A big perch

When a hunter vanishes from his companions on Lake Mistassini’s shores, he reappears claiming to have visited the lake’s bottom, encountering fish of every kind and a colossal perch unable to turn in deep waters. His account gives rise to the timeless and wondrous “big perch” legend, passed from father to son, eclipsing modern sea serpent stories and preserving its rich ancestral lore.

Source: 
Folk-Lore of the Cree Indians 
by Fred Swindlehurst 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.18, No.69, pp. 139-143
April-June, 1905


► Themes of the story


Underworld Journey: The hunter’s descent to the lake’s bottom parallels a voyage into a realm beyond the living world.

Mythical Creatures: The colossal perch transcends ordinary biology, embodying a legendary beast.

Echoes of the Past: The tale’s transmission from father to son preserves ancestral memory across generations.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


Some Indian hunters were camped along the shores of Lake Mistassini. As fish and game were plentiful they were happy and contented. One evening they missed one of their number, and though they searched everywhere could not find him. They had many days given him up for dead, when he surprised them by calmly walking into camp. On their asking him where he had been he told the following story:

“That night you lost me I was at the bottom of the lake, where I saw all kinds of fish, some pretty, some ugly, and some savage. There was one perch so large that he could not turn around in the lake, but had to swim up and down without turning.”

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The above story has been handed down from father to son, and even today Indians refer to the “big perch,” just as seriously as if it really existed. Lake Mistassini is 120 miles long and 20 miles wide, so the legend far eclipses the white man’s story of the sea serpent.


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The Creation (1)

An unnamed being from above creates the world, fashioning a porcupine, a white bear, a man, and a brown bear as the first beings. After completing creation, he ascends to heaven. The Raven remains on earth, altering the original design, introducing death, and establishing the path for departed souls. The narrative also touches upon afterlife beliefs and the origins of rituals honoring the deceased.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Creation: The story explains the origin of the world and its first creatures.

Underworld Journey: The tale describes the path souls take after death to their final destination.

Ritual and Initiation: The narrative explains the origin of rituals performed by the living to honor and support the deceased.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


There was some one above who made the world. They do not name him, but speak of him as being above. He was upon the world that he made, and did all the various works that men were to do. The natives say nothing of his resting upon the seventh day, as the Christians do.

The first of the creatures that he made was a porcupine, the next a white bear, the third was a man, and the fourth a brown bear.

After that, he made all other things, and then went up to heaven, and there he remains; and there is no heaven higher than the one where he is.

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But there was on the earth another man, the Raven, who remained, and changed many things; so that what was originally intended to be good became perverted. He made wooden images, and flung them in different directions, and told them to come to life and do whatever they pleased. Originally men did not die in the same way as they do now, but passed into the spirit state and back again. The Raven changed that by making a trail for the dead people to take, and since then they do not return. When the spirit enters upon this path, it has to camp for four nights before it reaches its destination. At the end of each day, it finds a camp-fire burning. This fire burns perpetually. The path leads to some place near the sources of the Yukon River. There is a story of a young man who went up the river as far as he could go, but was warned by the people there that he should go back; for they told him that if he kept on, he would come to a portage that the souls of the dead took, and that if he were to enter on that portage and hear any sounds, he would never be able to return. So he was afraid to continue, and went back. There is also another story of a young woman who was snatched up, and found herself among the dead; but she made her escape and returned to her own people. While she was among the dead, she was sustained by the offerings of her friends, who supposed her to be dead; and it is from that time that the feast for the dead began. At this feast, clothing and food are formally given to some one who represents the dead person, and it is supposed that this turns to the benefit of the one who is gone. In general, the happiness of those who are gone is affected by the conduct of those related to them, who are still living. If these are generous and kindly, the dead will be kindly received by those who have gone before.

As to the actions of those who are still on the earth influencing their own future existence, the souls of all, both bad and good, start on the same path, but the paths separate. Those who were unkind, and wantons, whether men or women, go to a kind of kashime, where they are tortured perpetually in the fire. Those who have hanged themselves go to a place where they remain suspended in the wind. The good go to a place where they have no more trouble.


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Cenakatla’x; or, the salmon girl

A young girl, dissatisfied with moldy salmon, vanishes and is taken to the Salmon people’s realm. Unable to consume their food, she gathers herring eggs, leading to ridicule. The following spring, she returns as a salmon, is caught by her parents, and transforms back into a girl, imparting lessons on respecting salmon to ensure their continued return.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: Her voyage to the Salmon country, a realm beyond the human world, mirrors a descent into an underworld.

Harmony with Nature: It underscores the need for humans to live in balance with the natural world, particularly with the salmon upon whom they depend.

Rebirth: The narrative touches upon the salmon’s life cycle, illustrating themes of death and renewal as the salmon return each year.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tahltan people


Cenakatla’x mean “mouldy salmon.” The Salmon people are said to have named the girl thus.

A number of people were living on a salmon stream just before the first run of salmon commenced. They were short of food. A girl asked for something to eat, and they gave her a piece of old mouldy dried salmon. She would not eat it, and threw it away. About the end of the salmon-run she disappeared, and no one knew what had happened to her. They thought she had been drowned, but she had been taken to the Salmon country with the last salmon in the stream. The Salmon country is far away in the sea, and there are very many people there. She could not eat the kind of food they ate; so she went along the beach, and gathered herring-eggs. One day some Salmon people saw her eating, and called out, “Look at the girl eating excrements!” After this she always hid when eating. The next spring the Salmon said, “Very soon we shall go and see our friends inland,” meaning the Indians. They started in canoes. Some salmon branched off here, and others there, into different streams, where they were accustomed to go annually. The humpback salmon all went into shallow streams.

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Indians were fishing on many of the streams, and had weirs across the creeks. Sometimes the salmon broke part of the weirs and went through. Then they said, “We have played a trick on our friends.” The girl was swimming with the king salmon, and went to the stream where her people lived. Her mother was very busy cutting up salmon. The girl swam back and forth close to the bank so as to see her mother well. Presently the mother called her husband to come with his spear. The girl then ran back and told the king salmon. He told her not to be afraid, but to let the people spear her. He said, “You cannot die. When people club you on the head, your soul at once passes to your tail, and afterwards, when you are dead, goes to the Salmon country, returning again next spring as a salmon. Thus salmon never die, and each succeeding year as many come up the streams as ever. See the old salmon rotting where they have spawned! They are not dead. Their bodies have been left up here,’ and are rotting; but their souls have returned to Salmon Land, and will return next year.” The girl then went back to where her mother was, and her father speared her. It was a fine-looking small young fish; and her parents said, “Let us eat it fresh!” They brought the basket to boil it, and her mother began to cut the fish up. When she made the first cut, the knife struck something hard and glanced off. She looked to see what it was, and saw some dentalia. On further examination, she recognized it as the necklace of dentalia worn by their daughter when she was lost. They thought the fish must be their daughter, so they wrapped it up in feathers and a clean mat. Then they fasted for eight days. During this time it gradually changed from the form of a fish to that of a girl. On the ninth day they recognized their daughter, who in appearance was just the same as before. She said to her parents, “I have come back to tell you about the Salmon people. You must treat them respectfully; you must never talk evil of them, nor disparage them or their flesh. If you do not heed these things, then they will take revenge on you.”


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War with the Sky people or Swan people

A man discovers his wife has been taken by a swan to the sky world, inhabited by bird-people who appear human at home but as birds on Earth. He and his companions journey to the sky, facing challenges and seeking guidance from various bird tribes. Eventually, he finds his wife among the Swan people and persuades her to return home.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: The protagonist embarks on a perilous journey to a realm beyond the human world—the sky country inhabited by bird people—to retrieve his wife.

Love and Betrayal: The man’s pursuit of his abducted wife underscores his enduring love and determination to reunite with her.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features interactions with beings possessing dual natures—birds that transform into humans in the sky realm.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


The sky country was inhabited by birds. When at home, these people were just like human beings; but when they came to the earth, they appeared in the form of birds. Once a man lost his wife, and discovered that she had been taken away by a swan. He started in pursuit, and followed their tracks, which led to the edge of the earth, where the sky moves up and down like clouds on the mountains. He saw that the tracks left the earth and passed under the edge of the sky. He turned back, and came again accompanied by many of his friends. The country became colder and colder as they proceeded northward. When they came to the end of the earth, the sky was moving up and down so fast that they could not pass over. One of the party had the sky (and swan) for his guardian. He made the sky move up and down slowly. The people jumped on, and followed the tracks until they came to where the Ducks lived.

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They asked them about the stolen woman, and they were told that she had passed with her husband long before. They came to the Geese and one after another to other birds, but they all gave the same answer. The weather was becoming warmer, for they were approaching the swan country, which is a long way down on the opposite slope of the sky. (They found that the sky sloped up to where it meets the earth. It was cold towards this end, and warm towards the other.) They came to two old Swan women. They asked them the same question they had asked the other birds, but they received no answer. One said to the other, “Tell them!” and the other said, “No.” Then the men took a knife, and threatened to cut off their heads if they did not tell. Then they told them that the woman had passed not long before, and was camped not far away. Soon they overtook a great many Swan people who were making camp. They saw the woman there, and waited until she came out to get brush. Her husband talked to her. She said, “You do not want me now. I am of no use to you.” He answered, “I want you, whether you are of use or not. You have not yet forgotten how you sewed for me and helped me on earth.” She answered, “Yes, I remember all I did for you.” He said, “Come out early in the morning and join us.” The Swan people suspected nothing, and all went to bed. When her Swan-husband was asleep, the woman ran away and joined the people. On the following morning, when the Swans found that the woman had run away and was already a long distance off, they followed, but turned back from near the edge of the sky, as the weather was too cold for them. It was winter-time there, and the Swans did not like the cold. The man with the sky (or swan) guardian made the sky move slowly at the edge of the earth. They jumped down, and in due time reached their own country.


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The woman who married a ghost

A wealthy man’s daughter elopes with a ghost who appears as a handsome man. She becomes the wife of two ghosts in Ghost-land, an underground realm. When visiting her family, the girl perceives her husbands as men, while her family sees only skulls. Her father persuades the ghosts to leave by offering goods. Later, the girl dies and permanently joins her husbands in Ghost-land.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The story explores unconventional romantic bonds between a mortal woman and her ghostly husbands, highlighting the complexities of love that transcends the mortal realm.

Underworld Journey: The protagonist’s venture into Ghost-land, depicted as an underground domain, represents a journey into the realm of the dead.

Eternal Life and Mortality: The tale delves into themes of life, death, and the afterlife, particularly through the woman’s transition from the mortal world to Ghost-land and her eventual death to permanently join her ghostly spouses.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Once an adolescent girl was living apart from the people. She was the daughter of a wealthy man who had much property and many slaves. One night a ghost asked her to elope with him. She consented to be his wife, as he appeared to her as a good-looking man. He took her to Ghost-land, which was underground, and not far away. As the girl did not appear in the morning, the people thought she was asleep, and her father sent some one to waken her. They found her place empty, and thought she must have eloped with some man. Her father sent slaves to search in all the houses, and he counted all the men. She could not be found anywhere. When the girl arrived in Ghost-land, she became the wife of two men. She had plenty to eat, as the Ghosts were good hunters. After a while her husbands said, “Let us go and see your people! Probably you would like to visit your father.” They went to her father’s house and stood outside.

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The people said to her father, “Your daughter has come.” He told them to tell her to come in, and, if she had any husband, to invite him in also. They made places for them in the house, and the girl entered with two skulls rolling behind her. She took her seat, and the skulls took places one on each side of her. Her father told the slaves to cook food for them and to give them to eat. All the people kept looking at the skulls, and could not eat. The girl could not see any skulls, but instead two good-looking men. On the other hand, the people could not see any men, but only the skulls. The ghosts ate with their wife, and conversed with her; but the people could not hear them. The girl asked her father if her husbands might go hunting in one of his canoes. He told them to use a canoe that was on the river. When night came, the ghosts left, and took the canoe. They camped over one day, [day was the same as night to us, for they travelled and hunted at night] and returned the following night. They came rolling into the house, as before. The girl was glad to see them, and told her father that there was meat in the canoe. He went to see for himself, and, finding it quite full, he ordered his slaves to carry the meat up to the house. The girl told her father that her husbands said they would leave soon, and they wished to know whether he would allow her to go with them. Her father asked if they would return some time; and she answered, “No, we shall not come back.” Her father said, “Well, you must not go with them. I will pay them with much property, and they must leave you.” He made a pile of goods, and gave it to them before they retired to sleep with their wife. On the following morning they were gone, and the goods had also disappeared. This is why nowadays, if a husband ill-treats his wife, her father takes her back, and pays the husband for releasing her. The girl staid with her father, but seemed to think much of Ghost-land. She told that it was a good land, better than here, and the people were good. They did not quarrel and fight. Her father said, “Yes, I know, but the people there are ghosts.” She would not believe this. Before leaving, her husbands had told her they would come back for her soon. They meant that she was going to die. After a while she died, and went to Ghost-land to remain there as a ghost.

The ghosts who live underground are always seen as skulls rolling along the ground. People are afraid of them; for when they are seen, many deaths will occur. Other ghosts are like shadows, and harmless.


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The fisherman and the killer-whales

A fisherman and his wife catch an unfamiliar fish, which they prepare and dry. When the wife washes her hands in the sea, Killer-Whales seize her in revenge. The fisherman seeks help from the Fish chief, who sends Shark to assist. Shark creates a distraction, enabling the couple’s escape. As they flee, Shark battles the pursuing Killer-Whales, allowing the couple to return home safely.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: The fisherman’s journey to the underwater realm to rescue his wife.

Revenge and Justice: The Killer-Whales’ act of abducting the fisherman’s wife as retribution for killing their companion.

Cunning and Deception: Shark’s clever tactics to create a distraction and facilitate the rescue.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A man was out fishing and drying halibut, and his wife helped him. One day he felt something very heavy on his hook, and could not pull it up. He tied the line to the thwart of the canoe, and paddled ashore. With much trouble he managed to land the fish on the beach. He called on his wife to kill it quickly, and she despatched it with her knife. She cut it up and hung it up to dry, as is done with halibut. They did not know what kind of a fish it was. It was quite strange to them, but they thought it might be good food. When the woman had finished her work, she went to the edge of the water to wash her hands. As soon as she put her hands into the water, something seized them and pulled her underneath the sea. She had been taken by the Killer-Whales, who had come to have revenge on the man for killing their friend. The man followed the trail of his wife and her captors under the sea.

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He came to the house of the Fish chief, and asked him if he knew where his wife was. The chief said, “Yes, the Killer-Whales have taken her to be their slave.” The man asked the chief if any fish of his company would care to help him get back his wife. The chief asked the fishes if any of them would volunteer, and Shark said he would go. Shark went ahead to Killer-Whale’s house, and hid the man outside the door. He went in, and saw that the Killer-Whales were about to eat their evening meal. Their chief said, “Make the fire blaze, that we may see well!” Shark was standing next to the fire. He jumped up quickly and put much wood on the fire, so that it blazed up. The chief then said, “Some one fetch water!” Shark seized the buckets and ran out to draw water. As he came in and was passing the fire, he stumbled purposely, and upset the buckets in the fire, thus causing a dense cloud of ashes and steam to arise. Quickly he caught up the woman, pushed her out into the arms of her husband, who was waiting, and followed them. Shark kept in the rear, and said to the man, “Keep a-going! If they overtake us, I shall fight them,” When the man and woman were nearly home, they looked back, and saw a severe fight in progress. Shark was fighting all the Killer-Whales, biting them with his sharp teeth, and tearing them with his rough skin.


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The four ghost brothers; or, The origin of cremation

Four brothers set out on a canoe trip, promising to return in four days. Unbeknownst to them, they drowned and became spirits. Upon returning home, they found that the living couldn’t perceive them. Realizing their fate, they journeyed to a village of the dead. Desiring rebirth, they entered their sisters’ bodies, were reborn, and recounted their experiences. After dying again, they instructed their people to cremate them, leading to the practice of cremation.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: The brothers venture into realms of the dead, exploring both an underground spirit world and a higher spirit land.

Ancestral Spirits: The brothers, after their deaths, continue to influence and communicate with the living, sharing knowledge about the afterlife.

Origin of Things: The narrative explains the origin of cremation practices within the Tahltan culture.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Four brothers left in a canoe, intending to be back in four days. They never returned, and the people learned they had been drowned. The brothers themselves did not know that they were dead. Before the four days had expired, they returned home. They went into their houses, and talked with their wives and the people in the same manner as they would have done if alive; but the people did not seem to hear them. They shook their wives, but they did not appear to feel it. At night, when they came near the people, the latter dreamed of them, and in the morning they heard them tell their dreams. When they talked loud to the people, they noticed that the fire crackled and hissed. The eldest brother said, “There is something wrong with us.” They asked the people for food, but they paid no attention. The brothers said, “Let us leave!” They found a trail, which they followed, and reached a large village of dead people; but the brothers did not know that these people were dead, for they appeared natural in every way.

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They recognized there some people they had known and who had died. The eldest brother said, “We are dead, for we have found the place where these people are.” They talked with them, and the latter heard them and answered quite readily. The eldest brother said, “We can only converse with ghosts. Certainly, we are dead.” The village where these people lived was on the same level with the earth. The people inhabiting it were for the most part those whose bodies had been left on the ground unburned. They saw another trail leading underground. They followed it some little distance, and then returned. The eldest brother said, “Let us visit our people again!” They had four married sisters, and the eldest brother proposed that they should enter them. The eldest one entered the body of the eldest sister, and the youngest that of the youngest. The sisters became pregnant, for the souls of the brothers had entered them. In due course, and all on the same day, the sisters gave birth to four boys. The eldest brother was born first. The boys grew fast, and soon were able to talk. They told the people, “Now we have come back. Why did you not answer us when we came back from our trip?” The people said to them, “You were drowned.” The boys knew all the people, and could call them by name. They knew the women who were their wives, and spoke to them kindly. After a time they said, “We are going to leave you soon. We are going to explore the trail we saw leading underground to the spirit land. Burn us when we die.” They told the people all about the place they had visited, what the ghosts did, and whom they saw there. Shortly afterwards they died. The people burned their bodies, and the brothers went on the trail to the lower spirit-world. They saw some people there whom they had known on earth. They returned, and were born by their sisters in the same way as before. They grew rapidly; and when they became able to talk, they told the people about the ghost-land below the earth, and whom they saw there. They described it as a damp, dingy place, where people were starving. Now they said, “We shall soon depart again, and explore another trail that we saw leading above the earth. Burn our bodies as before. We shall come back to you again.” This time they followed a trail that led to the sky. They recognized some people there. The time arrived for the brothers to be born again, but they did not return. The people said, “They are lost, and cannot return.” At last the youngest sister gave birth to a boy. This was the youngest brother who had come back. When he was able to talk, he told the people all about the ghost-land in the sky. He said it was a good place, and the people were always happy. He said, “We saw there all the people killed in war. My brothers remained because it is such a nice place, and they asked me to come back and tell you about it. Tonight I shall die and go to join my brothers. I shall return no more. Burn my body as before. We have told you of all we have seen in the spirit-lands. When people die, burn them. People left on the ground or buried have a bad smell, and their ghosts smell also. The spirits of cremated people do not smell. They are purified by the fire.” Now the people know all about the spirit-lands, and since that time people have burned their dead.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Origin of the Feast for the Dead

In a coastal village near a glacier, a sole survivor of a deadly illness wished to honor his deceased community with a feast. After inviting animals and trees without success, he approached the Ice people from the glacier. They accepted his invitation, attended the feast, and expressed gratitude. This event established the tradition of feasts for the dead, where food is shared among the living and offerings are made to the deceased.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The narrative explains the inception of the feast for the dead, detailing its customs and significance.

Underworld Journey: By inviting the Ice people, who can be interpreted as entities from a realm associated with the dead, the story touches upon interactions with beings from the afterlife.

Ancestral Spirits: The feast is a means to honor and connect with the spirits of the departed, acknowledging their continued presence and influence.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A long time ago, somewhere near the sea, there was a large village of people not far from a glacier. The people became sick, and all died except one man. He hunted, and carried in much meat. He wanted to give a feast for the dead, but there was no one to attend it. He invited the ducks and other birds to the feast, but they never responded. He called the trees and stumps, but they also gave no heed. Then he went to the glacier and invited the Ice people. He went again to see if they were coming, and saw much down and feathers stretching in a straight line across the water from the glacier to his own house. He thought, “They will come by this route in the morning.”

Early next day they came out of the glacier, and embarked in their canoes. They arrived, and ate until they were full. Then they thanked the man, saying, “We are poor, lowly people, and you invited us to the feast. Thank you!”

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He answered, “I asked every one to the feast, but no one responded. Then I tried you, and I am glad you came. You have eaten now. My heart is at ease now regarding my deceased friends. I shall sleep well tonight. Thank you!” Before this, feasts for the dead were unknown. This was the first one. The Ice people now said, “Henceforth people must do this always. When a relative dies, they must make a feast for the other people to eat, and also hum some food in the fire, so that the dead people may also eat.” People have since done this until the present time.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Moldy-End (Sitka version)

A boy from the Kiksa’adi clan, feeling neglected after receiving moldy salmon, sets a snare for sea gulls. Upon checking his snare, he is pulled into the water and taken by the salmon people, who adopt him. After a year, he returns home, sharing insights into salmon behavior and earning the nickname “Moldy-End.”

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The boy undergoes a significant change, both physically by entering the salmon people’s world and mentally through the experiences he gains during his time there.

Underworld Journey: The boy’s descent into the realm of the salmon people parallels a journey into an underworld or another realm beyond the human experience.

Harmony with Nature: The tale emphasizes the interconnectedness between humans and the natural world, highlighting the importance of understanding and living in harmony with nature.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

The Kiksa’di used to live at Daxe’t, where they dried salmon. After they had gotten through drying it they tied it up there. So he (a small boy) was baiting a snare for sea gulls. When he came into the house afterward he was very hungry. “Mother, I am hungry. Give me some dried salmon.” So she gave him a piece of dried salmon which had begun to mold on the corner. Then he said, “You always give me moldy-cornered ones.” They always began tying up from the corner of the house. He spoke to the dried salmon. Just then some one shouted out, “There is a sea gull in your snare.” So he ran down to it. He ran out into the water to his snare. When he got out into the midst of the water he looked as if he were pulled down into it. Then all of the drying salmon ran down to him. Now the people were hunting for him, but he was nowhere to be seen. It wasn’t known what had happened to him.

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The salmon, however, began feeling very high. They began to rush about at the mouth of the creek. It was the salmon people that had done it. Then the salmon people went out to sea with him. They went seaward with him toward their homes. To him it looked as if they were in a canoe. A chief among these salmon had made him his son. The sea gull that he had followed out went along with him. Then he stayed with them in the salmon people’s town. He was among them for one year. Well out from that town fish eggs were heaped up. He began to take up and swallow some of them without asking anybody. Then the people shouted out, “Moldy-end is eating the town-people’s dung.” At that time they gave him the name. Afterward he discovered that the salmon tribe had saved him. Then he went to lie down and remained in that position. In the morning his father said, “What did they say to you, my son?” He went out and spoke. “Take him up to Amusement creek. Put his hands around the necks of the sand-hill cranes at the mouth of it.” There he saw two sandhill cranes jumping up and down, facing each other, at the mouth of the creek. All creatures, such as brants, could be heard making a noise down in this creek. This is why it was called Amusement creek. Where was it that he had been feeling badly? It all got out of him.

The salmon people all knew the salmon month had come up here which was their month for returning. They always spawn up here among us. At once they started back with him. They started up this way. Then the cohoes people broke their canoe. This is why the cohoes come up last. The luknaxa’di were going to have the cohoes as an emblem, and this is why the luknaxa’di are also very slow people. At once all started, dog salmon and humpbacks. They started up this way with Lively-frog-in-pond (the boy’s name). The big salmon people started up thither. Very soon the salmon tribe came to the “sit.” It is this sit which gives scars to whichever one happens to get caught in it. After all got through, the people looking could see a cloud far down on the horizon which appeared like a canoe. In the evening they went ashore to camp. They dug holes in the ground and made flat sticks to stick into the ground. The salmon tribe always does that way. Then the salmon people would throw hot rocks upon one another. Their bodies vibrated with the heat. It is that that leaves scars on the skin of the salmon. It was Lively-frog-in-pond that let people know what the salmon people do to one another.

At once they started hitherward up this coast. The salmon tribe came against the herring tribe. In the canoes of the salmon tribe one stood up. He said to them, “When did your cheek-flesh ever fill a man?” The others stood by one another. The herring tribe said in reply, “We fed them before you. Our eggs are our cheek-flesh. When will the space around your backbone not be dirty?” [an exchange of taunts] The salmon tribe started off for the outside coasts of these islands. When they got outside of them the salmon chief said, “To what creek are you going?” Having held a conference, the salmon people named their choices. The humpbacks said, “We will go to Saliva creek,” but the one among them who had taken the man, mentioned Daxe’t. The salmon people called it Right-to-the-town. Then they came in sight of the mouth of the creek. They called the point Floating point, and the smoke house that was there a fort. It looked like that in the eyes of the salmon people. The salmon called human beings “seal-children’s dog salmon.” When they first came into the mouth of the creek the people sharpened poles for them to fall on when they jumped. Then the boys always said, “Upon my father’s.” At once one jumped upon it, where before they had not killed any. At that they (the people) were very happy.

Now they saw his father plainly coming down from far up the creek. They said to him (the boy), “Stand up.” He jumped up. “Very fine,” said his mother. His mother called him a fine salmon. After that the salmon swam up the creek. The women who were cutting salmon were always seated by Daxe’t with their backs downstream. The salmon, however, were always rushing about down in the creek. The salmon tribe shouted about those who were cutting. When they were partly through drying the salmon people said to him, “Go to your mother.” His mother was cutting salmon on the beach. The canoe floated below her on the back current. So be floated there with his head sticking out from under it. Then she called her husband’s attention to it. “A fine salmon is floating here with its head out.” His father took up a hook, for he did not know that it was his son. It swam out from him. He never expected [to see] his son again. One year had passed since he had disappeared. At once he swam out in front of his father. When he had hooked it he pulled it out on a sandy bar. He bit it on the head in order to keep it fresh. Then he threw it to his wife. “Cut it up. We will cook it,” [he said]. So she put the salmon down to cut it up in the usual manner.

The Tlingit obtained copper in ancient times. A chain of twisted copper was around the young man’s neck, for be had gone into the water with it on. After she had tried to cut around his neck for a while, and found that she could not, she looked at her knife. There were bits of copper on her knife. Then she called out to her husband, “Come here.” So they began to examine it. It was the copper chain that used to hang around his son’s neck. Anciently the people used to have a fine woven basket called lit. As soon as he knew this he threw it into such a basket. [He spit upon it] and blew on eagle’s down. Then he put the basket enclosing the salmon on the roof of the house. Toward morning there was a noise inside of it. His (the boy’s) spirit began to work inside of it. At daybreak he went up to look at it, and a large man lay where the salmon had been.

They took their things out of all of the houses. When they brought what had been a salmon inside a man went out and spoke to the many Kiksa’di. “Let all the people go with their heads down.” So it was given out. They brought up salt and devil’s clubs. As soon as they had drunk it down in accordance with his directions they vomited. The devil’s club and sea water were vomited out. Toward evening the shaman bathed. Below this town is a little pond named Beating-time-for-shaman lake because he also bathed in that. In the evening his spirits really came to him, and blood kept running out of his mouth. The sea gull for which he had gone out came to be his spirit. Then he showed them all things that were to be done to the salmon down in the creek [that is, the tabus]. “Cut them into four pieces,” he said. He called [the tabus] Adeya’ (“That’s the way”). After that his spirits said to him, “Tie up a raft over there on the edge of Noisy-waterfall.” He was testing his spirits to see how strong they were. This waterfall comes down a long distance. The Kiksa’di began to get on the raft, which his spirits named Sea-lion raft. At once he said “Go.” He began blowing on the raft. One man was not courageous enough to go down into the waterfall, and when the raft went down he seized the bough of a tree at the edge of the fall. Then it went under. It was gone for one night.

Next morning the noise of shamans’ sticks was heard at the mouth of the creek. The raft came up from underneath. Meanwhile the one that had saved himself came among his friends and told them that the Kiksa’di were all destroyed. Therefore the women were all weeping. When the shaman saw them he spoke. His spirits said that the people were not hurt at all. Nor were their clothes even torn. This is why a Kiksa’di is very brave. The man who jumped out, however, was very much ashamed. Then they brought the people up from [the place where they had come out].

Now the spirits worked in him, and he sang for another land otter so that the people could see his strength. He sent out his clothes-man to a point that could be seen below. “Take a spear” [he said]. He went to it. He saw nothing, and stayed there that night. Then he came back. When it was day he (the shaman) said, “Take me down there.” He said, “Go around the point below here.” He said to his clothes-man, “Be brave.” Then he spit on the end of the spear. He spoke to get strength. When he got up after speaking and threw it over the point he hit the land otter in the tail. Now the shaman sent for it [and said], “Take it round there.” The land otter lay stiff. The spear was stuck into the end of its tail. This is why even now the people call that place Point-thrown-across. He put the shadow of his paddle against an island below this. He was going to cut off the tongue of the land otter upon it (the shadow). This is why they named the island Divided-by-motion-of-paddle. [By a mere motion of his paddle he cut off the land otter’s tongue.] He fasted eight days on the island, when he cut off the land-otter tongue. Afterward he came up, and they were going to start home from that place. He lived for more than a hundred years. His spirits were of such strength that he lived so long that he could just turn about in one place.


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The Sky Country

A man, longing for his lost wife, wanders through the woods, finding a necklace and encountering helpful strangers. Reaching her in a mysterious village, he faces hostility but reveals his mastery over water to escape harm. Later, he and his wife discover they are in the sky, lowered to Earth by a spider’s web. Safely returned, they resume their happy life together.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Underworld Journey: The protagonist’s venture into the sky realm parallels a journey to an otherworldly domain, seeking his lost wife.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features a spider woman who assists the couple’s descent to Earth, highlighting interactions with mystical entities.

Transformation: The protagonist’s experiences—from losing his wife, journeying through the sky, to reuniting and returning home—depict significant personal and situational changes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A certain man’s wife was taken away from him, and he longed so much for her that he thought he would follow her along the beach. He was half crazy. When he went out and thought he was walking along the beach, he was in reality in a wide trail which ran through the woods. As he went on he saw where people had been camping, and from the dentalia shells left by these people he made a beautiful necklace. For a long time he wandered on with his head bent down, and, when he looked up suddenly, he saw smoke ahead. He walked toward it very fast. When he came close he saw a woman tanning a skin. He showed her the necklace he had made and said, “I will give you this string if you will tell me where my wife is.” The woman answered, “She is over there at the next camp.” So he finally reached her, and he remained with her for a long time, thinking that he was among his brothers-in-law.

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The people of the village where this man was staying, however, hated him and wanted to burn him to death. After they had kindled the fire and were dragging him toward it he said, “Oh! how happy I am. I want to die. I would rather you killed me right away than be as I have been.” When they heard that they stopped and began pulling him toward the water instead. But he said that he was afraid of water, and, as they dragged him along, he struggled hard and seized everything about him. At last, when they did throw him in, he came up again in the middle of the lake and looked at them. Then one of the people said, “See him. He is out there looking at us.” The man laughed at them, saying, “Don’t you know that all of the waters are my work? How foolish you were to put me into the water just where I like to be.” He said this because he was a good swimmer and there was a great deal of rain in his country. Afterward he stayed in the water all the time he was there.

All this while the man had really been up in the sky, and now he wanted to get down. So he and his wife started back together and came to a house where lived a certain woman. She was really the spider and the house her web. Then this woman put them into a web and began to lower them to the earth. Before they started she said to them, “When you get caught on anything jerk backward and forward until the web comes loose.” The things she thought they might get stuck upon were the clouds. In this way the man and his wife reached the earth safely, and afterward the web was drawn up. Then they lived happily again as they had been living before the woman was taken away.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page