seals, their story echoing in nature.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The siblings undergo a physical change, turning into hair-seals after their leap from the bluff.

Forbidden Knowledge: The sister’s pursuit of the truth about her nocturnal visitor leads to the revelation of a hidden and taboo reality.

Divine Punishment: The siblings’ transformation into hair-seals can be interpreted as a form of retribution for their transgressions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleu people


This story was told me by the chief of Unga Island.

In a certain family there were twelve brothers and one sister. She lived in a hut away from the rest of the family. There were no other men living in the neighborhood, and so she was somewhat surprised when some man came to see her at night. She did not know who it was, but suspected that it was one of her brothers, and in order to find out which one of them it was, she prepared some red paint, and when the man was about to leave she dipped her hands into the paint and put them on his shoulders. The next day, as all her brothers were outside playing, she went among them and detected marks of paint on the shoulders of the oldest. Going back to her barrabara, she sharpened her knife and placed it alongside of her.

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That night, as usual, the man came and slept with her, but as he started to leave she threw her knife at him and cut the sinews of one of his legs. The following morning she went about her work as customary, when some one came to announce that her oldest brother was sick, the sinews of one of his legs being cut.

She went to him, got him out of bed, and set off with him. Their mother, learning the state of affairs, said, “We reared them that they might be a help to us and work for us; but now they have gone and ruined themselves.” The two went a long distance until they arrived at the bluff, over which they threw themselves, and a short time after they appeared as hair-seals.


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A Sea-Otter Story

A man discovers his wife and nephew’s betrayal. In a fit of rage, he kills the boy, giving his head to the woman. Keeping her vow to die with the boy, she flees to a seaside bluff and leaps into the water, transforming into a sea otter. The man watches in despair as two sea otters emerge, leaving him alone.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The narrative centers on a man’s discovery of his wife and nephew’s betrayal, leading to tragic consequences.

Revenge and Justice: The man’s act of killing his nephew serves as retribution for the betrayal he suffered.

Tragic Love: The wife’s commitment to die with the nephew highlights a sorrowful and doomed aspect of love.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


This story differs but little from the one before it, and was told me by an old Aleut of Belkofsky (Alaska Peninsula). I give all the versions I have of this same story in order to show how it differs from village to village.

In a certain place there lived a man with his wife and nephew. One day the man went away, and on his return learned that the two had dishonored him during his absence. When he went away a second time the woman said to the boy, “I will die when you die.” On his return the man noticed a number of sticks (used as tools) and asked his wife, “Who made these for you?” “Your nephew,” she replied, “made them.” Observing some wooden clamps, he inquired once more, “Who made these for you?” Again she answered, “Your nephew made them.” Then the man began to prepare some roots for eating, and when he had finished he called to his wife and nephew to eat. The boy tried to eat the food, of which he was generally fond, but somehow he could not swallow it. This was so funny that it made the man and woman laugh. The man then upbraided the boy and his wife with their criminal conduct, and ended by cutting the boy’s head off and giving it to the woman.

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She turned to it and said, “I promised that I would die with you and I will.” Putting on her parka, she took the head and started for the bluff close to the sea. The husband, seeing the way she was going, started in pursuit, but she was already on the summit before he could come up to her.

She waited until he was quite close and then turned to the head and repeated, “I said I would die with you and I will.” This said, she threw herself off the bluff and disappeared in the water. The man stood there watching, and very soon he saw emerging two sea-otters who went out to sea.


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The Man and Woman Who Became Sea-Otters

A jealous husband invites his wife’s brother to a feast, secretly planning his murder. Despite knowing his intent, fear silences her. After the gruesome act, she mourns, fleeing with her brother’s head to a cliff where she transforms into a sea otter. Grieving and guilt-ridden, the husband drowns himself, ending their tragic tale of love, betrayal, and despair.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The husband’s jealousy leads to the betrayal and murder of his brother-in-law, causing profound grief for his wife.

Tragic Love: The wife’s love for her brother and the ensuing events culminate in tragedy for both her and her husband.

Family Dynamics: The complex relationships within the family, including jealousy and loyalty, drive the narrative.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


This is also an Attu story told to me by Mrs. Anderson. With some few changes it is told everywhere among the Aleuts, and runs as follows:

Once upon a time there lived in a certain village a married couple; and one day the husband told the wife, “We are going to make a feast, and we are going to invite your brother-in-law. Go and gather some herbs and roots, and then go to the beach and bring some moss from the rocks.” He himself went to get some seals or ducks. On his return he busied himself preparing the dishes.

This done, he sharpened his knives, and commanded his wife to call the expected guest. She knew that her husband was jealous of her brother-in-law and planned to kill him, but was forbidden by her husband to say anything to him about it. She went and called him; and as they were coming toward the house she, walking behind, thought continually of the fate that was awaiting him, yet fear of her husband prevented her from saying anything.

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When they came into the house she looked at the two men and saw how much the handsomer of the two the brother-in-law was. The husband turned to the invited guest, and said: “I prepared a feast for you; I have planned it for many years. Come and eat with me.”

They sat down on the floor, having the food before them in a hollowed rock. In the mean time the woman was outside, weeping because the man she loved more than her husband was about to be killed. The meal started off pleasantly, but the husband was watching his chance, and once when the brother-in-law had an unusually full mouth and could not defend himself he jumped on him, seized him by the throat, cut his head off, and said: “Now you have your feast.”

This done he left the house and sat down among the rocks, waiting to see what his wife would do. She went in and picked up the head, washed it, put it into an intestine bag finely trimmed with sea-otter fur, and, after observing the whereabouts of her husband, started off with it towards the cliff near the house. She went quite a distance before her husband noticed her and started in pursuit, calling to her, “Where are you going?” She answered: “You will see which way I am going; you killed him and you will never see me again.” As he increased his speed she began to run until she reached the top of the cliff, from which she threw herself into the water below. The husband arrived just in time to see her disappear. He stood there watching the spot, believing her drowned; but to his great surprise there emerged two sea-otters, and one went west while the other went east. He went back to the house, where he took his hunting gear and his bidarka and said, “I will end their lives and mine too.” Saying this he launched his skin boat, got into it, and paddled away from the shore, while singing to himself:

“I will end their life,
And I will end mine.
I hear the birds singing
That sing in the spring-time,
So I am going,” etc.

And he upset his bidarka and drowned himself.


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The Woman Who Was Fond of Intestines

An Aleut man’s wife discovers his horrific secret: he slaughters her relatives and brings their intestines home to share with the village. Fleeing in horror, she raises her son in exile. The boy grows up, learns the truth, and plots revenge. With his mother’s help, he lures his father and companions to their doom, ultimately avenging his family and restoring justice.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The wife’s discovery of her husband’s infidelity and his gruesome actions against her relatives underscores themes of trust and treachery.

Revenge and Justice: The son, upon learning of his father’s atrocities, orchestrates a plan to avenge his family, aiming to restore moral balance.

Transformation: The emotional and psychological transformations of the characters, especially the son’s journey from innocence to a vengeful figure, are central to the story.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Once there lived an Aleut with his wife and little boy. The wife was very fond of intestines, and early each morning the husband would go out in his bidarka hunting, and return in the evening with a boat full of intestines which he gave to his wife, telling her to keep what she wanted for herself, and distribute the rest among her neighbors.

The wife was somewhat puzzled by the husband’s actions; she could not understand why he went so early in the morning, where he got so many intestines, or his reasons for wishing to have them distributed among the villagers.

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She, of course, did not know that her husband had a mistress in the village whom he went to see while his wife was asleep, and that he desired the intestines distributed in order that his wife’s rival might have a share.

All of a sudden, without explanations, the man ceased going out early, and when he did go, he came back but lightly loaded. This did not in the least clear up the mystery to the wife. But one day, when he had gone somewhat later than usually, his mistress called on his wife, whom she found busy sewing a kamalayka out of the intestines her husband brought. The two got into a conversation, and, among other questions, the mistress asked:

“Does your husband love you?” — “Yes.”
“Do you love him?” — “Yes.”
“Do you know where he gets all the intestines?” — “No.”
“Can you guess why he has them distributed over the village?” — “No.”

“I will tell you,” said the mistress, “but you must not tell him I told you. Every day your husband goes to the village where your parents and relatives live and where you lived before your marriage, and kills the people there and brings their intestines to you. Yesterday there were but five people remaining in the village : your mother, your two sisters, and two brothers. He killed your mother and sisters yesterday, and to-day he went to bring the intestines of your brothers. He is in love with another woman of this village, whom he visits nightly when you have fallen asleep.”

With this parting shot she left the house, leaving the poor wife weeping so bitterly that the kamalayka was hot from her tears. For the rest of the day she did not stir from the house, but sat lamenting and sewing. Towards evening her little boy rushed in announcing the approach of his father, which she generally anticipated with pleasure, and always went down to the beach to meet him; but this time she neither answered nor made the least motion. A few minutes later the little son came again saying, “Father is here,” but all the reply he got was a new outburst of weeping.

Missing the usual meeting and greeting of his wife, the father asked the little boy where his mother was, and when told of the state she was in, he hastened to the house, where he found her on the floor shedding bitter tears and sewing the kamalayka.

“Why do you weep? has some one offended you?” — “No one has offended me.”
“Why then this lamentation?” — “I was thinking of my mother, sisters, and brothers, and my other relatives in my native village, and I wondered how they were getting along, and this made me weep.”

He did not attempt to cheer her, but after a pause he said, “I did not kill many animals to-day — two only.” This enraged her so that she jumped up from the floor, picked up the little boy, who was near her, and threw him at him, saying, “If my two brothers do not satisfy you, take him also.” The boy’s forehead came in contact with the edge of a sharp knife on the father’s breast, making quite a gash from which the blood flowed freely. This the mother noticed before escaping out of the house.

Putting aside the boy, the man made a dash for the woman, but she got out of his reach, and being the better runner of the two he did not succeed in laying hands on her. She would let him come up quite close to her, and then dash away again until he saw the hopelessness of the chase and gave it up.

In a short time the boy’s wound healed, but it left a very noticeable scar. Now that his mother was gone, his father placed him in the care of his sister, with instructions that he should under no circumstances be allowed to go very far from home. In this manner he passed a few years longer, until he became the proud possessor of a bow and arrows, with which he often amused himself. One day, while indulging in his favorite sport, he began to wonder why his father and aunt forbade his going far from the house; and the more he thought about it the more anxious did he become to go, until he finally concluded “to go just a little distance beyond that hill to see what is there.” On the way he noticed a hillock just ahead of him, at which he discharged his arrow, then ran and got it, aimed at another and another, and became so absorbed in this amusement that he did not observe how far from home it was taking him. One hillock somewhat different from the others especially attracted his attention as offering a good mark. He took aim and sent his arrow flying right into the centre of it; but what was his surprise on approaching the supposed hillock to discover that it was a barrabara, and that the arrow had gone inside through the hole in the top. When he peeped in, he was frightened at the sight of a very wild-looking woman who stared at him, and he began to cry. “Why do you cry?” the woman asked. “I want my arrow.” “Come in and get it,” the woman invited. But he was too scared to do that; he however got up courage enough to stick his foot in, hoping to draw it out that way, and he had nearly succeeded when he heard the woman move.

At this he ran away in tears. The woman called him back, saying: “Do not be afraid of me. I am your mother. It is I who threw you at your father, making the scar on your forehead. Come in, I will not harm you.” When he saw that it was really his mother, he went to her and remained with her two days. During that time she told him his father’s wicked deeds, how he mistreated and neglected her for another, and finally wrought on him so that he swore he would revenge her wrongs. She bade him go home, but attempt nothing for the present, and make no mention of what he had seen and heard.

During the boy’s absence the father was away hunting, but the aunt was quite worked up over the long absence, and ran about the fields looking for him. When he returned she asked him all sorts of questions as to his whereabouts, but all the satisfaction she got from him was that he had lost his way and could not get back. She offered him food, which he refused to touch, and finally refused to answer her when spoken to. Toward evening of the same day his father returned, and, when told that the boy would neither eat nor drink, asked what was the matter with him; but for an answer the boy turned his back on him and went to sleep. The father then inquired of the aunt whether anything unusual had occurred and whether the boy had been far from home, and to all this she replied that all during his (father’s) absence the boy’s life had gone on as ordinarily, and that he was not out of sight of the house the whole time.

As the boy grew older he avoided his father more and more, and when he reached early manhood the father lost control over him and actually feared him. One day, while the older man was away hunting, the young man took his bow and arrows, some food and water, and set out to see his mother. Before going, he told his aunt that he intended going quite a distance from home, and not to be, therefore, uneasy over his long absence. He went to the place where he had last seen his mother, and, as she was not there, he wandered on until on the following day he came in sight of some barrabaras and two men. They answered him when he spoke to them, but when he wished to enter into one of the barrabaras they barred his way. While they were thus disputing, his mother appeared on the scene and motioned to the men to let him pass. When he came inside he was greatly surprised at the quantity of furs that was lying about in great disorder, and at the abundance of meats and other eatables that he found there. He was certain he had never seen anything like it before. After eating, his mother told him to spend the night there, and in the morning take as many of the best furs as he could carry and go back to the village of his father, in order to tempt him and his relatives to come hunting in this neighborhood, which would offer an opportunity to repay him for what he had done. The boy did as he was told, took with him a heavy load of precious furs, and started back.

In his absence, the mother and the people with whom she was living made elaborate and crafty preparations for the reception of the expected guests. In the large barrabara, where the feasts and dances were always held and where visitors were generally received, quantities of oil were sprinkled about and covered up with grass. Along the walls seal-bladders full of oil were concealed, and screened with straw mats. And in this place the visitors were to be received.

The young man’s father was home on his return, and received the present of furs which his son made him with much pleasure, for the boy seemed so kindly disposed that the father hoped that his natural affection for his parent had returned. He inquired the whereabouts of the hunting grounds where the son had secured these skins, and the latter told him that it was not very far, and that it was very rich, and that he planned to go back the next day to the same place, and if he and his men cared to accompany him, he would be glad to show them the way. His offer was accepted, and the following morning a large party left the village for the hunting ground.

Some of the people of the mother’s village had been on the lookout, and when they saw the large party approaching, they changed themselves into wild beasts, — bears, wolves, foxes, etc. The hunters marked them and shot at them, but it had no other result than to drive the beasts nearer and nearer to the village. These tactics the men-beasts repeated until the hunters were decoyed into the village. Seeing so many barrabaras, the men asked the boy who the people were that lived in them. “They are friendly people,” he replied, “with whom I spent the night the last time I was in this neighborhood. To-morrow morning we will go to the other side of the village, where there is a great deal of game.” The people of the village greeted them very cordially, and assigned a place for the night to each one of them; the father and son were given the barrabara where the latter had been entertained on his previous visit. Although the mother was in the same room with them they were not aware of it, for she had concealed herself. Everywhere about them were scattered the richest furs, and the food before them was the choicest and best, and so much of it that it rather made the older man uneasy, for, though an old hunter, he had never seen anything like it before. In the evening all the people of the village, including the guests, went to the large dance-hall, where the formal reception was held and the guests entertained as was customary. One by one they descended through the hole in the roof, the only entrance there was. The interior was lighted up by two rows of stone lamps filled with oil, and grass wicks. On one side of the room sat the local men, while the visitors faced them from the other; the centre was occupied by the women, and on the two sides sat seven or eight men with drums in their hands, on which they played and accompanied their singing. They would take turns; first the local men would sing their local songs, and then the visitors sang theirs. To this music the women danced with men whom they invited from either side.

Everything moved along smoothly and joyfully until the father recognized his wife among the women. She was dancing and moving towards him. At this sight he turned pale and looked for away to get out, but the ladder had been removed. The woman moved up to him, grasped his hand, and dragged him to dance; but he resisted. The boy, who sat near, urged him and pushed him on, but all in vain. Then the woman began to sing him a song in which she went over all his misdeeds, his unfaithfulness, his cruelties, his falsehoods, as well as many of his other shortcomings, and concluded with these words, “You and your men shall never leave this place alive.” When she had said this, all the local people, including the mother and son, were turned into birds or flying insects and flew out through the hole in the roof. The visitors, unable to follow them, remained behind. On the outside grass and wood were ignited and thrown in, which set on fire the grass and oil inside. Then the smoke hole was stopped up; and in this way all those who were inside were smothered to death. A few days later the son went to his father’s village, destroying it as completely as his father had destroyed his mother’s.

He spared, however, his aunt, whom he brought back with him.


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The Sad Woman

After a brutal conflict between the Atka and Attu people, a woman from Attu survives alone for seven years, living in solitude and mourning. Her sadness ends when she laughs at the playful fight between two birds. Later, she encounters a man, leading to the eventual settlement of Atka people on Attu. This marks the origin of the island’s current inhabitants.

Source
Aleutian Stories
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 18, No. 70, Jul. – Sep., 1905


► Themes of the story

War and Peace: The narrative begins with a brutal conflict between the Atka and Attu people, highlighting the devastation of war and its impact on communities.

Community and Isolation: Following the massacre, the sole surviving woman experiences profound isolation, living alone on the island for seven years.

Loss and Renewal: The woman’s initial loss of her community is profound, but her eventual laughter and the arrival of new settlers signify a renewal of life and hope.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Both the natives of Atka and Attu tell the following story, which was related to me by Mrs. C. A. Anderson, a native of Attu.

Many, many years ago the people of Atka and Attu were continually at war with each other, frequently surprising each other with fatal results. At this particular time, the Atka warriors gathered a large fleet of bidarkas, and one dark night fell on the Attu inhabitants, of whom but three escaped, two boys and a woman. The boys were soon discovered in the cave where they were hid and killed, but the woman was not found. After the victors had departed, the woman came out, and was painfully surprised to know that she was the only human being on the island. For seven years she lived in this solitary state, and during all this time neither smiled nor laughed. She lived mostly on sea-lions and sea-otters, which she killed with clubs while they were on the rocks.

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In the eighth year her sadness came to an end in the following manner. She had as companions a young duck and seagull whom she had befriended. One day, as she was fishing along the beach, these two birds began to fight, which so amused her that she laughed out.

Not long after, some suitable driftwood came ashore, and she set about building a new home. While busily engaged with her stone hatchet in trimming a log, she thought she heard a noise behind her, and on looking around saw a man. This so frightened her that she cut off one of her fingers. A little later some more Atka people came over and settled in Attu, and they are the ancestors of the present inhabitants of that island. Another ending of this same story story is that this man and woman married, and that from them all the people of Attu are descended.


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The Sad Fate of Uchatngiak

The tale of Uchatngiak intertwines themes of curiosity, love, and transformation. Born into seclusion, Uchatngiak defies restrictions, experiencing life, love with a mystical goose-woman, and fatherhood. Betrayed by societal prejudice, his wife leaves, prompting Uchatngiak’s relentless quest for reunion. His journey unveils magical encounters and the enigmatic “Bird Heaven.” In a tragic twist, he transforms into a white whale, blending mythology with profound allegorical depth.

Source
Tales from Kodiak Island
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 16, No. 61, Apr. – Jun., 1903


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Uchatngiak undergoes a significant metamorphosis, ultimately becoming a white whale.

Quest: Uchatngiak embarks on a relentless journey to reunite with his wife and son, encountering various challenges along the way.

Tragic Flaw: Uchatngiak’s insatiable curiosity and defiance of restrictions set the stage for his eventual downfall.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


These tales were obtained by the author at Unga Island, Alaska, during a three years’ residence. They were told in the Russian language by Mrs. Reed, Nicoli Medvednikoff, Corneil Panamaroff, all natives of the island of Kodiak where they had heard them, and translated some literally, others more freely. The natives of Kodiak speak Russian almost as freely as they do their mother tongue. They call themselves “Aleuts,” and wherever that word is used, it refers to them, and not to the real Aleuts to the west. The author has but lately returned from Alaska.

It was a very large settlement, and over it presided only one chief. This chief had a son whom, from babyhood, he kept secluded in a barrabara. Two men watched continuously over him, giving him no opportunity either to go or look out. The boy, Uchatngiak, as he grew up and heard the shouts of the men who were shooting ducks in the bay with their bows and arrows, the laughter of others, playing “nabada” (a stick is set up and stones thrown at it), the cheering of still others, testing their skill of marksmanship on a piece of kelp, tried in vain to guess the reason of his seclusion. One day in early spring, being very restless and hearing more noise than usual, he decided to see what was going on outside. While one man was after fresh water, he sent the other one to fetch him some roots, and in the mean time pulled out the seal-intestine window, and looked out. A rapturous sight greeted him: the green grass, the flowers just beginning to bloom, the clear sky overhead, the young men happy and sportive, hunting and playing games; he gazed till blinded by tears, then fell on his bed, and wept.

The guards on their return, finding him in this condition, were frightened, thinking he was ill, or what was worse, perhaps he had looked out; in that case they would be severely punished.

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He would not answer their many questions at first; but when he became composed, told them everything, and ordered them to go to his father, and say to him that he desired to go and stay outside. One of the men went to the chief, and reported to him what happened and how it happened, and delivered the son’s message. The chief thought a while, and then said: “My son is now grown up, he may come and live outside.”

The chief ordered some of his servants to dress his son in a sea-otter parka and torbarsars, to spread skins on the ground for him to walk on, to place a bearskin on the roof of the barrabara for him to sit on; others of his servants he sent through the village, inviting the people to come and see his son, concerning whom they knew nothing. Uchatngiak, seated on the barrabara, gazed with astonishment on all the people and wonders about him. Five white geese, who happened to fly by just then, had a special fascination for him, and he eyed them till they settled down some distance off. “People hunt them. I too will go and hunt them,” thought he. Sending his guards away on different errands, he snatched a bow and arrow, and started after the geese.

When he came to the place where the geese seemed to alight, he saw a lake and in it five beautiful girls bathing and enjoying themselves. In order to get a better look at them, he began sneaking around the lake, and, while doing so, came across five white geese skins. Taking one, the smallest, he sat down at a distance to see what would happen. Pretty soon the girls, who were sisters, came out of the water, and walked to the place where they left their skins. The four older sisters were soon ready to fly, but waited impatiently for the youngest sister. “Do hurry, we must be going,” they called.

“I have looked all around here for my skin, but I cannot find it,” she weepingly said. The others joined with her in the fruitless search, until Uchatngiak was espied, when the four geese flew up and away, and the girl ran to him, and begged: “O give me back my skin.” Looking at her beautiful form, he said : “No, I will not give it back to you.” He dressed her in his parka and torbarsars, and asked her to come home with him. For ten days she lived with him in his barrabara before his mother learned the fact, but she said nothing. During the day Uchatngiak hunted, and his wife went to the lake to feed on the delicate grasses that geese like so well. In this manner the young couple lived happily together until the following spring. A son was born to them in the mean while.

Uchatngiak had a very meddlesome sister, who disliked her strange sister-in-law, and often, in speaking with other women, would remark that her sister-in-law had a peculiar mouth, resembling that of a goose, and that, whenever she laughed, she covered her mouth, so that no one could see her teeth. One day, while Uchatngiak was away from home, his sister called and shamefully abused his wife, and called her a goose. The wife endured the abuse a long time, and then, putting on her goose skin, flew out through the hole in the roof and away. An alarm was given, that a goose flew out of the chief’s son’s house; and some chased after her, but in vain. Uchatngiak, when he returned and found his wife gone, grieved for her, and complained bitterly.

Several years passed. The boy, who was now five years old, was in the habit of going everywhere with his father. One day they were on the beach, Uchatngiak was fixing his bidarka, and the boy was amusing himself with a bow and arrow; while there, five geese flew right over their heads, and lighted on the rocks near the point. The boy noticed them, and said: “Father, I will go and shoot them.” Not returning soon, the father went to look for him, and could not find him, but in the distance saw the five white geese flying. “His mother joined her sisters, and they came and took my son from me !” he cried out, and felt very miserable and lonely.

This happened in the fall; and he decided to go immediately in search of his wife and son. He took with him a stone hatchet, five dried salmon, and one sour salmon. (Formerly, the Aleuts buried the salmon for the winter, and when they took them out, the salmon were “sour.”) Eastward he went a half of the winter before anything unusual broke into the monotony of his journey. One day, while following a very narrow path, he came upon two fierce foxes fighting in the path. He asked them several times to let him pass, but they heeded him not; finally, one of the foxes said to him: “Give us your sour salmon, and we will let you pass.” Dividing the salmon in two parts, he threw one part to one side and the other to the other side of the path; and while the foxes rushed for the fish, he passed on. From the top of the mountain which he ascended, he saw in the valley below smoke coming out of a small barrabara, and a path leading down to it. The path led him to the door of the barrabara, and when he pushed it in, he saw a very stout woman seated on the floor, making fine sinew threads. “May I come in ?” he asked. Without raising her head, she replied: “If you are alive, you may, if a ghost, do not.”

“I am alive,” and walked in.

“What do you want?” she asked, still without raising her head.

“I wish to know where my wife and son are?”

“I will not tell you, but if you give me half of a dried salmon, I will tell you how you may find out.”

He gave her what she asked, and when she had eaten it, she said: “Go to the top of yonder hill, there you will see two paths, one leading to the right and the other to the left. Follow the one to the right until you come to my brother who will tell you where they are.” Giving her the other half of the salmon also, he walked up the hill, took the path to the right, and followed it many days without seeing a sign of habitation. At last, one evening, while in a very narrow path, he heard a noise and then some one singing very softly. The music led him to the beach where an old man sat, singing and chopping off chips from a large stick. On closer observation, he noted that the smallest chips on falling into the water turned to trout, the larger chips became humpback salmon, the still larger ones changed to dog-salmon, those next to the largest were transformed to king-salmon, and the largest chips swam away silver-salmon. He crept closely behind the old man, watched him, and thought: “If I could get the stone hatchet, he would be obliged to tell me where they are.” The old man continued singing and chopping, and, once, as he raised up the hatchet to cut off a king-salmon, it slipped from his hand, falling at the feet of Uchatngiak. When the old man turned around, and saw the stranger, he said:

“You have my hatchet.”

“No, I have it not; but if you will tell me where my wife and son are, I will give you your old hatchet and a new one besides.”

“Give them to me;” and when he had them, he said, “I am about to cut off a king-salmon. Just as soon as he appears in the water, clutch him and hold fast to him; he will take you to your wife and son.”

He grabbed the salmon, the salmon seized his clothes, and away they went through weeds and kelp, current and stream, along the bottom of the sea, then gradually in shallow and shallower water and sandy bottom. Close to the shore he looked up and saw his son, with a bow and arrow in his hand, eying the salmon. With his feet he steered the salmon close to the boy who shot and killed the salmon, and, on pulling him out, was greatly surprised to see his father sticking on.

“Where is your mother?”

“In the barrabara,” the boy replied.

“Go and tell her that I wish to see her.”

“You had better wait outside until I go and see about it.”

The boy started off, and, when he came near the barrabara, commenced to cry. Going to his aunt Akcheten, he said : “Uchatngiak fell down; go and bring him in.” She pushed him aside, saying: “We left him afar off; and we cannot go now in winter and bring him in.” From her he went to aunt Chavillo, Qulo, and Podonigyuk, who put him off in the same manner as aunt Akcheten. Leaving them, he approached his mother, saying, “Uchatngiak fell down; go and bring him in.”

“Where is he?”

“Outside the barrabara.”

She looked, and there, as the boy said, sat Uchatngiak. She seemed glad to see him, and began questioning him : “Why and how did you come here ? You cannot live with us. This is “Bird Heaven.” (The Aleuts believed that the birds, on leaving Alaska in the fall, went to a place somewhere above the earth, known as Bird Heaven or Bird Home.)

“I came to see my wife and son. Can you not manage to keep me with you a short time?” he pleaded.

They promised to keep him, if he would promise not to go out of the barrabara. The village in which he now found himself was very large, containing many inhabitants of various colors: some red, others black, still others a mixture of colors; in fact, people of all colors and shades conceivable. In the early spring evenings his wife, her sisters, and the boy, putting on their goose skins, would fly away and not return until dawn. Before going, they made him pledge not to leave the barrabara; but during the night, as he heard many people talking, and strange and mysterious noises outside, he wished that he could go out and solve the mystery. Later in the spring, instead of going in the evenings and returning in the mornings, his folks flew away in the morning, and remained away all day. He begged to be taken along, but they paid no attention to the request.

In one end of the village was an extraordinarily large barrabara, and thither, he noticed, the different people, his own among them, gathered and remained the whole day. Two days he observed them assemble without learning their doings; on the third day his curiosity overcame him. Sneaking out of the house, he crawled to the barrabara, and, pushing aside the grass and sticks, peeped in. The interior was filled with birds, dressing and painting themselves with the variously colored rocks lying about. Everybody was already dressed or dressing, except two who were still naked. Akcheten and Chavillo spied him, and, turning to Agoiyuan (his wife), said, “Uchatngiak is peeping.” The alarm was given instantly, and the birds hurried to dress the two naked ones, sea-gull and raven. In the excitement the raven was painted black all over and the sea-gull all white, which colors they have retained to this day. Uchatngiak had seen enough, and hastened home; and when the family returned he was scolded severely, and told that the following day the whole village would depart. He pleaded not to be left behind until they finally consented to take him with them. The eagle was asked to take him on his back and carry him across safely; but when the raven heard of this arrangement, she came coaxing and begging to be allowed to carry him.

“You will soon tire, and you might hurt him,” the sisters, refusing her, said.

“If I tire, and I will not, I will turn over, and you can all see.”

She coaxed so long that they promised to let her try. The next day all the birds left Bird Heaven earthward. Uchatngiak was perched on the raven’s back, with the other birds around them to render assistance should it be needed. When about half way across, the raven began to turn over, but soon steadied herself.

“Let the eagle carry him, let the eagle carry him; you are tired, you will drop him,” they all began to clamor.

“I am not tired, and I can carry him myself,” she haughtily replied.

They had gone only a little farther when, without warning, the raven went down with her burden into the deep sea. All the other birds hovered about the spot of the accident, ready to do what they could. The eagle had his claws in position to snatch Uchatngiak when he should come to the surface. But the same Uchatngiak never appeared; for he was changed to a white whale. The raven became a drifting, large-rooted tree-trunk. Seeing the sad ending, the geese left the mournful spot, and in time came to the earth where they laid eggs, and hatched them, and have continued doing so ever since.


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