The Three Sister Rocks

A girl, ostracized for relations with a dog, bore three pups. Discovering her sons’ incest with their sister, she led the family north. While crossing the river, they transformed into stone: the three siblings became the rocks, with the smallest downstream, and the parents became rocks on opposite riverbanks.

Source: 
Two Tahltan Traditions
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
vol.22, no.85, pp.314-318
July-September, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The family members undergo a physical change, turning into stone formations.

Divine Punishment: The transformation into rocks can be interpreted as a form of retribution for transgressions.

Origin of Things: The story provides an explanation for the existence of the “Three Sister Rocks” in the Stikine River.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


There are three large rocks in the Stikine River between Glenora and Telegraph Creek, known to the whites as “Three Sister Rocks.” The Tahltan tell the following story of their origin. Once a long time ago in the Tahltan country a number of people were living together. A girl of one family was discovered to have had connection with a dog, and this made her relatives and the other people so ashamed that they deserted her. After they had gone, she and the dog lived together as husband and wife. After a time she gave birth to three pups, — two males and a female. When they had grown to be big, the mother suspected the boys of having connection with their sister, and to make certain of this she smeared gum on the girl’s hands at bedtime.

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Next morning she discovered the marks of their sister’s hands on the backs of both the boys. This confirmed her suspicions. She then left home with her husband and children, and journeyed north. Reaching the Stikine River, she crossed over to the north side, and then asked the children to follow. They crossed one above another in the stream, all holding hands. The father stayed on the south bank of the river and watched them. The youngest boy was downstream, his elder brother farthest upstream, their sister being between them. When they were in the middle of the river, their mother called to them to let go the youngest. They did as directed, the current taking him downstream. At the same time the other two disjoined hands; and immediately the whole group, including the parents, were transformed into stone. The dog-children now form the rocks in the river known as “The Three Sisters.” The smallest rock is more detached and farther downstream. The rocks on each side of the river opposite are the Dog and the Woman.


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Moldy-End (Wrangell version)

The story tells of a boy named Lively-frog-in-pond who, after disrespecting moldy salmon, is taken by the salmon people to their village. There, he experiences hunger and learns the consequences of his actions. A woman advises him on proper behavior, leading to his eventual return home. The tale emphasizes respect for food and the interconnectedness of humans and nature.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Lively-frog-in-pond undergoes a significant change in perspective and behavior after his experience with the salmon people.

Divine Punishment: His disrespect towards the salmon leads to his capture by the salmon people, serving as a form of retribution.

Conflict with Nature: Lively-frog-in-pond’s initial disrespect towards the salmon and his subsequent ordeal highlight a struggle between humans and natural forces.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The Sitka Kiksa’di have a salmon stream called Daxe’t and the father of Lively-frog-in-pond went there to camp. The boy was playing on the beach. Afterward Lively-frog-in-pond caught sea gulls by means of bait. Then lie was hungry, and went into the house. He cried for something to eat. He asked for a piece of dry salmon, and they gave him a piece of dry salmon that was half moldy.

He said, “Why did you give me a piece that is half moldy?” Then he threw it into the corner of the house. Again he went to pull in a sea gull. When the sea gull swam out from him he waded out and fell into a hole. He was nowhere to be seen.

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Now his father missed him and said, “Where is my child?” He said this to his wife. Then they got up. They looked outside. They called to him, “Lively-frog-in-pond, where are you?” They looked everywhere. They called to everything. Then they went to the place where he had baited his traps, and saw his tracks leading into the water. They wept, saying, “What has become of you, my son?” The man waded out, crying, looking for his son. Then they did not sleep looking for their son. They hunted everywhere for him. Next morning they went into the water and along the shore. They had not eaten anything since their son was lost. They hunted for him all summer. After they had hunted for him for months they gave up looking.

Lively-frog-in-pond had been captured by the salmon people, however, who swam out with him. They looked to him like human beings. Then they came to the salmon people’s village with him. He pouted all the time because he was always hungry. Then the salmon people said, “Let us go with him to Amusement creek.” So they went with him to the creek. They put his arms around the necks of sand-hill cranes at the creek’s mouth.

Afterward he was always hungry. But when he began to take some eggs from among those on the beach, they shouted, “Moldy-end is eating eggs along the beach of the town,” and he felt badly.

Next door to the place where he lived the people were always dancing. After awhile he looked into the house where they were dancing, and his face was all over fish eggs. It was the herring people dancing for joy. One woman called him aside and said to him, “Do you remember when you said something against the salmon people? That is why they have captured you.” She said to him, “Do you know the creek over there? When you are hungry roast salmon from it in the fire and eat them there. After you have eaten, put all your leavings into the water and your roasting sticks also, in order to wash the leavings off.” When he was hungry he did just the way he had been told. When he was very hungry again he went to get another salmon. He ate it. Just as he had been told, he put his leavings into the water. He washed off his roasting stick. That evening, however, the eye of the salmon people’s chief was sore. He cried with it, and did not sleep. Then the woman said to him, “Do you know where you cooked? Perhaps you left the eye there.” He found it, and when he had obeyed her directions the eye was cured.

After this the woman said to him, “They are going to start home with you.” Then all of the salmon people started home with him. Afterward, while the salmon people were swimming along, they spoke of the sit, of which they were frightened. By and by they came in sight of the sit. It opened and shut. When the salmon went through it, some of them would be cut in two. Now they passed through. They saw canoes [of the herring people] coming to meet them. “We have done all of our work before you” — “When will your cheek-flesh save the person that eats it?” “Our eggs are our cheek-flesh.”

Then the salmon gathered together. They said to one another, Where are you going?” and some said, “We to the Stikine,” others, ‘To Chilkat,” others, “To Taku,” others, “To Nass,” others, “To Alsek.” They mentioned all of these rivers. After that the canoe came to the mouth of the river. They said, “Stand up in the canoe and see where we are.” Then one stood up in the canoe to look around. The salmon would say, “Is the fort ready?” and one would go up to look. What they called a fort was a salmon trap. Every time he came back he said, “It will soon be ready.” By and by he said it was ready. Then the salmon people went thither. The salmon people entered the creek. They were very happy. The evening after, they went to surround the fort. All the salmon went up in the creek in two schools. Then his mother, who was cutting down on the beach, saw Lively-frog-in-pond. He thought he was going to his mother. Then his mother called to his father to come and spear him. He swam close to her. Then she called out to him again, “A fine salmon is swimming around here.” So his father speared him. He lost consciousness. Afterward the man said to his wife, “Cut it to use it fresh.” But when she was trying to cut off its head it seemed hard for her to use her knife, and she saw the copper that had been about her son’s neck. Then she cried out, “This is my little son. He must have been captured by the salmon people. Here is the copper ring that was around his neck.” Now she took out a mat with feathers inside of it. She laid the mat down and put the feathers around the salmon. After that she put the mat on top of the house. In the house, however, they kept singing shamans’ songs for him.

In the middle of the night something shook on top of the house. Looking at his son, the man saw that he had become a human being about his head. When he looked at him again, he saw that he had become a human being still farther down. Then he looked at him again. He was become entirely human. After that they heard a spirit talking to him. The spirit inside of him said, “I am Moldy-end-of-salmon. It is I.” “It is I,” said another spirit inside of him, “It is I, Sand-hill-crane-at-the-mouth-of-Amusement-creek.” Another spirit in him said, “It is I, Sit spirit.” And the woman that had helped him also became his spirit, saying, “It is I, Woman spirit.” Another one said inside of him, “It is I, Herring spirit.” Then another one spoke inside of him, saying, “It is I, Salmon-people’s-canoe spirit, I.”

After that his father came to him, and the shaman said, “Clean everything in the house thoroughly.” Again he said, “The young women must never live in this house but in another.” He also said, “Put clean sand around the fireplace inside. Never let a woman look at me.” The spirit was singing in him. Then he went into a trance, wrapped in a mat. He was brought into the house. There they put eagle down upon his mouth. He sang in the house, walking around the fire. Then his spirit asked to have a rattle made for him. He also said an apron should be made for him. So his rattle was made like the sus [a water bird], abut his apron was designed like the sit. His drum was painted with the sand-hill crane. Afterward his bone necklace was made of pieces like salmon and herring. Then the spirit inside of him danced. He saw the salmon very plainly as if they were people about him. Then he would talk with the salmon people, and he became a very wonderful shaman. His friends learned to obey him absolutely. Whatever he foretold came to pass. He told them that there was going to be a death before it happened. If a person was going to be saved it happened according to his prediction. If he told them to go hunting in a canoe and informed them what they were going to get, they got it.

Then he said, “Do not take me to town right away, but in the middle of winter.” They did so. They stayed therewith him. They took him to the town in the very middle of winter. Then the town people were very anxious to go out to see him. He said that a fine man would be sick very soon, and they believed him. So a good man did fall sick, and they paid him to treat him. Then he became rich. The people of his town said, “Let whoever is going to look on, fast.” All the town people fasted because they wanted to see what he would do. Then he would act like the salmon, the herring, the sand-hill crane, and the sit. They were surprised to see all the things he did. The young women, however, did not look at him. When be was going to eat, he ate only those things which his spirit had purified for him, and, when he was going to drink water, the spirit also made that clean for him. He ate only after his spirit had said, “You will eat this, my master.” He did all things as his spirit directed him.

He did not eat anything fresh. He was not married. Whatever the spirit told him to do, he did. For that reason he lived a long time. And although he lived to be very old his head did not become white. This is all.


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Moldy-End (Sitka version)

A boy from the Kiksa’adi clan, feeling neglected after receiving moldy salmon, sets a snare for sea gulls. Upon checking his snare, he is pulled into the water and taken by the salmon people, who adopt him. After a year, he returns home, sharing insights into salmon behavior and earning the nickname “Moldy-End.”

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The boy undergoes a significant change, both physically by entering the salmon people’s world and mentally through the experiences he gains during his time there.

Underworld Journey: The boy’s descent into the realm of the salmon people parallels a journey into an underworld or another realm beyond the human experience.

Harmony with Nature: The tale emphasizes the interconnectedness between humans and the natural world, highlighting the importance of understanding and living in harmony with nature.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

The Kiksa’di used to live at Daxe’t, where they dried salmon. After they had gotten through drying it they tied it up there. So he (a small boy) was baiting a snare for sea gulls. When he came into the house afterward he was very hungry. “Mother, I am hungry. Give me some dried salmon.” So she gave him a piece of dried salmon which had begun to mold on the corner. Then he said, “You always give me moldy-cornered ones.” They always began tying up from the corner of the house. He spoke to the dried salmon. Just then some one shouted out, “There is a sea gull in your snare.” So he ran down to it. He ran out into the water to his snare. When he got out into the midst of the water he looked as if he were pulled down into it. Then all of the drying salmon ran down to him. Now the people were hunting for him, but he was nowhere to be seen. It wasn’t known what had happened to him.

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The salmon, however, began feeling very high. They began to rush about at the mouth of the creek. It was the salmon people that had done it. Then the salmon people went out to sea with him. They went seaward with him toward their homes. To him it looked as if they were in a canoe. A chief among these salmon had made him his son. The sea gull that he had followed out went along with him. Then he stayed with them in the salmon people’s town. He was among them for one year. Well out from that town fish eggs were heaped up. He began to take up and swallow some of them without asking anybody. Then the people shouted out, “Moldy-end is eating the town-people’s dung.” At that time they gave him the name. Afterward he discovered that the salmon tribe had saved him. Then he went to lie down and remained in that position. In the morning his father said, “What did they say to you, my son?” He went out and spoke. “Take him up to Amusement creek. Put his hands around the necks of the sand-hill cranes at the mouth of it.” There he saw two sandhill cranes jumping up and down, facing each other, at the mouth of the creek. All creatures, such as brants, could be heard making a noise down in this creek. This is why it was called Amusement creek. Where was it that he had been feeling badly? It all got out of him.

The salmon people all knew the salmon month had come up here which was their month for returning. They always spawn up here among us. At once they started back with him. They started up this way. Then the cohoes people broke their canoe. This is why the cohoes come up last. The luknaxa’di were going to have the cohoes as an emblem, and this is why the luknaxa’di are also very slow people. At once all started, dog salmon and humpbacks. They started up this way with Lively-frog-in-pond (the boy’s name). The big salmon people started up thither. Very soon the salmon tribe came to the “sit.” It is this sit which gives scars to whichever one happens to get caught in it. After all got through, the people looking could see a cloud far down on the horizon which appeared like a canoe. In the evening they went ashore to camp. They dug holes in the ground and made flat sticks to stick into the ground. The salmon tribe always does that way. Then the salmon people would throw hot rocks upon one another. Their bodies vibrated with the heat. It is that that leaves scars on the skin of the salmon. It was Lively-frog-in-pond that let people know what the salmon people do to one another.

At once they started hitherward up this coast. The salmon tribe came against the herring tribe. In the canoes of the salmon tribe one stood up. He said to them, “When did your cheek-flesh ever fill a man?” The others stood by one another. The herring tribe said in reply, “We fed them before you. Our eggs are our cheek-flesh. When will the space around your backbone not be dirty?” [an exchange of taunts] The salmon tribe started off for the outside coasts of these islands. When they got outside of them the salmon chief said, “To what creek are you going?” Having held a conference, the salmon people named their choices. The humpbacks said, “We will go to Saliva creek,” but the one among them who had taken the man, mentioned Daxe’t. The salmon people called it Right-to-the-town. Then they came in sight of the mouth of the creek. They called the point Floating point, and the smoke house that was there a fort. It looked like that in the eyes of the salmon people. The salmon called human beings “seal-children’s dog salmon.” When they first came into the mouth of the creek the people sharpened poles for them to fall on when they jumped. Then the boys always said, “Upon my father’s.” At once one jumped upon it, where before they had not killed any. At that they (the people) were very happy.

Now they saw his father plainly coming down from far up the creek. They said to him (the boy), “Stand up.” He jumped up. “Very fine,” said his mother. His mother called him a fine salmon. After that the salmon swam up the creek. The women who were cutting salmon were always seated by Daxe’t with their backs downstream. The salmon, however, were always rushing about down in the creek. The salmon tribe shouted about those who were cutting. When they were partly through drying the salmon people said to him, “Go to your mother.” His mother was cutting salmon on the beach. The canoe floated below her on the back current. So be floated there with his head sticking out from under it. Then she called her husband’s attention to it. “A fine salmon is floating here with its head out.” His father took up a hook, for he did not know that it was his son. It swam out from him. He never expected [to see] his son again. One year had passed since he had disappeared. At once he swam out in front of his father. When he had hooked it he pulled it out on a sandy bar. He bit it on the head in order to keep it fresh. Then he threw it to his wife. “Cut it up. We will cook it,” [he said]. So she put the salmon down to cut it up in the usual manner.

The Tlingit obtained copper in ancient times. A chain of twisted copper was around the young man’s neck, for be had gone into the water with it on. After she had tried to cut around his neck for a while, and found that she could not, she looked at her knife. There were bits of copper on her knife. Then she called out to her husband, “Come here.” So they began to examine it. It was the copper chain that used to hang around his son’s neck. Anciently the people used to have a fine woven basket called lit. As soon as he knew this he threw it into such a basket. [He spit upon it] and blew on eagle’s down. Then he put the basket enclosing the salmon on the roof of the house. Toward morning there was a noise inside of it. His (the boy’s) spirit began to work inside of it. At daybreak he went up to look at it, and a large man lay where the salmon had been.

They took their things out of all of the houses. When they brought what had been a salmon inside a man went out and spoke to the many Kiksa’di. “Let all the people go with their heads down.” So it was given out. They brought up salt and devil’s clubs. As soon as they had drunk it down in accordance with his directions they vomited. The devil’s club and sea water were vomited out. Toward evening the shaman bathed. Below this town is a little pond named Beating-time-for-shaman lake because he also bathed in that. In the evening his spirits really came to him, and blood kept running out of his mouth. The sea gull for which he had gone out came to be his spirit. Then he showed them all things that were to be done to the salmon down in the creek [that is, the tabus]. “Cut them into four pieces,” he said. He called [the tabus] Adeya’ (“That’s the way”). After that his spirits said to him, “Tie up a raft over there on the edge of Noisy-waterfall.” He was testing his spirits to see how strong they were. This waterfall comes down a long distance. The Kiksa’di began to get on the raft, which his spirits named Sea-lion raft. At once he said “Go.” He began blowing on the raft. One man was not courageous enough to go down into the waterfall, and when the raft went down he seized the bough of a tree at the edge of the fall. Then it went under. It was gone for one night.

Next morning the noise of shamans’ sticks was heard at the mouth of the creek. The raft came up from underneath. Meanwhile the one that had saved himself came among his friends and told them that the Kiksa’di were all destroyed. Therefore the women were all weeping. When the shaman saw them he spoke. His spirits said that the people were not hurt at all. Nor were their clothes even torn. This is why a Kiksa’di is very brave. The man who jumped out, however, was very much ashamed. Then they brought the people up from [the place where they had come out].

Now the spirits worked in him, and he sang for another land otter so that the people could see his strength. He sent out his clothes-man to a point that could be seen below. “Take a spear” [he said]. He went to it. He saw nothing, and stayed there that night. Then he came back. When it was day he (the shaman) said, “Take me down there.” He said, “Go around the point below here.” He said to his clothes-man, “Be brave.” Then he spit on the end of the spear. He spoke to get strength. When he got up after speaking and threw it over the point he hit the land otter in the tail. Now the shaman sent for it [and said], “Take it round there.” The land otter lay stiff. The spear was stuck into the end of its tail. This is why even now the people call that place Point-thrown-across. He put the shadow of his paddle against an island below this. He was going to cut off the tongue of the land otter upon it (the shadow). This is why they named the island Divided-by-motion-of-paddle. [By a mere motion of his paddle he cut off the land otter’s tongue.] He fasted eight days on the island, when he cut off the land-otter tongue. Afterward he came up, and they were going to start home from that place. He lived for more than a hundred years. His spirits were of such strength that he lived so long that he could just turn about in one place.


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The le’naxi’daq

A man discovers a woman, the le’naxi’daq, floating in a lake with her children. He brings one child home, but during the night, it removes the eyes of the villagers. A woman, after giving birth, encounters this child and kills it with her cane. She then declares herself the new le’naxi’daq, wandering the beach while nursing her child and consuming mussels.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The le’naxi’daq is a mysterious entity with malevolent powers, interacting with humans in a supernatural manner.

Transformation: The woman who kills the le’naxi’daq’s child undergoes a transformation, assuming the identity and role of the le’naxi’daq herself.

Loss and Renewal: The community experiences loss through the actions of the le’naxi’daq’s child, but there is a sense of renewal as the woman takes on a new role.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


See story “Origin of le’naxi’daq“. This is the equivalent of Skil dja’adai, or “Property Woman,” among the Haida.

This story was obtained at Sitka.

A man at Auk went out on the lake after firewood. On the way round it be saw a woman floating about. Her hair was long. Looking at her for some time, he saw that her little ones were with her. He took one of the children home. When it became dark they went to sleep. It was the child of the le’naxi’daq, and that night it went through the town picking out people’s eyes. Toward morning a certain woman bore a child. In the morning, when she was getting up, this [the le’naxi’daq’s child] came into her into the house. The small boy had a big belly full of eyes. He had taken out the eyes of all the people. That woman to whom the small boy came had a cane. He kept pointing at her eyes. Then she pushed him away with the cane. When he had done it twice, she pushed it into him. He was all full of eyes. After she had killed him the woman went through the houses. Then she began to dress herself up. She took her child up on her back to start wandering. She said, “I am going to be the le’naxi’daq.” When she came down on the beach she kept eating mussels. She put the shells inside of one another. As she walks along she nurses her little child.

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Ka’hasi, the strong man

Ka’hasi, a poor and ridiculed man, secretly bathed at night to gain strength. One night, he encountered a being named Strength who empowered him. The next day, Ka’hasi astonished his peers by breaking a tree branch they used to test their power. Later, during a sea lion hunt, he displayed extraordinary strength, earning respect and admiration from his community.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Ka’hasi undergoes a profound change from a weak, mocked individual to a figure of great strength and respect.

Divine Intervention: His newfound strength is bestowed upon him by a supernatural being named Strength, who emerges from the water to aid him.

Cultural Heroes: Through his transformation and subsequent feats, Ka’hasi becomes a revered figure, embodying qualities admired by his community.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

Among some people bathing for strength was a man named Kaha’si. He was very poor. The people bathed continually in preparation for war. He, however, was very miserable. When the others came out of the water they always laughed at him. He kept urinating in his sleep. He was always turned over on one side. It was when all were asleep that he went down to the water. When he got very cold he came ashore and went to sleep. And when daylight was coming on he threw his urine under him. Then it always ran out from under him. They kept bathing for strength in war. His friends used to whip each other in the water with boughs. They tried their strength on a big tree having a dead branch growing out from it which they called the tree-penis. And when they ran ashore out of the water they always kicked him (Kaha’si) out of their way. “When will this man break off the tree-penis?” [they said].

► Continue reading…

The man went into the water the last time he was going to enter it. At that very time he heard some one down in it from whom he was going to get his strength. Strength was his name. Then the person came out behind him. He had a large head covered with curly hair. He held boughs. “Now,” he (Strength) said to him, “come up to me.” Then he went to him. He knocked him into the water. Twice he called him. At once he whipped him hard. “I am Strength. I come to help you,” he said to him. “Break off the thing the people are trying their strength on. Put it back again along with some urine.” Then he ran therein the night. His friends did not know it. After day had begun to dawn his friends ran thither. It was not known that he had broken it off. Why had it never been broken off before? The very first one now broke it off. Then they inquired, “Who broke off the tree-penis?” and people said, “It was Kaha’si who broke it off.” They laughed at him because [they thought] he was not strong. Then they started off with the strength they had waited for. At that time [the Indians] had no fighting ammunition. This is why they always bathed for ammunition, sitting in the water. The strong men had nothing at all with which to kill the sea lions. At once the head man said as follows, “Take him also.” They said, “Take him there.” They had nothing with which to kill the sea lions. Then they told him that they would take him along. They said, “Take Kaha’si there.” It was at that time that they gave him his proper name. They took him out to the sea-lion island. Then he caught up two sea lions. The one on the left he threw upon a flat rock, but the one on the right he tore in pieces. All kinds of strength came to the poor man to help him, and his friends never beat him afterward. He never put on clothes in time of war. His strength continued for a long time. It came to be known even down to this day. People always use his strength with which to surprise other people, and they always imitate his strength [that is, it is used as a crest and imitated at feasts]. This is all.


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The shaman who went into the fire, and the heron’s son

A young boy, mistreated by his uncle’s wife, retreats into the wilderness, guided by a spirit. He creates nests along a creek and undergoes a transformation, gaining shamanic powers. His concerned uncle searches for him and eventually finds him in a cave. The boy instructs his uncle on how to handle his spiritual journeys, emphasizing the importance of rescuing him from the fire during rituals.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change, becoming a shaman with spiritual powers.

Trials and Tribulations: The boy faces challenges, including mistreatment by his uncle’s wife and the hardships of his spiritual journey.

Sacred Spaces: The cave and the nests he creates serve as significant spiritual locations in his transformation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

A little boy’s friends were all gone. His uncle was a great hunter, and the little boy was always going around far up in the woods with bow and arrows. He was growing bigger. He also went out with his uncle. His uncle went about everywhere to kill things. He always brought plenty of game down from the mountains.

One time he again went hunting. At that time the inside of the house was full of the sides of mountain sheep, on racks. His uncle’s wife bated her husband’s little nephew very much. When she went outside for a moment, he broke off a little piece of fat from the sides of mountain sheep hanging on the rack, to put inside of his cheek. Although there was so much he broke off only so much. Then his uncle’s wife looked all around. The end piece was not there.

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“Is it you that has done this?” she said to her husband’s little nephew. He cried and said, “No.” Then she put her hand inside of his cheek. “Why don’t you go up on the mountain?” [she said.] She scratched the inside of his cheek. Blood ran out of his mouth. While crying he pulled his uncle’s box toward him. He took his uncle’s whetstone out of it. Meanwhile his uncle was far away.

Then he started off into the woods, carrying the whetstone, and came out to a creek. He came out on a sandy bank, pounded (or scooped) it out like a salmon, and made a nest beside the water. He stayed upon it overnight. His dream was like this. He was told, “Let it swim down into the water.” It was his spirit that told him to do this.

When his uncle came down he missed him. He asked his wife, “Where is my nephew?” She answered. “He went up that way with his bow and arrows.”

When [the boy] got up farther he made another nest. This man was named “For-little-slave.” He made eight nests. Now his spirit helper began to come to him on the last. At that time he took his whetstone down into the creek, and it swam up in it. Then he lost his senses and went right up against the cliff. He stayed up there against the cliff. Everything came to bear him there-sea gulls, eagles, etc. When his spirits left him they would always be destroyed — the eagles, sea gulls, all of them.

Now, his uncle hunted for him. After he had been out for eight days he discovered the nest his nephew had made by the creek. He saw all the nests his nephew had camped in. His uncle looked into the creek. The salmon was swimming there, and be camped under the nest. Afterward he listened. In the morning he heard the beating made by shamans’ sticks. He heard it just in the middle of the cliff. Then he came up underneath it. Before he thought that [his nephew] had seen him, his nephew spoke to him: “You came under me, the wrong way, uncle.” The uncle pitied his nephew very much. “Come up by this corner,” said his nephew. Ever afterward he was named, “For-little-slave.” then his uncle asked him, “What caused you to do this?” He did not say that his uncle’s wife had scratched the inside of his cheek. Instead be said to his Uncle: “Cave spirits told me to come here.” This was a big cave, bigger than a house.

Then his spirits came to him while his uncle was with him. They went inside, and his uncle beat time for him. Then be told his uncle to remember this: “When the spirit Nixa’ runs into the fire with me, do not let me burn up. While I am getting small throw me into a basket.” That was the way he did with him. It ran into the fire with him, and he threw him into the basket. Then he always came to life inside of the basket. He became a big man again.

That same evening he sent out his uncle to call, “This way those that can sing.” Then the cliff could hardly be seen for the mountain sheep that came down to look into the cave. When they were seated there, he whirled about his bow and arrows and all the mountain sheep were destroyed. The inside of the cave was full of them. Now, he said to his uncle: “Take off the hides.” He was singing for great Nixa’. When the spirit came out of him he reminded his uncle, “When it runs into the fire with me, don’t forget to take me out and put me into the basket.”

After all of the sheeps’ sides were covered up be sent him for his wife. He came up with his wife into the cave. Then he said to his uncle: Take the half-basket in which we cook. “Mash up the inside fat for your wife.” His spirits took out the woman’s bottom part from her. For this reason the woman never got full eating the mountain-sheep fat. She could not taste the fat. He put her in this condition because she had scratched the inside of his cheek.

By and by be said to his uncle: “Make your mind courageous when Nixa’ comes in.” In the evening he told his uncle to go out and call. The cliffs could hardly be seen. Grizzly bears came in front of the house to the door of the cave. They extended far up in lines. Then his uncle started the song for the spirit. They kept coming inside. Suddenly a grizzly bear came in. It was as if eagle down were tied around its ears. At that [the uncle’s] wife became scared and broke in two. He did this to her because she had scratched on the inside of his cheek on account of the fat. His spirit also ran into the fire with him. While his uncle stood in fear of the grizzly bear, For-little-slave burned up in the fire.

At that the cave creaked, and every animal ran into its skin. The things they were drying did so. They did so because the shaman had burned up. So the shaman and his uncle also were finally burned up.


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The man who was abandoned

In a famine-stricken village, a lazy man is abandoned by his community. Left alone, a mysterious creature with long teeth approaches him, offering assistance. Following its guidance, he releases it into the water, leading to an abundance of food, including halibut, seals, and mountain sheep. When his former community discovers his prosperity, they return, and he generously shares his provisions with them.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change from being a lazy, abandoned individual to a resourceful provider, aided by a mysterious helper.

Divine Intervention: A supernatural entity with long teeth appears to assist the man, guiding him to abundant food sources and altering his fate.

Sacrifice: The protagonist’s initial suffering and abandonment can be seen as a form of sacrifice, leading to eventual prosperity and the ability to aid others.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

People living in along town were suffering from famine. A certain man stayed with his uncle, who had two wives. The people were very hungry. This man was always sleeping, for he was lazy. When their food was all gone, they started away from the lazy man to camp, but his uncle’s wife threw some dried fish into a hole beside the house post for him, while she was walking around back of the fire. Then she said to him, “I threw a piece of dried fish into the post hole for you.” He would put a small piece of this into his mouth. When he took it out, he would go to sleep. He always had his head covered.

Suddenly something said to him, “I am come to help you.” When he looked there was nothing there. At once he fell asleep. Hunger was overcoming him. At once he prepared himself for it.

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What was speaking to him was a small thing running around him. Its teeth were long. Then he took it away. He put it among his rags, and fell asleep again. Then he dreamed that it said to him, “Put me into the water.” When it was getting light he did so. He went down into the water with it. He kept throwing it up and down in his hands. Saying, “You came to help me,” he threw it into the water. Where he threw it in [the water] smoked. And when it was getting dark he covered his head. When day was beginning to dawn be heard the cry of the raven below him. A halibut had drifted ashore there, and the thing that was helping him was at its heart.

Quickly he built a house. He built a big one. In the morning he went down to the beach with his helper and let it go. Toward daylight he again heard the raven’s call at the beach, and he ran down. Then five seals were floating below him, one behind another. His helper hung around the neck of the fifth, and he took it off. One could not see about inside of his house on account of the drippings. His uncles who had left him, however, were suffering from famine.

Suddenly some mountain sheep came out above him. He let it go among them. Then all fell down. The inside of his house could not be seen on account of the great abundance of food.

Now, when his uncle thought that he had died, he sent some one thither to burn his body. His slaves that he told to go after him came thither, and he called the slaves into the house. They came up. He gave them things to eat, and they remained with him one night. One of these slaves had a child. Then he said to them, “Do not take away anything.” The little slave, however, threw a piece inside of something. “Tell your household that you burned me up.” He left those directions with them.

When they reached home that night the baby began to cry: “Little fat, Little fat,” the slave’s child began to cry out. There was a great famine in the town whither the people had moved. Some among them had died. Then the chief thought about the way the slave’s baby was crying. He kept crying louder: “Little fat, Little fat,” be cried. His mother said, “He is crying for the inside of a clam.” But the slave had a piece of fat on her side for her baby. She sat up with it. Its mouth was greasy all over. At once she confessed to him. She said to her master, “He is there. The things that he has are many.”

Then all started thither. Indeed it was a great quantity of things that he had. The wife of his uncle who had hated him tried to make herself look pretty, but when she wiped her face something got inside of the rag and she cut her face. But the one who had thrown something into the post hole for him, he thought kindly toward. Then the people moved to him. He willed, however, that the food should not fill his uncle or his uncle’s wife. Just where they lay, his uncle and his uncle’s wife were dead. So he married the other wife that helped him. The food his helper obtained for him, however, he sold for slaves. The people came to him to buy everything. Afterward he fixed a little box for the thing that had helped him. No one ever saw it because it was kept out of sight.

One day a whale came along, moving up and down, and he let his helper go at it. In the morning the big whale floated up below on the beach. When all were busy with the whale he forgot his helper. It was hanging to the last piece. When they took up the whale he forgot it. And because be forgot it all of the people were destroyed. This is why people say to a lazy man even now: “You will be like the man that was abandoned.” All the things that had been killed came to life. Some ran into the water and some into the woods. The people were completely destroyed.


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The Sky Country

A man, longing for his lost wife, wanders through the woods, finding a necklace and encountering helpful strangers. Reaching her in a mysterious village, he faces hostility but reveals his mastery over water to escape harm. Later, he and his wife discover they are in the sky, lowered to Earth by a spider’s web. Safely returned, they resume their happy life together.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: The protagonist’s venture into the sky realm parallels a journey to an otherworldly domain, seeking his lost wife.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features a spider woman who assists the couple’s descent to Earth, highlighting interactions with mystical entities.

Transformation: The protagonist’s experiences—from losing his wife, journeying through the sky, to reuniting and returning home—depict significant personal and situational changes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A certain man’s wife was taken away from him, and he longed so much for her that he thought he would follow her along the beach. He was half crazy. When he went out and thought he was walking along the beach, he was in reality in a wide trail which ran through the woods. As he went on he saw where people had been camping, and from the dentalia shells left by these people he made a beautiful necklace. For a long time he wandered on with his head bent down, and, when he looked up suddenly, he saw smoke ahead. He walked toward it very fast. When he came close he saw a woman tanning a skin. He showed her the necklace he had made and said, “I will give you this string if you will tell me where my wife is.” The woman answered, “She is over there at the next camp.” So he finally reached her, and he remained with her for a long time, thinking that he was among his brothers-in-law.

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The people of the village where this man was staying, however, hated him and wanted to burn him to death. After they had kindled the fire and were dragging him toward it he said, “Oh! how happy I am. I want to die. I would rather you killed me right away than be as I have been.” When they heard that they stopped and began pulling him toward the water instead. But he said that he was afraid of water, and, as they dragged him along, he struggled hard and seized everything about him. At last, when they did throw him in, he came up again in the middle of the lake and looked at them. Then one of the people said, “See him. He is out there looking at us.” The man laughed at them, saying, “Don’t you know that all of the waters are my work? How foolish you were to put me into the water just where I like to be.” He said this because he was a good swimmer and there was a great deal of rain in his country. Afterward he stayed in the water all the time he was there.

All this while the man had really been up in the sky, and now he wanted to get down. So he and his wife started back together and came to a house where lived a certain woman. She was really the spider and the house her web. Then this woman put them into a web and began to lower them to the earth. Before they started she said to them, “When you get caught on anything jerk backward and forward until the web comes loose.” The things she thought they might get stuck upon were the clouds. In this way the man and his wife reached the earth safely, and afterward the web was drawn up. Then they lived happily again as they had been living before the woman was taken away.


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The woman who married the dead man

A Cohoes chief’s daughter, known for her purity, encounters a skull, unknowingly triggering an encounter with two deceased chiefs’ sons. She marries the elder, and they provide miraculous sustenance for her village, bringing abundance. Gradually regaining human form, their identities are revealed. However, jealousy leads a girl to poison them with blood markings, resulting in their tragic deaths, leaving a legacy of sacrifice and transformation.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative involves the chief’s daughter marrying the spirit of a deceased chief’s son, highlighting interactions between mortals and supernatural entities.

Transformation: The deceased sons gradually regain human form, symbolizing physical and spiritual changes central to the story.

Sacrifice: The tragic deaths of the spirit beings, resulting from jealousy and betrayal, underscore themes of loss and the consequences of human actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A woman belonging to the cohoes people (lu’kana-ca), whose father was a chief, was kept very pure and had a girl accompany her always. One day, as she was going out with her servant, she tripped over something and on looking at it found that it was a skull. She said, “Who can the bad person be who has brought skulls near my father’s house in the place where I was going to walk?” She kicked the skull to one side and walked straight back into the house, for she was frightened. The same night this girl thought she dreamed that two boys came to her. They were two chiefs’ sons who were dead, and it was the skull of the elder that she had kicked out of the way. It was really no dream, as she at first thought, and she married the elder youth. These two chiefs’ sons had met with some accident together, and so they always traveled in company.

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Next morning the chief said, “What is wrong with my daughter? She isn’t up yet.” Then he called the servant girl to go and awaken her. So the girl ran to look, saw the young men there, and told the girl’s mother that she was married. “Well,” said the mother, “whom can she have married? She did not know anybody.” After that the girl and the young men rose and came down to the fire to have something to eat. Her husband looked to her like a fine young man, but everyone else could see that he was a skull. They were very much frightened.

At that time the people there had very little food, and presently the girl’s husband said to her, “Has your father a small canoe?” “Yes,” she said, “he has a small canoe.” “Ask him for it and for spears and arrows.” Then the girl said to her mother, “Mother, he is asking for a small canoe. They want to go hunting.” Her mother humored her, for she was afraid she would go off with that man. But when they looked for the canoe it was already missing. Afterward the young men acted in the house just as if they were in canoes, going through the motions of paddling, spearing seals, etc., and the girl was ashamed of them. In the evening they said to each other, “Let us camp.” The people of the village could not see what they did or hear what they said, but the girl could, and she felt very uneasy. Then they pulled off the painted boards from her father’s house and began to cook. After that, she saw them act as though they were coming back bringing a load of dead seals, etc. To the people it seemed as if they were still in the house.

Presently the girl called to her mother saying, “Mother, they are in already. They want some one to go down and bring the things up from the canoe.” Then her mother said to the people, “There is a canoe down on the beach, and they want you to go down and bring up what they have killed.” It was late in the evening, and, sure enough, when the people went, they found the canoe loaded with all kinds of fishes, with seals and sea lions. Then the chief gave the head man of each family a seal and fed the entire village with the food which they had brought in. After that the people had plenty of ground hogs, mountain sheep, etc., with which these two men provided them.

The two men began to come to life and were beginning to look like living beings. It was then that people found out who they were. When they got up in the morning they could be seen very plainly, so the chief got some marten robes and put them upon his son-in-law and his son-in-law’s brother. They were both very industrious.

In that same house was a girl who became very angry with the younger brother, after she saw who they were, because he paid no attention to anyone but his brother’s wife. She marked the place where he used to sit with human blood, and as he sat on this blood eating he dropped over dead. The other lived for some time afterward, and the girl who had destroyed his brother tried to draw his attention to herself also; but he was too fond of his wife to think of her in the least. Then she marked his seat with blood, and he in turn dropped over dead.


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The faithless wife

A man from the Anqa’kitan at Killisnoo loses his wife, who requests not to be buried. Secretly alive, she is taken by the chief’s son, her lover. When her young daughter discovers the affair, the husband uncovers the deception. Seeking vengeance, he transforms into a wizard, murders his wife and her lover, and conceals his actions while taunting the village during a gambling game.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The wife’s deceit and affair with the chief’s son exemplify themes of infidelity and treachery.

Revenge and Justice: The husband’s transformation into a wizard to exact vengeance on his unfaithful wife and her lover highlights retribution and the pursuit of justice.

Transformation: The husband’s metamorphosis into a wizard signifies a profound change driven by emotional turmoil and the desire for revenge.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A man of the Anqa’kitan at Killisnoo lost his wife. When she was dying she said to her husband, “When I die, don’t bury me. Keep me out of the ground.” Bodies of common people used to be put into the ground for a little while before they were burned, those of high-caste persons being put into a house. So, when she died, instead of burying her, he placed her body up on a high place.

This woman knew, however, that she was not going to die. She spoke as she did because she was in love with the son of the chief. The chief’s son was also in love with her, and, when he knew that she was put away, he went there at midnight when her husband was asleep, took her out, and carried her to his own house where he kept her in the bedroom at the rear. The chief was so fond of his son that he did everything the latter asked of him.

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This was the only house in that town that had a fire in it at midnight, and the people wondered what was the matter. The chief had his slaves get breakfast for the young couple before others were up.

The man whose wife had left him had a little girl whom he would humor very much, and she was in the habit of roaming from house to house throughout the village. One morning very early he said to the little girl, “Run out and get some fire.” As the chief’s house was the only one in which she could see smoke, she ran there after some, and, as soon as she entered, saw her mother sitting with the chief’s son. As soon as her mother saw her she hid her face, but the girl watched her closely. She walked directly out with the fire, however, without speaking.

When the little girl reached home with it she said, “Father, my mother is at that chief’s house.” “Which chief’s house?” said her father. “The chief that lives up on the hill.” Then her father said, “What makes you say that, child? Your mother has been dead for sometime.” Then he took her hand and said pityingly, “Poor child, your mother is dead.” He began to cry as he held the child’s hand and then said, “I will go and see the place where I put her.” So he got another to accompany him, and they brought the box down. It felt very light. When he opened it, it was empty. Then he thought to himself, “I am going to make certain of this.” About midnight he saw a fire at the chief’s house. Then he climbed up on top of it, looked down through the smoke hole, and saw his wife sitting there playing with the chief’s son. She looked very happy.

When the man got home he said to himself, “What can I do?” He thought, “How can I become a wizard?” So he did everything to turn himself into a wizard. He went among the graves, and played with the bodies and bones, but could not become a wizard. Then he went out to an island in front of the village and played with the bones of the dead people that were there. Finally he got hold of two shoulder blades with which he fanned and rubbed himself and all at once he fainted. Then he thought he would try working them like wings, and sure, enough he began flying along very rapidly. Now he determined to go to the place where his wife was living.

First the man went up into the woods, procured very hard limbs and began to split them. He made the points very sharp. Then he stuck them into grease and burned it off in order to harden them. He took these along with him and crawled up on top of the house. Then he flew down through the smoke hole. He bewitched everyone in the house so that all slept soundly, passed into the rear bedroom, and stuck the sticks into the hearts of his wife and her lover so that they died.

Early next morning, when the slaves got up as usual to wait upon the young people, they were kept waiting so long that they were surprised. They thought that they were sleeping very late. Finally they went to see what was the matter and saw them lying in each others’ arms with the blood flowing from their mouths. The news was soon all over the village.

Early that same morning the woman’s former husband took his gambling sticks and came out to gamble. He pretended that he knew nothing about what had happened. When persons came to gamble with him he shouted out as people do when they are gambling, “These are the sharp sticks. These are the sharp sticks.” People wondered why he said it, and much whispering went on while they gambled. The man looked very happy.


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