Sacrifice to the sea

A Maritime man, facing a storm at sea, promises the sea his youngest daughter in exchange for survival. He fulfills his vow by sacrificing her on the shore. A Sea-Being rescues and marries her. Later, she invites her parents to her new home, ultimately avenging herself by pushing her father to his death in the sea.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Sacrifice: The father offers his youngest daughter to the sea to ensure his own survival during a storm.

Divine Intervention: A Sea-Being intervenes by rescuing the sacrificed daughter and marrying her.

Revenge and Justice: The daughter avenges her forced sacrifice by causing her father’s death.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Ai’wan, a Maritime Chukchee man, at Mariinsky Post, October, 1900

There lived one time a Maritime man. He had eight children. The youngest was a girl. One day he went to hunt walrus. A storm came up, and he was carried out to sea. He was tossed about and nearly drowned. Then he said to the sea, “Oh sea! calm yourself! Do so, that I may still look upon the world! I will give you the best that I have, the nearest to my heart, the foremost dog, the leader of the team, one with a spotted skin I will give you.” The sea did not calm itself. “Oh, then, my youngest daughter, unmarried, a good one, clad in spotted skins! I will give her to you!”

After that the sea smoothed down. He landed on the shore. Then he went up the shore, and entered the house. All the children were with him except the daughter, who still remained on the shore. The mother came out from the house. “Oh, oh, my child! you have roughed the storm!” She was quite sad.

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She looked down at the ground, and said, “Yes!” — “Come in, change your clothes, put on some dry ones.” She entered, downcast, as before. Just as she changed her clothes, the father entered. He took her by the hand, took his spear, and went to the seashore. Then he turned to the sea, and said, “O sea! do not be angry. That which I promised, I give you now.” He pierced her with the spear, and left the body lying there on the shore. An abundance of blood covered the whole beach. It grew dark. She is lying on the sand lifeless. A certain man, a kind of Sea-Being (A’nqa-va’irgin) came to her and pushed her lightly with his toe. “Halloo! Get up! Let us go home!” Then after a little while, again, “Halloo! Get up! Let us go home!” At last she awoke and sat up: “Egegegegei’. I have slept quite long.” He took her to his house and married her. They lived quite well and contented. They had a large reindeer-herd.

The daughter, of course, did not return home. Since the father said nothing, her mother thought, “Let me go and look for her! Where may she be?” She arrived at the place. The blood-stains were on the ground, but the body had disappeared. She found and followed some footprints along the seashore. At last she came to a cliff. The tracks ran upward to the very top. She climbed up, and found a settlement on the very top. Her daughter was busy scraping skins. “Oh, it is here you are staying?” — “Yes.” She lived for some time with her daughter; then the daughter said, “Go and fetch father. I should like to see him also.” The old man was brought and pampered with food. The next morning the sea was rough again. She said to her father, “Let us go and have a look at the sea!” They went to the very edge of the cliff. She said to him, “Look down upon the sea! How rough it is again!” He looked down upon the sea. She pushed him from behind, and he fell down, broke his back, and was taken by the sea.

The end.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Sacrifice to the dead

A lone girl discovers her entire community has died mysteriously. Following her father’s spectral guidance, she preserves their legacy by cooking meals for the deceased, then relocates to the herd. After the first snowfall, she returns, sacrificing a portion of the reindeer and leaving the abandoned settlement intact, symbolizing a ritualistic transition and survival.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Sacrifice: The girl offers part of the reindeer herd to honor the deceased.

Ancestral Spirits: The father’s spirit influences her actions.

Ritual and Initiation: She performs rituals to honor the dead and transitions into a new role within her community.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Viye’nto the Blind, a Maritime Chukchee man, at Mariinsky Post, October, 1900.

There was a group of houses standing on the shore, — a long row of houses. One girl awoke early in the morning, and began to scrape skins. At last the sun rose, still no man left the sleeping-room. The sun mounted high, but nobody appeared.

She says, “Where are they? I will go and see. What are they doing there?” She looked in, and saw that all the people were lying down, as if asleep. They were dead, all of them. She alone, of the whole camp, was alive. Then she says, “What shall I do?” She went and carried water to all the houses, hung up the kettles, and cooked food. When the food was ready, she said, “There, eat!”

She went home and lay down to sleep. As soon as she shut her eyes, she heard the voice of her father. She was not asleep, but only had her eyes shut.

► Continue reading…

Her father was saying, “We are content that you have cooked food. Tomorrow, when you get up and spend the day, do not go to sleep in the inner room, lie down in the outer tent. The next night take a place outside of the tent, then at a distance from the tent. For ten days keep moving your sleeping-place away until you reach the herd. There remain until the snow shall fall upon the earth. After that come here again and bring the herd — not all of it: bring the lesser portion. This must be given to us.”

She slept through the night. In the morning she again brought water and cooked food in all ten houses. She went to sleep in the outer tent.

The next night she slept outside of the tent. Then she moved off, and at last came to the herd. The herdsmen asked, “What has happened?” — “All the people in the houses are dead.” — “Oh, oh!” — “We must not go home. Only when the first snow comes shall we go there.” — “All right!” They remained with the herd. When snow fell and the ground was covered, they came nearer, and brought the herd — one part of it: the lesser portion they brought to the camp. The larger part was to become their own herd in the future. They slaughtered the reindeer that were brought, and offered them in sacrifice. They also left there the houses and everything that was in them. They took for themselves only the things in the summer pile. They left and went away.

The end.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Two shamans

Two shamans are defending their village against supernatural Re’kken attackers. Through magical confrontations involving spirits like Cough, Rheum, and mystical dogs, the shamans repel multiple supernatural threats. The tale culminates in a dramatic transformation of their dwelling and demonstrates the shamans’ powerful spiritual abilities against malevolent entities.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The shamans confront the Re’kken, malevolent entities threatening their village.

Conflict with Nature: The shamans face and overcome natural and supernatural forces to protect their community.

Sacrifice: One of the shamans promises to sacrifice a dog to his spirit helpers, highlighting the theme of offering something valuable for a greater cause.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Rike’wgi, a Maritime Chukchee man, at Mariinsky Post, October, 1900.

There were two shamans. One was Tenququ’ni, the other Rigowa’li. [The first name means “Good Vulva;” the second, “Hairy Buttocks.”] (They lived in) a village. Then the Re’kken attacked them: they wanted to murder them. The Re’kken (pitched) camp (close to them). In the evening the people laughed, — the human people. Those two were genuine shamans, especially Rigowa’li. Amid the talk in the night-time Rigowa’li was listening, while the other people continued to laugh. Then he said, “Be silent! Here are strange ears. Well, let me look for them!”

He went out. And all at once he saw them. They were still building their (travelling) tents. Their camp was quite close by. He went to Tenququ’ni. The people of Tenququ’ni’s house were also laughing loudly. Oh, Rigowa’li called out, “Halloo, Tenququ’ni!” — “Halloo!” — “Oh, are you aware (of it)?” — “Aware of what?” — “Oh, they want to murder us!”

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The other one came out. Rigowa’li said, “Let us visit them!” They prepared for the visit. They put on [their coats,] their shamanistic coats. Oh, they came to the camp of the Re’kken. An old man was reclining on a sledge, — a ke’le old man.

They stood up opposite the ke’le, but the ke’le could not see anything. Then the old man spoke thus: “Oh, hurry up and build the tents! We want to go and bring provisions from this direction.” Oh, they finished (their tents). Those two, however, were still listening. Again the old man said, “Oh, where are the young men? Bring the divining-stone here!” In reality, however, this was a human skull.

He began to practise divination. The shamans looked on, face to face. “Oh, we came (here) for provisions! The people must have provisions.” He moved the skull with his staff; but the skull was motionless, it refused to move. “Oh, how extraordinary! [Dear me!] Wherefore is this divining-stone motionless? It is very strange with us. We are unable to divine as to our getting provisions. Probably they have warriors.”

They pointed with their staffs at this old man while he was practising divination. All at once he started up. “Oh, I feel pain!” In a short time he was near dying. Then those spoke to each other, (saying,) “Let us go and slay them all!” — “All right!”

One of them, before his departure, promised to sacrifice a dog. He promised it to his ke’le before his departure. The other one promised nothing. Tenququ’ni struck at the people with his staff, — at the ke’le-people. Immediately the ke’le-people fled. The ground (all around) became like water, [so loose became the ground.] At the same time the ground opened, — it opened in all directions, by itself.

The (two) human shamans nearly vanished underground, as under the water. Tenququ’ni, the one who promised nothing (to his assistant spirits), [froze] stuck in the ground (as deep as) about the middle of his body, and could not disengage himself. Rigowa’li saw Tenququ’ni, (and said,) “Oh, how strange you are! [Strange are you.] You are a shaman. Have you promised (anything)?” — “Oh, nothing.” — “Oh, the deuce! Try and sing (your song).” — “Oh, I cannot.” — “Oh, try and call to your ke’le.”

He tried (to assume) the voice of his ke’le, but could not do it. And the ground was (quite) frozen. “Oh, do something to me! I will pay you.” (The other one) said, “Well, now, tell me, what will those payments be?” — “Well, a shirt of thin reindeer-skin, with an (inner) double set (belonging) to it, [the Chukchee fur clothes are almost always double] I will give you also a thong of thong-seal hide and a white-haired dog.”

After that, Rigowa’li began to sing in the open. Very soon a walrus spirit came (to them). He continued to sing, and several walrus came: they emerged out of the frozen ground. Rigowa’li said to Tenququ’ni, “They come for your sake. Well, now try to stir about yourself, and so help them.”

Then they emerged quite close to this one who stuck in the ground. They loosened (the ground) quite close to him, and he stirred. It proved to be quite on the surface. So they made him loose (from the ground).

They came back. He gave (to his companion) the thin fur shirt, and the white dog, and the thong of thong-seal hide. They continued to live there, and the ke’let again wanted to murder them. Two persons came, driving reindeer. These were Cough and Rheum.

The shamans went out. Rheum was saying to Cough, “You enter (first)!” The shamans crouched near by (motionless). Those two were approaching (the house), but again they fled, frightened [with superstitious fear].

Again they approached. This time Cough said to Rheum, “Well, you enter!” At the same time they did not notice the shamans. Again Cough said to Rheum, “Well, you enter!” And once more they fled. Nevertheless they gradually drew nearer than before, and were now close to the entrance.

Another time Cough said to Rheum, “You enter! You belong to the nose.” [A play on words. Ya’qachin means “belonging to the nose,” also “a man playing the part of a nose,” one going first, “ring-leader.”] And at last Rheum entered. They caught him, [consequently]. He roared out from shear fright. Oh, Cough, of course, fled. Oh, the poor thing wept almost, “Oh, this Cough! He himself did not want to enter!”

They went on asking him, “What are you?” — “Nothing, we are just (nothing).” — “Oh, yes! You are Rheum.” — “Well, I am Rheum.” — “All right, we shall kill you now.”

Then, being frightened, he told them everything. (He said,) “Thus I enter into (the noses) of men.” — “And the other one?” — “He is Cough.” — “Oh, such are you! We shall throw you to the ground.” — “Oh, please do not kill me! I will give you a dog.” — “You lie!” — “[Oh, yes!] (I do not). Just follow me!”

Rigowa’li followed him. They went to his sledge. Rheum [the friend] drove only one reindeer. In due time they came to his house. Near the house a dog was tied up. Its ears reached to the ground. [This description of Rheum’s dog probably has some connection with the long-eared dogs of civilized people, which the Chukchee have occasion to see.]

“This one I give you. Have you a female dog?” — “Yes, I have a female dog.” — “Through that one will send (you the dog).” — “Oh, you are deceiving me!” — “Indeed, as soon as you get back, the female dog will be pregnant.”

Then the shaman went home. He came (to his house). The female dog very soon became pregnant. Soon she brought forth (pups). One of those born was this one recently seen (in the house of the ke’le), the long-eared one. In truth, (the ke’le) sent it. A strong rib of whale served as its tying-stick. He was (kept) tied up. And every evening he barked incessantly.

And lo! this dog could be heard even from another (very distant) land. Then the next day he was still barking, (the whole night, and) even after sunrise. In the night-time the ke’let came again. The master (of the dog) slept quite soundly. So they put a net around the tent.

They began poking under the tent-covers with the tips of their driving-rods, that all the little souls should come out. Then the dog snapped his tying-stick (in two) and went out and barked loud. It wanted to attack the ke’let. So the leader of the ke’let said, “Oh, what the deuce does this dog want! Let our own dog loose! Let our dog bite it!” [So they set it loose.] So they set loose a dog, which also was very large.

Then the long-eared (dog) entered the house. It simply caught its master with its mouth and carried him out. Oh, the ke’let began to shout, “Let us make haste!” And the master awoke while they were galloping about. He was a shaman, and in a moment he was on the alert. Then again he struck at the ke’let with a stick, and killed a number of ke’let, slew (all).

They continued to live there. Rigowa’li went to a neighboring camp. He went with a dog-sledge. His dogs were four (in number). One of them he left with his wife. His wife said to him, “Take also this one for your use!” Her husband said to her, “Why, it is your spleen-companion!”

The husband remained there quite a long time. Evening came, the sun went down. Then from the direction of sunset came a ke’le. He passed by the entrance (of the house). The dog barked again, being tied up, as before.

Then the ke’le approached again. And the dog began to speak: “Oh, now, get your sledge ready and put the children in readiness upon the sledge, and my harness have in readiness.”

They approached again. The dog rushed at them, but they were not afraid at all [of the dog]. And it could only bark at them, “Gin, gin!” dog ran back to the house. It said to the woman, “Oh, attach me, put my harness on!” She attached it. They departed eastward [windward] and left the house.

Then the ke’le entered (the house). He staid there in the house. The husband (of the woman) came to the house. His three dogs had a load of meat. But on coming to the house, the dogs threw themselves down, and would not obey when he tried to urge them on, though they were quite near to the house.

They were lying flat on the ground, and refused to go to the house, because that ke’le was in the sleeping-room. [Subsequently] (the man) killed one dog, and moved (the sledge) along, dragging it himself. He took a few (steps), and (the dogs) lay down again. The man said, “How very extraordinary! It seems that (my people at home) are visited by the ke’let.”

Then he drew his big shoulder-belt knife, which was on the sledge. Then he shouted, “Halloo!” He heard only (a sound) like this from the sleeping-room: “Mm!” He stood, knife in hand, “Oh, make haste!” — “Mm!” — “Make haste, I say!” — “Mm!”

In the mean time the ke’le cautiously opened the front cover a little way and looked out. One of his eyes (appeared) just like a lamp. (The man) struck at it, and cut the eye. The eye-fluid spurted out in great quantity. Then (the ke’le) came out, and merely looked back upon the house. It became stone.

(The man) saw the tracks of runners, made by (the sledge of) his fleeing wife. He went on along these tracks. He discovered (his family) in a neighboring (camp). “Oh, you are alive!” — “Yes! Indeed, we were saved by this dog.” The husband said, “Such a one are you!” [This is as much as to say, “There is no reason to be glad, (because of the house turned to stone.)”] Oh, they visited the house, and this has turned into [a] stone [house].

They saw (entered) the house and looked around. (The woman) lighted a lamp. There was everything (scattered about). It was the contents of the ke’le’s abdomen, which came out, — everything (made) of iron [scissors, knives], all kinds of peltries [wolverene-skins, wolf-skins, bear-skins], — in a word, everything, simply a mass of wealth.

Oh, the husband entered (the house), then the wife entered, and the child entered. The husband, being a shaman, said, “Close your eyes! Do not look up!” Then he beat his drum. The sleeping-room became as before. It was their sleeping-room, the same as before. Still the outer tent was of stone.

Again he said to them, “Quick, close your eyes!” Again he beat his drum. And he said to them, “Now, look (about)!” And the house, which had recently been of stone, had become an (ordinary) house. Just then they looked on the riches, and all was simply turned to dry leaves and to the boughs of a stunted willow.

They lived there, founded a settlement, grew in number, and became a numerous people.

That is all.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Battle with the Ta’nnit

A nimble young woman defends herself against four fierce Ta’nnit warriors after her brothers are slain. She defeats a remaining warrior in an exhausting day-long spear duel, ultimately sparing his life. Consumed by shame and honor, he refuses to return home in defeat. Despite her mercy, he compels her to kill him, choosing death over dishonor.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Good vs. Evil: The protagonist faces adversaries who have killed her brothers, representing a classic struggle between opposing forces.

Hero’s Journey: The young woman embarks on a transformative adventure, showcasing courage and skill in battle.

Sacrifice: The warrior chooses death over dishonor, highlighting the theme of giving up life for personal principles.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Rike’wgi, a Maritime Chukchee man, at Mariinsky Post, October, 1900.

In the olden times, in some (part of the country,) people were at war. There were a “set of brothers” with a sister. The girl was quite nimble (from constant exercise). They were attacked by Ta’nnit. There were probably three [of them] (of the Chukchee). [Two brothers are also “a set”.] The girl had a spear (made) of walrus-tusk. Four Ta’nnit warriors, (also) nimble, fought with spears. All four of them wanted to attack the girl. Her brothers (meanwhile) were all killed by the Ta’nnit.

The other Ta’nnit were also killed at the same time. The girl, the nimble one, was spoken to by the remaining Ta’nnin warrior, (who said,) “I do not want it. You are a woman. Let us stop this!” The girl said, “(Nay,) it is all right.” The Ta’nnin warrior said, “No, you are weak.” The girl said, “Well, now, try me first, (and see) whether you can do anything to me.”

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Then she gathered up her tresses, and girt her body about the middle, also (arranged) her broad sleeves. Her spear was a short one. Oh, the Ta’nnin warrior said, “It is to no purpose. You are a woman.” — “You are too self-assured. Try me first!”

The girl stood on the defensive, holding up her spear made of walrus-tusk. They fought with spears the whole day long, until the sun (went down) [very far, the whole day]. Before sunset the Ta’nnin warrior began to lose his breath, and his tongue lolled (out of his mouth). He felt quite weak.

All at once he sat down upon the ground. The girl said, “I will not kill you. I am a woman. I feel confused on account of this.” The Ta’nnin warrior said, “Oh, oh! but it is by a Ta’nnin woman with a tattooed nose that I am treated like this!” [The Reindeer Chukchee and the Reindeer Koryak call each other mutually Ta’nnit. The Reindeer Chukchee women put their tattoo-lines on both sides of the nose.]

The Ta’nnin warrior was very nimble. He was really a very strong man. Then he said again, “Oh, oh, such a one, a Ta’nnin woman with a tattooed nose, I have met only now! I am not ashamed to return home. Well, now, dispose of me! I will not return home.”

A very nimble Ta’nnin warrior! “Still, I have also despatched many, [I will not return home].” The girl said again, “I will not kill you. I am a woman.” The man said, “Indeed, then if you will not kill me, I shall do something myself to my own body. Oho! these Ta’nnit (i.e., the Chukchee) are born (in life) better than we. Here is such a Ta’nnin woman with a tattooed nose! Kill me, now! Shall I come home without shame? Never! And, indeed, even if I should return home, my father would not allow me to live. He would say, ‘Oh, you were overpowered by a mere woman!’”

“Tell me, have you brothers still?” — “Yes, I have one brother.” — “This spear of mine give to your brother.” — “I cannot do this. They will blame me. They will say, ‘Where have you found this spear, being a woman?’”

“Surely, I will not go home. Take also this armor of mine. But first shall take a smoke of tobacco.” He would not listen to any persuasion. He wanted to die.

He had a smoke. As soon as he took the pipe out of his mouth, she stabbed him, and he fell on his back. (He lay there, touching the ground) merely with his calves, with his shoulder-blades, and with the other fleshy parts of his body. He lay (with the small of his back) quite on high. So strong was he. Then he died, and came to his end.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The visit of the Ke’let

A woman and her children are left alone when ke’let—supernatural beings—approach their house. Warned by a mysterious neighbor’s corpse, she sacrifices a small dog, using its blood to encircle the house. Mistaking the blood for a deep river, the ke’let abandon their attack. When her husband returns, the woman reveals how she cleverly outwitted the beings.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The woman uses a clever ruse to protect her family.

Sacrifice: She sacrifices a small dog to create the illusion that deters the ke’let.

Guardian Figures: The mysterious neighbor’s corpse acts as a protector by warning the woman of the impending danger.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Aqa’nna, a Maritime Chukchee woman, at Mariinsky Post. October, 1900.

Once a small house stood alone in the wilderness. The ke’let were going to visit it. Only a woman and her children were at home. The man, her husband was with the herd. On the rear side of the house was a funeral-place, and there lay a corpse. One time the woman showed herself to the middle from the sleeping-room, and saw the dead one. In the evening the woman saw him. “Ah, ah! where are you from?” — “No. I am your neighbor. I came to see you. Oh, enough! You do not know. Ke’let are going to visit you, and they are already near by.”

A little dog was there, a tiny one, somewhere in the sleeping-room or in the outer tent. “Oh, there is no need of (grudging) this little dog. Now, then, I am going back. Come out and go with me, along my road.” She dressed herself, carried out the little dog and slaughtered it behind the house. Then she drew a line with blood all around the house, “Now, enter! They are coming yonder.” 

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“Oh, how is it, it stays on the other shore? What, now on the island? From what point must I begin? Let it be from there. Oh, it seems to be deep!” [He thought the blood of the dog was a deep river.]

He (the ke’le) thrust down his spear-shaft, but could not touch the ground. “Oh, it is deep! Let us leave it! Indeed, what shall we do?”

They left them. The next day the husband came, and saw the slaughtered dog lying by the entrance. He said, “Oh, good gracious! I left all of my house-mates quite safe, but what may have happened to them? He gave a start and forced an entrance. The woman appeared (from under the cover of the sleeping-room). “Halloo! What is the matter with you?” — “Nothing. We are all right.” Only when in the sleeping-room did she tell him.

Ended.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page