The venturesome hare

A young hare, determined to feed his infirm grandmother, nets a bountiful haul of fish and promises to fetch fire. Commanding whales to bridge a wide river, he reaches the Indians’ camp, only to be trapped in their kettle. Ingeniously igniting his net from above, he escapes their grasp and, with a mighty leap, clears the river—returning home triumphant with both fish and fire.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Quest: The hare undertakes the challenging journey of fishing to secure food and fire for his grandmother.

Trickster: He uses his wit to outsmart both nature and the Indians, turning desperate circumstances to his advantage.

Family Dynamics: His actions are driven by loyalty and duty to his elderly, impoverished grandmother.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A hare, which had lost his parents, lived with his grandmother. One day, feeling very hungry, for they were extremely poor, he asked his grandmother if he could set a net to catch fish. The old woman laughed at the idea of a hare catching fish, but to humor him, she consented, for she was indulgent to him because he was her only charge and looked forward to the time when he should be able to support her by his own exertions, and not to rely on the scanty supplies which she was able to obtain. These were very meager, as she was infirm, and dreaded exposure. She then told him to go and set the net, but added that she had no fire to cook them with, even if he should catch any. The hare promised to procure fire if he caught the fish. He went to set the net in a lake where he knew fish to be plentiful.

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The next morning he went to the net and found it to be so full of fish that he was unable to take it up. He lifted one end and saw there was a fish in every mesh of the net. He shook out some of the fish and then drew out the net. Part of the fish were buried, and a large load taken home. He put the fish down outside of the tent, and went in. He told the old woman to clean the fish and that he would go across the river to the Indians’ tent and get the fire with which to cook them. The old woman was speechless at such proposed rashness, but as he had been able to catch so many fish she refrained remarking on his contemplated project of obtaining fire in the face of such danger. While the old woman was cleaning the fish he went back after the net which he had put out to dry on the shore of the lake.

He folded it up, placed it under his arm, and ran to the edge of the river which was far too wide to jump over. He used his cunning and assembled a number of whales. These animals came puffing up the stream in obedience to his command. He ordered them to arrange themselves side by side across the stream so that he could walk across on their backs. He most dreaded the Indians, but jumped into the water to wet his fur. This being done he sprang from one whale to another until he was safe on the opposite shore. He then laid down in the sand and bade the whales to disperse. Some Indian children soon came playing along the sandy bank and saw the hare lying there. One of the children picked up the hare and started home with it. When the boy arrived and told how he had obtained the hare he was directed to put it in the iron tent (kettle) where there was a bright fire crackling.

The child put down the hare, upon which an old man told the boy to kill the hare. The hare was terribly frightened, but opened a part of one eye to ascertain whether there was any place of exit beside the door. In the top of the tent he observed a large round hole. He then said to himself: “I wish a spark of fire would fall on my net.” Instantly the brands rolled and a great spark fell on the net and began to burn it. The hare was afraid of the fire, so he sprang out of the hole in the apex of the tent. The Indians saw they had been outwitted by a hare, and began to shout and pursue the animal, which attained such speed that when he came to the bank of the river he had not time to recall the whales. He gave an extraordinary leap and cleared the entire expanse of the water. He examined the net and found the fire smouldering. On arrival at his own home he said to his grandmother: “Did I not tell you I would get the fire?” The old woman ventured to inquire how he had crossed the river. He coolly informed her that he had jumped across.


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The wolverene and the rock

The wolverene unexpectedly taunts a rock into chasing him by rolling, only to be trapped and injured when the rock crushes him. Calling his animal kin fails, so he summons lightning to shatter the rock, stripping his own pelt. He then seeks his sisters, the frog and mouse, to mend his torn coat; the mouse succeeds, teaching the origin of his protective fur’s design.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: Explains the origin of the wolverene’s distinctive, patched coat after it’s torn and resewn.

Trickster: The wolverene uses cunning to provoke the inert rock into chasing him.

Revenge and Justice: The rock punishes the wolverene for tormenting it, and lightning avenges both.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A wolverene was out walking on the hillside and came upon a large rock. The animal inquired of the rock, “Was that you who was walking just now?” The rock replied, “No, I can not move; hence I cannot walk.” The wolverene retorted that he had seen it walking. The rock quickly informed the wolverene that he uttered a falsehood. The wolverene remarked, “You need not speak in that manner for I have seen you walking.” The wolverene ran off a little distance and taunted the rock, challenging it to catch him. The wolverene then approached the rock and having struck it with his paw, said, “See if you can catch me.” The rock answered, “I can not run but I can roll.” The wolverene began to laugh and said, “That is what I want.” The wolverene ran away and the rock rolled after him, keeping just at his heels.

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The animal finally began to tire and commenced to jump over sticks and stones until at last the rock was touching his heels. At last the wolverene tripped over a stick and fell. The rock rolled over on him and ceased to move when it came upon the hind parts of the wolverene. The animal screamed, “Get off, go away, you are hurting me; you are breaking my bones.” The rock remained motionless and replied, “You tormented me and had me run after you, so now I shall not stir until, some one takes me off.”

The wolverene replied, “I have many brothers and I shall call them.” He called to the wolves and the foxes to come and remove the rock. These animals soon came up to where the rock was lying on the wolverene and they asked him, “How came you to get under the rock?” The wolverene replied, “I challenged the rock to catch me and it rolled on me.” The wolves and foxes then told him that it served him right to be under the rock. They endeavored, after a time, to displace the rock but could not move it in the least. The wolverene then said, “Well, if you cannot get me out I shall call my other brother, the lightning and thunder.” So he began to call for the lightning to come to his aid. In a few moments a huge dark cloud came rushing from the southwest, and as it hurried up it made so much noise that it frightened the wolves and foxes, but they asked the lightning to take off the coat of the wolverene but not to harm his flesh. They then ran away. The lightning darted back to gather force and struck the rock, knocking it into small pieces and also completely stripped the skin from the back of the wolverene, tearing the skin into small pieces. The wolverene stood naked, but soon began to pick up the pieces of his coat and told the lightning, “You need not have torn my coat when you had only the rock to strike.”

The wolverene gathered up his pieces of coat and said he would go to his sister, the frog, to have her sew them together. He repaired to the swamp where his sister dwelt and asked her to sew them. She did so. The wolverene took it up and told her she had not put it together properly and struck her on the head and knocked her flying into the water. Ho took up the coat and went to his younger sister, the mouse. He directed her to sew his coat as it should be done. The mouse began to sew the pieces together and when it was done the wolverene carefully examined every seam and said, “You have sewed it very well; you will live in the tall green grass in the summer and in grass houses in the winter.” The wolverene put on his coat and went away.


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The rabbit and the frog

A timid rabbit befriends an injured frog and carries him to his home. The cunning frog parades tales of hunting prowess and repeatedly tricks the rabbit—first by allowing beavers to escape, then punishing his greed by feeding him frozen deer lungs. Believing he’s harmed the frog, the rabbit regrets his actions, only to be served a final trick as retribution for his earlier selfishness.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Trickster: The frog embodies the trickster archetype by using clever schemes to outwit and teach lessons to the rabbit.

Revenge and Justice: The frog’s final trick of feeding the rabbit frozen deer lungs serves as poetic justice for the rabbit’s earlier greed.

Moral Lessons: The tale warns against gluttony, naiveté, and misplaced trust by illustrating the consequences of selfish behavior.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


One day a rabbit was wandering among the hillsides, and at a short distance from him he observed a tent belonging to some Indians. Being timid he crept up to the side of the tent and peeped through a small hole, and saw inside of it a frog sitting near the fire. The rabbit seeing no danger accosted the frog thus: “Brother, what are you doing?” The frog replied: I am playing with the ashes. My brothers have gone off hunting and I am here as I have a very sore leg and can not go far.” The rabbit rejoined, “come with me and I will keep you?” The frog answered, “I can not walk as my leg is too sore.” The rabbit offered to carry the frog on his back. The rabbit took the frog and giving him a toss threw him on his back and said: “This is the way I will carry you.”

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So they started for the home of the rabbit, where, upon arriving, the rabbit placed the frog inside of the tent while the former went out to look for something to eat. While seeking food the rabbit suddenly spied a smoke curling from among the willows which grew along the branch of the creek. He became frightened and started to run homeward exclaiming. “I have forgotten my crooked knife and I must go quickly to get it.” (This part, or what the rabbit says to himself, is sung as a song; with an attempt at imitation of the rabbit’s voice.) The rabbit ran hurriedly home and sprang into the tent, whereupon the frog observing the fright of the other inquired, “Brother, what is the matter that you are so excited?” The rabbit answered, “I saw a large smoke.” “Where is it?” inquired the frog. The rabbit replied, “It is from among the willows along the creek that runs near by.” The frog began to laugh at the foolish fear of the rabbit and answered him that the smoke proceeded from the lodge of a family of beavers, and taunted the rabbit for being afraid of such a timid creature as a beaver when they are good to eat, adding that his own (frogs) brothers often carried him to the beavers’ houses to kill them when they were out of food; although his brothers could never kill any of them.

The rabbit was pleased to hear the frog was such a great hunter, and gladly offered to carry the frog to the lodge of the beavers that some food could be procured. The frog accepted the offer and was carried to the creek bank. The rabbit then built a dam of stakes across the stream and below the lodges in order that the beavers should not escape. The frog then directed the rabbit to break into the top of the lodge so that the frog might get at the beavers to kill them. While the rabbit was breaking into the lodge of the beavers, the frog purposely loosened some of the stakes of the weir below in order to allow the beavers to escape, hoping that the rabbit would become angry at him for so doing. When the rabbit saw what mischief the frog had done, he took the frog and roughly shoved him under the ice into the water. This did not harm the frog as it could live under water as well as on land, but the rabbit did not know that, so he believed he had drowned his brother the frog. The rabbit then returned to his home, regretting he had acted so harshly and began to cry for his brother. The frog in the meanwhile, killed all of the beavers and tied them together on a string, then slowly crawled to the rabbit’s home with his burden on his back. The frog crept up to the tent but was afraid to enter so he began to play with the door flap of the tent to make a noise to attract the attention of the rabbit within. Finally he cried out to the rabbit, “Brother, give me a piece of fire for I am very cold.” The rabbit did not recognize the tired, weak voice of his brother frog, and, afraid lest it be some enemy endeavoring to entice him from his home, picked up a piece of dead coal which had no fire on it and flung it outside. The frog then said, “Brother, there is no fire on this piece and I can not cook my beavers with it. “ The rabbit then ran out quickly and tenderly carried the frog inside, and immediately the latter began to moan and appear to suffer so much that the rabbit inquired what was the matter and asked if the beavers had bitten him. The frog said, “No, it was you who gave me such a hard push that you have hurt me in the side.” The rabbit assured the frog that the injury was unintentionally caused. The frog then directed the rabbit to prepare and cook the beavers. The rabbit went out to fetch them but he began to eat and did not stop until they were all devoured. After having finished eating them, the rabbit went for a walk. Ere long he noticed a huge smoke curling from the farther end of a valley and becoming greatly frightened he exclaimed, “I have forgotten my crooked knife and I must go quickly to get it.” He dashed into his door in a terrible state of mind. The frog coolly inquired, “What is the matter that you are so scared? “ The rabbit said, “I have seen a great smoke at the farther end of the valley through which the creek runs.” The frog laughed loudly at his fear and said, “They are deer; my brothers often had me to kill them, as they could not kill any, when we had no meat.” The rabbit was delighted at that so he offered to carry the frog toward the place. The frog directed the rabbit to make a snowshoe for the one foot of the frog. The rabbit soon had it made and gave it to his brother. The frog then said, “Carry me up towards the smoke.” The rabbit slung the frog on his back and away they went in the direction of the deer. The frog then told the rabbit to stand in one place and not to move while he (the frog) would work at the deer, and when he had finished he would call him up to the place.

The frog killed all the deer in a very short time, skinned them, and stuck the head and neck of one of the deer into the snow so that it would be looking toward the place whence the rabbit would come. The frog then took the lungs of one of the deer and put it out to freeze. The cold turned the lungs white as tallow. The frog shouted for his brother rabbit to come quickly. When the rabbit came bounding near he saw the eyes of the deer’s head staring at him in a queer manner; he was so much alarmed that he exclaimed to the frog, “Brother, he sees me.” The frog smiled and said, “I have killed him; he is dead; come on; I have a nice piece of fat saved for you.” (It was the frozen lungs of the deer.) So he gave the rabbit a large piece and told him to eat it all and quickly, as it was better when frozen and fresh from the deer’s back. The rabbit greedily swallowed large portions and did not observe the deception. After a time they built a lodge or tent for the night. Some few hours after the tent was made the frozen deer lungs which the rabbit had eaten began to thaw and it made the rabbit so violently ill that he vomited continually the entire night. The frog had served him this trick as a punishment for having eaten all of the beaver meat two days before.


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A wolverene destroys his sister

The wolverine, starving and desperate, deceives a bear into believing they are siblings destined to gather berries. Feigning a special berry-infused eye treatment, the wolverene lures her unsuspecting “sister” into a sweat house, then blinds and kills her with a concealed sharp stone. Through this cruel stratagem, the tale highlights the perils of misplaced trust and the cunning power of deception.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Trickster: The wolverene embodies the classic trickster, using guile and false kinship to outwit the bear.

Illusion vs. Reality: The wolverene’s feigned sibling relationship and bogus sweat house treatment blur truth and appearances.

Moral Lessons: This narrative functions as a cautionary tale warning against naive trust and the dangers of deception.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A wolverene having wandered far, for several days without food, suddenly came upon a bear. The former, feeling very hungry, conceived the plan of destroying his larger prey by stratagem. The wolverene cautiously approached the bear and exclaimed: “Is that you, sister!” The bear turned around and saw the wolverene, but in a low tone, winch the wolverene did not hear, said to herself: “I did not know that J had a brother,” so ran quickly away. The wolverene continued to scream: “Come here, sister, our father has sent me to look for you. You were lost when you were a little girl out picking berries.” Thus spoken to, the bear approached the supposed brother, who informed her that he knew of a place, on the hill there, where a lot of nice berries were ready for eating, saying: “Do you not see the berries growing on that hill, sister?”

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The bear answered: “I cannot see so great a distance.” So the two went up the hillside where the berries grew. “When they arrived at the place, and it was some distance off, the bear asked: “How is it that your eyes are so good?” The wolverene replied: My father mashed a lot of cranberries into my eyes and put me into a sweat house.” The bear said: “I wish my eyes were as good as yours.” The wolverene answered: “I will make your eyes as good as mine if you will gather a lot of cranberries while I prepare a sweat house.” The bear went to gather berries while the other prepared the house during her absence. The wolverene selected a stone having a sharp edge, which she concealed under the moss in the sweat house, while she procured a larger stone for the pillow.

After the sweat house was completed the wolverene cried out: “Sister, the sweat house is finished!” The bear returned, bringing a quantity of berries. They both went into the sudatory, whereupon the wolverene instructed the bear to lie with her head upon the stone pillow, while he prepared the crushed berries to put in her eyes. He then said to her: “Now, sister, do not move; you may find the berries will hurt the eyes and make them very sore, but they will be better soon.” The wolverene filled the bear’s eyes full of the sour berries, which made her exclaim: “Brother, they arc making my eyes very sore.” The wolverene answered: “You will find them the better for that. After I get your eyes full of the berries I will blow my breath on them.” After the eyes of the bear were full of berries the wolverene said: “You are too good to be a sister,” so he struck her on the head with the sharp-edged stone and cleft her skull between the eyes and killed her.


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Story of the wolverene

A cunning wolverene lures waterfowl ashore with the promise of honeycomb, then decapitates and cooks them after tricking them into dancing blindfolded. A lone loon escapes and warns the wildlife, while a whiskey-jack betrays the wolverene to local hunters, who devour the cooked birds. The wolverene awakens to find only bones and curses the jay for its impudence, reflecting on greed and deception.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Trickster: The wolverene deceives the birds into dancing blindfolded, then murders them, showcasing classic trickster behavior.

Moral Lessons: The tale warns against gullibility and greed, teaching that deceit brings dire consequences.

Conflict with Nature: The predator-prey dynamic between the wolverene and the waterfowl highlights the harsh realities of nature.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A wolverene was running along the seashore and perceived a number of geese, brant, ducks, and loons sitting in the water a short distance off. The wolverene addressing them said, “Come here, brothers. I have found a pretty bees’ nest. I will give it to you if you will come on shore and have a dance.” All the birds went on land. The wolverene said, “Let us have a dance and I will sing. Shut your eyes and do not open them until we are done dancing. He began to sing, “A-ho’umu-hou-mu’-mu’-hum’.” The last word was so often repeated (accompanied with the act of the wolverene snipping off the heads of the birds) that the loon opened one eye and saw the headless ducks kicking. The loon ran to the water and exclaimed, “Our brother has killed us!”

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The wolverene ran after the loon but the loon dived under the water and came up a distance off and cried out, “A ho ho ho ho ho ho!” The wolverene screamed, “Hold your tongue, yon red-eyed fowl.” The wolverene returned to where the ducks had been killed; plucked their feathers off and cleaned them; put them into a large kettle and boiled them.

While attending to the cooking he saw a whisky-jack (Us’ ka teon) (Perisoreus canadensis) flying about. The wolverene took a firebrand and threw it at the bird, exclaiming, “You will be telling on me, you long-tongued bird!” The jay flew away and told the Indians that “Our brother (wolverene) has killed a lot of ducks and has them cooked,” adding, “I think he is sleeping. I’ll show you where he is if you will come.” The Indians replied, “We will go, for we are very hungry.” They went and found the wolverene asleep alongside the pot. The Indians ate all of the meat of the ducks. After they had finished the meat they put the bones back into the kettle and went away. The wolverene awakened after a time, took his dish and said to himself, “Now, I shall have my dinner.” He poured all the broth into his dish and found nothing but the bones remaining. In his surprise he said, “Surely, I have been sleeping a long time; the meat is all boiled away.” The jay told him that he had told the Indians. The wolverene said, “Why did you tell? you stupid bird; I was keeping a nice piece of fat for you. [The jay is well known to be particularly fond of fat of any kind, hence the tempting morsel withheld was a source for future reflection.] You will not, now, get it for your impudence.”


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Story of the wolverene and the brant

Disguised as a brant, a wolverene summons waterfowl, dons their feathers, and joins their spring migration flight. Warned not to peer below over a point of land, he obeys once but looks down a second time upon hearing cries of Indians, tumbling to earth. Mistaken for a rotten goose by natives who strip his feathers, the creature is revealed dead and the lesson of curiosity forever marked.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The tale explains why brant geese fall when frightened by the clamor of Indians during spring migrations.

Trickster: The wolverene uses cunning disguise to infiltrate the flock of birds for its own aims.

Illusion vs. Reality: The animals and later the Indians are deceived by the wolverene’s outward appearance as a brant.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A wolverene calling all the birds together addressed them thus: “Do you not know that I am your brother? Come to me and I will dress you in feathers.” After having dressed them up he made wings for himself and said: “Now, brothers, let us fly.” The brant told the wolverene, “You must not look below while we are flying over the point of land when you hear a noise below. Take a turn when we take a turn.”

The first turn they took the wolverene did not look below, but at the second turn they took, when they came over the point of land, the animal looked below when he heard the noise of the shouting Indians and down he came like a bundle of rags.

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When the Indians perceive a flock of these brant they make a loud clamor, which frightens the birds so much that they lose their senses, fall to the ground and are thus killed. These birds are only seen in the spring migrations and then in great multitudes, while in the fall it is rare to see even a single individual, as they have a different return route than in spring.

All the Indians ran up to him and exclaimed “There is a brant fallen down.” One of the old Indian women got hold of him and began to pluck his feathers off, then to disembowel him. She of course smelled the horrible stench and exclaimed, “This goose is not fit to eat as it is already rotten!” She gave the carcass to one of the children to throw away. Another old woman came up and inquired, “Where did you throw the brant goose to? How could it be rotten? It is not long since it was killed.” The former old woman replied to her, “Go and see, if you do not believe.” She went and found nothing but the dead wolverene.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Wisekejack

Wisekejack’s dream warns Wolf to throw a twig before crossing a creek, but Wolf ignores it and drowns. Discovering this, Wisekejack tracks the panthers responsible, kills Toad to steal his guise, and slays the wounded panther before retrieving Wolf’s pelt. Punished with a great flood, Wisekejack builds a raft, drowns and revives three animals to bring up mud, and forms new land—so vast even Wolf cannot run its circumference.

Source: 
Notes on the Eastern Cree 
and Northern Saulteaux 
by Alanson Skinner 
The American Museum 
of Natural History
Anthropological Papers
Volume IX, Part 1
New York, 1911


► Themes of the story


Creation: Wisekejack creates new land from the mud brought up by Muskrat, explaining how the world’s dry ground came to be.

Trickster: Wisekejack repeatedly uses his cunning—first advising Wolf, then donning Toad’s skin, deceiving the panthers, and reviving drowned animals.

Quest: Wisekejack undertakes a perilous journey to recover Wolf’s body, confront the panthers, and ultimately fashion land for all creatures.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Salteaux people


The Northern Saulteaux form the most isolated band of the Ojibway. They occupy the region north of Lake Superior and east of Lake Winnipeg. They call themselves “Otcipweo”. The number of the Northern Saulteaux on the Government annuity rolls (for 1911) is: Lac Seul, 800; Fort Hope, [eighty died during the La Grippe epidemic of 1908-9] 550; Martens Falls, 112; English River, 65, making a total of 1527.

Myth obtained at Martens Falls Post on the Albany River.

Once Wisekejack was living with Wolf. Wolf was accustomed to hunt caribou every day. Wisekejack said to Wolf, “My nephew, I dreamed last night that if, when you are chasing caribou, you come to a creek, you need not jump across. Take a little twig and throw that ahead of you.”

When Wolf went hunting he got very close to the caribou. There was a creek between the caribou and Wolf. It was a very small creek, so narrow that Wolf could easily jump over. Wolf thought it was not worth while to throw the stick, and tried to jump. He fell in the middle of the creek and was drowned.

By and by, Wisekejack began to miss Wolf and tracked him to learn what had become of him. The trail lead to the creek. Wisekejack looked on both sides of the creek but he could only find Wolf’s tracks on the near side of the creek and not on the far side. When Wisekejack saw this, he sat down and began to cry, for he guessed what had happened.

As Wisekejack sat there crying, along came Kingfisher. He caught Kingfisher and rubbed the top of his head. This made Kingfisher cry out, “I want to tell you something, I am looking for Wisekejack.” Then Wisekejack said, “Come, tell me, and I will give you my handkerchief.” Wisekejack gave his handkerchief to Kingfisher and hung it around his neck.

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(This accounts for the white band of the belted Kingfisher, the crest of the same bird was caused by Wisekejack when he rubbed his head because the feathers were stroked the wrong way.)

Kingfisher told Wisekejack, “The panther took away your Wolf.” There were three panthers on that creek, they lived in the water and came out to bask when the sun was warm.

Wisekejack went to the edge of the water and stood there. Near by, there was a big spruce tree with a hollow inside. Wisekejack climbed into the hollow. While he was there, all of a sudden, a white panther came out of the water. The lion said, “Who is that standing there? That is surely Wisekejack.”

Then the panther came up to Wisekejack and put its tail around his waist and tried to pull Wisekejack into the water. He could not budge him at all. The panther said, “This seems to be no person, but a tree.” Then all three of the panthers tried to pull Wisekejack into the water, one after the other. The last panther was the biggest and Wisekejack had a hard time to avoid being overcome.

After this, the panther thought it was time to have a sleep on the rock. They used to sleep there all day, especially on hot days. Wisekejack decided to attack them while they slept. He took his bow and arrows with him and shot first at the big one. He hit the panther but he did not kill him, and all the panthers jumped into the water.

Then Wisekejack, who had been in the water, came out and went away from there. After he had been walking for some time he heard someone coming towards him singing:

Yiciwekwaki nishenawishkan.
Yiciwekwaki nishenawishkan.
Yiciwekwaki nishenawishkan.
“Then end of the world, when I rattle.

Very soon he saw some person approaching, so he went to meet him. This fellow had a drum on his back and a rattle in his hand, which he was using. Well, this person was Toad.

“Where are you going?” asked Wisekejack. “I heard Wisekejack fire at the panther. I’m going to see the wounded panther and cure him with my medicine,” replied Toad. “Let me see how you will cure him,” said Wisekejack. Toad put down his drum and began to sing. He sat down and raised his rattle before him, shaking it transversely before his body. Then Toad bowed his head on his breast and sang. While he was doing this, Wisekejack knocked him on the head and killed him. Then he skinned Toad and put on his skin. Then he started back to see Panther. When he got there he commenced walking around the place where he shot Panther. He heard someone talking there. “Hello,” said a lion. “I guess that is the man we wanted to come.” So Wisekejack went into Panther’s lodge. He saw the wounded panther lying down in his lodge. Panther was nearly dead, for Wisekejack’s arrow was sticking out of his side. Panther gave Wisekejack some food, for they thought he was Toad.

When Wisekejack had finished he found his assumed skin was drying and tightening. He was afraid that he might be discovered, so he told the two uninjured panthers to go out and leave him with the sick one. “I don’t like to have you see me make my medicine,” he said, so they went out.

Then Wisekejack went to the wounded panther and took him by the throat so he could not cry out. Then he took hold of the arrow and pushed it in until it. killed him. Then he skinned Panther and cut the hide into a long thong. He stretched the thong back and forth across the lodge. After he had done this, he saw the skin of his friend, Wolf, in the lodge. He took it and went away. Wisekejack told the other panther if they wanted to cure their comrade they must tap on the ground with a stick. It seems the panthers went into the sick room. When they saw the dead panther they cried out, “It seems Wisekejack has killed our brother I” The panthers decided to kill Wisekejack by making a flood. They caused the waters to rise until he had no place to go. Then Wisekejack set out to build a raft. All the animals came to see Wisekejack on his raft, and got on with him.

At last, you could see nothing but water. So Wisekejack thought to himself, “I wonder if I could make any land?” He took a string and tied it to Beaver’s tail and told him to swim down to the bottom and get some mud. “If you reach bottom pull the string like this,” said Wisekejack, giving it several short jerks. The beaver went down and soon began to pull on the string. Wisekejack pulled Beaver up hand over hand. When he got Beaver to the surface, he was drowned. So Wisekejack blew on Beaver and he came to life again. Then Wisekejack tried with Otter. Otter was also drowned, and Wisekejack brought him to life again also. Then he tried Muskrat. The rat went down further than either Beaver or Otter. When Wisekejack pulled him up he too was dead, but Wisekejack found he had mud on his head, mouth and hands, under his arms and between his legs. Wisekejack brought him to life in the same way that he did the others. Then he started to make land with the dirt Muskrat had brought up. He made it bigger and bigger all the time. At last, it was so big that there was room on it for all the animals. Then Wisekejack told Crow to “fly around this land I have made and see how big it is.” The crow went, but soon returned, saying it was too small. Then Wisekejack told the crow to fly around once more. The Crow did so and reported that the earth was pretty big. But Wisekejack still thought it was too small. Then he told Wolf, “Try to run around the earth and see how large it is.” So Wolf said, “I’ll go, but if I never come back, this land will be big enough.” Wolf never came back.


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Wisagatcak

Story recounts Wisagatcak’s cunning flood survival: after breaking a beaver dam and drifting on a makeshift raft with animals, he magically conjures new land, assigns animals their diets and anatomical traits, and demonstrates trickster wit in episodes involving wildfowl and a bear. His mischief explains natural features—from subterranean springs to tree growth patterns—before he vanishes, leaving a world shaped by his clever deeds.

Source: 
Notes on the Eastern Cree 
and Northern Saulteaux 
by Alanson Skinner 
The American Museum 
of Natural History
Anthropological Papers
Volume IX, Part 1
New York, 1911


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The story explains how the earth, creeks, and animal diets originated through Wisagatcak’s actions.

Trickster: Wisagatcak repeatedly uses cunning schemes—trapping beavers, ensnaring birds, and outwitting others—to achieve his goals.

Cultural Heroes: Wisagatcak is portrayed as the ancestral figure whose deeds shape the world and its creatures.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


Albany Cree

One winter day, Wisagatcak was chiseling for mythical “big” beaver. He caught the beaver by shutting up the creek with stakes, leaving an opening in the center of the stream. He stood there waiting all day for the beaver to try to swim through the opening and escape. Towards evening, he saw one coming along, but just as he was about to kill it. Muskrat stole up behind and scratched his anus. This startled Wisagatcak so that he failed to slay his quarry. At last, it grew so dark that he could no longer see the game, so he went ashore and built a fire without eating anything. He thought to himself, “Tomorrow, I will try to break the beaver dam and dry up the creek.”

Early the next morning, Wisagatcak arose and made a pointed stick, or spear, from juniper. With this he broke the dam, and when it was broken, the water began to rise, so that at last Wisagatcak could no longer stand on the ground.

► Continue reading…

When this happened, he made a raft of logs and got on that. He took aboard a pair of every kind of animal and stayed there with them for two weeks. They drifted about, for there was no chance to anchor anywhere. While all this happened the Big Beaver were conjuring against Wisagatcak to revenge themselves for breaking their dam. After two weeks had passed, Wisagatcak wished to know the depth of the water underneath the raft so he took Muskrat and tied a long string to his feet and told him to dive under the water and bring up some mud.

The rat went down; he was unable to reach the bottom and was drowned before Wisagatcak could pull him up. Wisagatcak waited for three days and then sent the crow to see if he could find any dry land. He told Crow if he found any he was to bring back some moss; but Crow came back empty-billed.

When Wisagatcak learned this, he was frightened. He had a little moss on his raft and he took it and began to conjure. The next day, he told Wolf to take the moss in his mouth and run around the raft with it. Wolf did as he was told and as soon as he ran around the raft, earth began to appear and grow on it. Wolf continued to run around for a week while the land kept on growing larger. It continued to grow for two weeks. At the end of this time. Wolf had made it so big that he never came back. Since the earth is built over water, this accounts for the existence of subterranean springs.

When Wolf had been gone a week and had not yet returned, Wisagatcak said to the other animals, “Well, the ground must now be big enough for us to live on.” Beaver asked Wisagatcak. “How are we going to live? We are now eating willows and poplars and there are as yet no trees on the earth for us to live on.” Wisagatcak replied, “Just wait, you will need a little creek to live in also.” “Yes,” said Beaver. “I’ll do something tonight,” said Wisagatcak.

That night Wisagatcak conjured again. He dug down through the earth over the raft to get a log from it; but the earth was now so great he could not find any trace of his raft. When Wisagatcak failed to get even a stick he said to Beaver, “Well, I’ll make a creek for you, and you may live on the roots of the grass until trees grow up.” That is why Beaver eats certain white roots to this day although his proper diet is bark.

When Wisagatcak had built the creek for Beaver, he dwelt in it. After a while, Wisagatcak came back and found that Beaver had dug trenches everywhere in his search for roots. He saw one beaver swimming about. “Come here brother,” he said, for he was the older brother of all the animals. The beaver refused to go. “Why do you call me,” said Beaver, “when you only wish to kill me?” Then Wisagatcak was angry and said, “I’ll never come again.” He never did.

One time, when Wisagatcak was out hunting, he saw a great number of wild fowl and said to himself, “What can I do to get them?” He was carrying a big bag and he thought he would pull up some moss and fill his bag with that. He did so, and when he had stuffed it full he went away, carrying it on his back. When the wild fowl saw Wisagatcak’s bundle, they approached and asked, “What is that you are carrying on your back?” Wisagatcak stopped and replied, “This is my ‘singing wigwam’ (sic) where I used to sing and dance.” Then he took out the moss and made a lodge of it. When the wild fowl saw the wigwam, they came over and went in. Wisagatcak said to the birds, “When I sing, take care to do everything that I say to do.” Then all the wild fowl began to dance.

After Wisagatcak had sung for some time, he cried out in the song for all the birds to shut their eyes, and dance in a circle, with their heads and necks inward and close together. When the birds did this, Wisagatcak took a cord and made a running noose of it which he threw over the necks of all the birds at once and so succeeded in strangling a great many of them. When Loon heard the dying beat of the wild fowls’ wings he began to open his eyes and peep. As soon as he saw that the birds were being killed, he cried out, “Wisagatcak is killing us,” and ran to the door. Wisagatcak pursued Loon, and just as he was escaping through the door, Wisagatcak managed to kick him squarely in the rump. This accounts for the peculiar shape of the loon’s rump bone today.

Then thought Wisagatcak to himself, “I wonder how I can cook all these birds.” He dug down under the sand by the fireplace for he intended to roast the fowls by burying them in the hot sand. In order to remember where he had put them, he left one leg of each bird sticking up above the surface. When he had done this, Wisagatcak wished to have a good sleep but before going to bed he said to his rump, “Well, you had better watch while I sleep.”

At last, someone passing by saw the tent. He waited until he was sure Wisagatcak was asleep and then he came and peeped in at the door. The faithful rump gave warning by breaking wind, Wisagatcak roused at once, jumped up, and looked about. The marauder, however, had disappeared and Wisagatcak saw no one and returned to bed. “Don’t you fool me like that again,” he said to his rump.

As soon as the intruder heard Wisagatcak snore again, he came and peeped in the tent once more. Again, Wisagatcak’s rump gave tongue. Wisagatcak leaped up and looked out, but again the culprit escaped him. As Wisagatcak could see no one, he spoke very sharply to his rump for deceiving him. Then he went back to his bed. As soon as he was asleep the man came and looked in again but this time Wisagatcak’s rump was angry because it had been reproved twice, and failed to give warning. Then the man entered Wisagatcak’s wigwam and stole all the geese and other wild fowl. The thief pulled off one foot from each and to deceive Wisagatcak stuck them up in the sand around the fire where the birds had been. At length, Wisagatcak awoke and being very hungry, he commenced to pull up his geese, but all that he could find were the feet, so he knew he had been robbed while he slept.

Wisagatcak was very angry with his rump for not warning him of the thief’s approach. So he put a stone in the fire and heated it red hot. When it was hot enough he took off his leggings and breechclout and sat upon the stone to burn his rump to punish it for its treachery. As he sat on the hot stones he began to break wind and continued to do so. “Look here now,” said Wisagatcak to his anus, “you suffer because you did not warn me.” When he had finished burning it, it was withered and shaped like everyone’s else and there was a deep crease burned in the middle. That is why mankind has the rump shaped in this way. Formerly, a man’s rump was puckered like that of a frog.

When Wisagatcak had done this, he went hurrying off and left his wigwam standing. He took his bow and arrows to hunt game, for he was very hungry since he had lost his dinner. At every step he took he broke wind, “Poop! poop! poop!” and so his rump revenged itself by warning all the game and spoiling his hunting.

At length, Wisagatcak began to starve because he could not approach the game. “Don’t make any more noise,” said he to his rump, “and I’ll give you something to eat.” There was a big scab on his rump where he had burned it, and at last it dropped off. As Wisagatcak was starving, he picked up the scab and began to eat it. He thought it was dried meat. [Some narrators claim he knew it was his scab, but others hold the contrary to be true.] The squirrel saw Wisagatcak eating the scab and he could not help laughing. “That is your own scab you are eating,” said he to Wisagatcak. Then Wisagatcak threw his scab at the birch tree and the punk of rotten birches is of that scab. Then Wisagatcak pounded the tree with a stick as well and thus he marked the bark in the way one sees it today.

After Wisagatcak had done this, he went away from there. He saw a bear eating berries. He approached the bear to shoot it but his rump broke wind and warned the bear that Wisagatcak was coming. When the bear heard and saw Wisagatcak coming he would run off, but Wisagatcak called out, “Hold on, my brother.” The bear answered, “I did not know you were a brother of mine.” Wisagatcak replied, “Don’t you know? Long ago, we were brothers; we will eat berries together. Do you see that thing sticking up out of the water there?” “No,” said the bear. “Don’t you see that thing sticking out of the water?” said Wisagatcak. “No, I see nothing,” said the bear. “Do you know what I have done?” said Wisagatcak, “Formerly, I used to see as poorly as you do, but I mashed berries and put them in my eyes.”

Then the bear thought he would like to see as well as Wisagatcak so he began to mash berries and put them in his eyes. “After I had done that,” said Wisagatcak, “I went to bed and had a short nap. I had a stone for my pillow too.” The bear did likewise. When the bear fell asleep Wisagatcak took up a big stone and mashed the bear’s head with it and killed him. [One version of this tale makes Wisagatcak turn into a bear and live with his intended victim until he got fat in the fall.] Then Wisagatcak skinned the bear. He cut it in pieces and cooked them all. He preserved the grease and intestines. He did not attempt to eat until he had cooked all of it. While he was cooking he looked up and saw Muskrat swimming in the river. As the grease would not harden, he called to the rat to take it and swim through the water with it. When Muskrat returned with the grease, Wisagatcak stripped all the flesh from his tail to reward him for his services. That is why it is so thin and skinny now, whereas formerly it was fat and broad like a beaver’s and too heavy for him. “Try now and see how fast you can go,” said Wisagatcak to Muskrat. Muskrat tried and went so fast that he broke the grease bladder and the grease and oil came out. This accounts for the smooth slick wake the muskrat leaves when swimming. It is the bear’s oil and grease calming the water.

“Now, I will eat my bear,” said Wisagatcak. He began to eat, but he was soon so full that he could hold no more. Then he went over to where two trees were standing close together. He stood between them and said, “Squeeze me until my stomach is stretched so far that I can finish my bear at one meal.” At once, the trees came together and began to squeeze Wisagatcak. When they held Wisagatcak so closely that he could not get away, they called out to all the animals to come and eat his bear.

All the animals came at once and though Wisagatcak begged the trees to let him go, they held him fast until his bear was eaten. When it was all gone, they released him. Of all the animals, Seal got the most grease, and Rabbit the least. That is why Seal is so fat and Rabbit so lean. When the trees finally released Wisagatcak, he was very angry. He started to revenge himself on them by twisting them with his hands. That is the reason some trees are spirally twisted in their growth.

Wisagatcak went away. It was late in the fall and all the birds were flying south. He told them he would like to go with them. “I can fly as well as you,” said he. He started off. The birds said to him, “If you see any people when you are flying, don’t look at them, for if you do so, you will fall down.” They all flew away and soon Wisagatcak saw some people. He looked hard at them and down he fell and was smashed to pieces. Then he resumed his human shape, for he had been a bird when he was flying.

Then the Indians he had looked at came up. He was unable to get up for some time, and whenever they felt like evacuating, they would go over and do it upon Wisagatcak. At last, an old woman came. Wisagatcak saw her approach, jumped up, and seized a stick which he shoved up her anus. He killed the old woman and ran his stick in the ground, leaving her upon it as meat is placed on a spit to roast before the fire. Then he went home.

Once Wisagatcak was traveling. As he went along he met three sisters who had never seen a man before. “Ah,” thought Wisagatcak, “I will show them something.” He had been hunting beaver and had a freshly severed beaver’s head in his hand. “Let us play a new game,” said Wisagatcak to the best looking sister. “You take hold of one jaw and I will take the other and we will sit down, place our feet together, and pull apart.” They did as Wisagatcak suggested and bracing their feet against each other, began to pull. When the woman was exerting her utmost strength, Wisagatcak let go.

Prostratam mulierem, vestibus sublatis genitalibas conspectis, stupravit. Ilia exclamavit, “Wisagatcak me interficiti” Tunc sorores eum detrahere, “minime mihi malum facit.” Cum Wisagatcak earn stuprasset, mulier iterum cum eo coire voluit, sed sorores quare tantam ex novo ludo cepit delectationem nesciebant et ludum euodem disure concupiverunt. [He stripped the woman of her clothes and raped her. She exclaimed, “Wisagatcak, I have been killed.” Then the sisters pulled him away, “He is not doing me any harm.” When Wisagatcak had raped her, the woman wanted to have sex with him again, but the sisters did not know why she took such pleasure in this new game, and they desperately wanted to play the same game.] So she could not keep him to herself. Very soon Wisagatcak was very nearly dead, but they insisted upon his continuing the play. Finally, he escaped, but he was almost dead.

At last, Wisagatcak went to the north. On the other side of Winisk-sibi (Ground Hog or Woodchuck River) he met the north wind who was traveling in the same direction. To escape from the north wind he built a shelter of rocks which may still be seen there to this day. It is just the size of a man. After this happened, nobody knows what became of Wisagatcak.


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The crow’s disappointment

A man who was once a crow paddles along a lake, harvesting fish from magic nets until he discovers a deserted house and follows a path atop the mountain. There he seizes a beautiful berry-picking woman and forces her to accompany him, demanding she dance. She tricks him—shapeshifting into a squirrel to flee to her home—and punishes him by pouring hot ashes through the smoke-hole, blinding him.

Source: 
Athapascan Traditions
from the Lower Yukon 
by J.W. Chapman 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.16, No.62, pp. 180-185
July-September, 1903


► Themes of the story


Transformation: Both the man-crow and the berry-picking woman undergo physical shape-shifting, highlighting metamorphosis as a core motif.

Trickster: The woman uses wit and deception—transforming into a squirrel—to outsmart and escape her captor.

Revenge and Justice: The woman exacts poetic retribution by scalding the crow-man’s eyes after he oversteps.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Athabaskan people


Once upon a time, when the crow was a man, he was paddling along abreast of a mountain, with his stomach calling for dinner. As he paddled, suddenly he saw a stake set at the edge of the water. He paddled alongside to examine it. There was a fishnet tied to it. Surely enough it was full of fish, and he put them into his canoe. In front of him and at his back they lay. Those in front of him he eats raw, and fills himself. “A-ha-ha,” he thinks, “I am satisfied; thanks,” thinks he, “I am satisfied;” and he took his paddle and went on. All day he paddled. All at once he saw another stake set. Surely enough, there was another net tied. Again he examined it, and was surprised to find it full of fish. Taking these he put them into his canoe, in front of him, and behind him, and part of those in front of him he ate raw. “A-ha-ha,” thinks he; “thanks, I am satisfied.”

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Then he looked around, and upward as well, and saw a house; a beautiful house. Outside the house were hanging dried whitefish. Then he went into the house and looked around, but saw nobody. Inside the house there were dried whitefish, too, and berries. But see! on this side is somebody’s place; there are beautiful parkas too, and fine mats and workbags. “Where is she?” thought he, and crossed the room again to go out. From over at the door he took a look outside. He looked, and saw a path going up the mountain. He started off, and rushed eagerly upward. He reached the top and looked around. There beside the path were berries in plenty, and baskets with berries in them. He went here and there looking for the owner. All at once there was a beautiful woman picking berries. He went to her and caught her by the shoulder. “Come,” said he,” come along; let’s go to your house,” said he. But she was not willing. “You see I’m picking berries. By and by I will do as you say,” said she; but he held her shoulder fast. “Come along now,” said he. Then she grew angry. “What a brute! You better go down to my house by yourself,” said she. Finally the woman said, angrily, “Very well, live with me down at my house.” She tied up her berries, and they put them on their backs; the woman as well as the crow. “Come now,” said the woman, “take off your load and put it down where you are, and I will dance for you.” Then she sung:

Ikna, ikna, akcaito
Akcai tcugun hugu
Unu yavwugan he
m-m-m.

“Now it is your turn,” said she. “I want to see you. You dance for me, too,” said she. “Yes,” said he. He hopped about, singing:

Tlikin gaqahl, tlik, tlik;
Tlikin gaqahl, tlik, tlik.

“Your song doesn’t suit me,” said she. “Shut your eyes;” and with a “Ctiq” she dived down between his legs, having turned into a squirrel. She reached her house and slammed to the door, while he climbed upon the roof and peered down through the smoke-hole. The woman angrily threw up a ladleful of hot ashes into his eyes, so that they were scalded and turned white.


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Why the wolverine became a thief

A man hunted with a wolverine over three nights; on the third night the animal threw his shoes into the fire, leaving him stranded. It repeated its treachery with a second man. With a third hunter, the wolverine mistakenly burned its own paw and, ashamed, abandons hunting to live by stealing from human caches. The tale explains the wolverine’s thieving nature.

Source: 
Athabascan Myths 
by Frank Russell 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.13, No.48, pp. 11-18
January-March, 1900


► Themes of the story


Trickster: The wolverine repeatedly betrays and outwits its human companions through cunning acts.

Trials and Tribulations: Each hunter endures the hardship of being strand­ed by the wolverine’s treachery.

Transformation: After burning its own paw, the wolverine resolves to cease hunting and live by robbing caches.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Slavey people


Told by Tenegorley. (Simpson, winter of 1897-98)

A man went out hunting with a wolverine. They were out three nights, and during the third night the wolverine rose and threw the man’s shoes into the fire. In the morning the wolverine deserted the man, leaving him unable to travel. The wolverine then went out with another man, and served him in the same treacherous manner. He went hunting with a third man, and during the first and second nights he was very careful to provide for the man’s wants. The third evening they took off their shoes and hung them before the fire, as is the custom of the country. The man soon rose and put on his shoes and again laid down. Later the wolverine got up, and, seeing a pair of shoes, thought they belonged to the man, and threw them into the fire. The next morning, as they rose, the wolverine said, “Where are your shoes?” “On my feet,” replied the man. “I have lost mine,” said the wolverine; “lend me yours, and I will go and get a pair for you.” But the man refused. Just as he was leaving the camp the wolverine put his forefoot in the fire and burned it. “I will never hunt for myself again, but will always live by robbing the caches of the people.” And that is why the wolverine is such a thief.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page