Creation of people by the wolverene and the muskrat

A wolverene encounters a muskrat-woman at a riverbank, woos her to live on land, and together they raise five children. Each child—born by a unique means—is proclaimed by the wolverene to be the ancestor of a major human group (whites, Indians, Eskimos, Iroquois, and Negroes). When grown, their mother sends them to different lands, advising them to turn to white people whenever in need.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The story provides a mythic explanation for the origins of different human peoples.

Prophecy and Fate: The wolverene foretells the identity and destiny of each child before their birth.

Cultural Heroes: Each child is decreed to become the founding ancestor of a distinct human group.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


As a wolverene was wandering along the bank of a river he saw a muskrat swimming in the edge of the water. He accosted the latter animal with the inquiry, “Who are you? Are you a man or a woman?” The muskrat answered, “I am a woman.” The wolverene informed her that he would take her for a wife. The muskrat replied, “I live in the water; how can I be your wife?” The wolverene told her that she could live on the land as well as in the water. The muskrat went up on the bank to where the wolverene was standing. They selected a place and she began to prepare a home for them. They ate their suppers and retired. Soon after, a child was born. The wolverene informed his wife that it would be a white man and father of all the white people.

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When this child was born it made a natural exit. In due time a second child was born which the wolverene decreed should be an Indian and the father of their kind. This child was born from its mother’s mouth. After a time a third child was born, and the wolverene announced it to be an Eskimo and father of its kind. This child was born ab ano. In the natural course of events a fourth child was born, and the wolverene decided it to be an Iroquois and father of its kind. This child was born from its mother’s nose. After a time a fifth child was born and the wolverene decreed it should be a Negro and father of its kind. This child was born from its mother’s ears. These children remained with their parents until they grew up. Their mother then called them together and announced to them that they must separate. She sent them to different places of the land, and, in parting, directed them to go to the white men whenever they were in need of anything, as the whites would have everything ready for them.


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The young man who went to live with the deer

A young hunter dreams of a deer inviting him to join their world. Guided by a talking doe and her father, he enters a hidden valley where fire, water, and plentiful meat await. Promised eternal life and provision for his own father, he leaves behind his hunting gear. When his human kin attempt to snare him, the deer protect his escape, affirming his choice to live in harmony with the deer.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Prophecy and Fate: The young man’s dream of a deer summoning him sets his destiny in motion.

Journey to the Otherworld: He follows the doe into a hidden valley beneath a hill, entering the deer’s mystical home.

Harmony with Nature: The deer offer him abundance and balance in contrast to the hardship of hunting.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A young man one morning told his old father that he had dreamed the night before that a deer had asked him to come and live with them. The old father replied, “That is a good sign; you will kill many deer after that dream.”

The young man went away to hunt, and while out he saw a large herd of deer. A young doe from the band ran up toward him, and he was about to fire at her when she said to him, “Do not fire, for my father has sent me to you. Please put up your arrows.”

She came nearer and informed him that her father had sent her to ask him to come and live with the deer forever.

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The young man inquired, “How could I live with you when it is upon deer that I live! I live in a tent and can not live outside. I can not live without fire. I can not live without water.” The doe replied, “We have plenty of fire, water, and meat; you will never want; you will live forever. Your father will never want, as there will be enough deer given to him.” The man consented to go with them. The doe pointed to a large hill and said, “That is our home.” She told him to leave his deerskin mantle, snowshoes, and arrows on the ground, but to keep the bow. As they were walking along they came to a big valley. She informed him that that was their path. The two went toward the steep hillside and found the ground to be covered with deer. Some of the deer were frightened when they saw the man coming, and started to run. The doe’s father said to the frightened deer, “Do you not pity the poor Indians who have to hunt for their living while we do not?” When the young man and the doe came up, the father of the doe addressed the young man, asking if he was hungry. The man replied, “Yes.” The father then gave him a piece of nice meat and some fat. After the man had finished eating the father inquired, “Is your father also hungry?” The son replied, “Yes.”

The old buck informed the young man that they would give the son’s father some deer tomorrow. After the young man had slept out one night his father, in the morning, went out to look for his son, but found only his mantle, snowshoes, and arrows, which had been cast aside the day before, and also found the tracks in the valley leading to the home of the deer under the hill. The old man returned to his tent and told the other Indians that his son had gone away to live with the deer. The old man then said, “Let us make snares and we will yet take him, as he can not run as fast as the deer.” The Indians prepared a number of snare nooses and went to the valley to set them among the bushes on the path. The father of the young doe saw what was going on in the valley and told the rest, “Let us go and give the old man some deer.” He told the young man to come with them. The man replied that he could not accompany them, as he would be left behind in no time while they were running. The old buck instructed the young man to keep among the rest of the deer and he would not be left behind them. All the deer then went out to the valley. The young man kept among them; and as they were going through the bushes he heard the shouts of the Indians who were concealed behind them. The deer saw the snares and some of the animals fell into the nooses and were caught. The remainder, with the young man, were soon beyond the snares. The Indians began to kill the deer which had been taken in the nooses, and when they had finished they found they had not captured the young man. They consulted together and decided to search among the tracks of the escaped deer to ascertain whether his foot-prints were among them. They found his track and also the mark of his bow as he had dragged it along in the snow.

The young man’s father then said, “Let him go if he thinks he is able to live with the deer;” and the people returned to their tents.


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The Beaver wife

A man tests various female animals to find a clever wife, finally choosing the whisky-jack, then the beaver under a bond to bridge every creek. Neglecting this, she flees to her river-home, and he learns to live underwater as her mate. Years later his brother, guided by dreams, traps the beaver, rescues him from near-total transformation, and restores him to human life.

Source: 
Notes on the Eastern Cree 
and Northern Saulteaux 
by Alanson Skinner 
The American Museum 
of Natural History
Anthropological Papers
Volume IX, Part 1
New York, 1911


► Themes of the story


Transformation: The man gradually adopts beaver traits and even becomes nearly indistinguishable from them.

Prophecy and Fate: Both the beaver wife and his brother learn of coming events through dreams that shape the story’s outcome.

Journey to the Otherworld: The man dives into an underwater beaver lodge—a hidden realm ruled by his aquatic wife.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


There was a man in the olden days who tried every female animal to see who was the smartest to work that he might keep her to live with him. He tried the deer (caribou) first, but she did not please him, so he sent her away. He next tried the wolf. She did not please him, as she was too wicked and greedy. He then came across the moose and did not like her. Then he tried the fisher but she did not please him either. He tried the marten and she did not please him. He tried the lynx and lived with her a while. She was smart but still she did not please him. He went off and lived with Otter but she was too funny and made too much noise. Then he thought he would try some of the flying animals. He tried the owls, but they did not care for his tent properly when he was away hunting, and besides they ate too much.

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As the whisky-jack (wiskatcak, Canada jay) was always about him, he asked her if she could look after his tent. She said she could try it. She staid for a while; she was very cleanly and kept the tent decent.

One day, he told her he would go and hunt caribou and chisel beaver. She had everything ready, water and wood, when she expected him back. He came home in the evening and threw down his game (three or four beaver tied together) at the tent door. He came in without his game, as is customary among the Cree, and hearing the bundle fall she ran out to get it. It was so heavy that it broke her legs when she tried to lift it. She couldn’t rise so she told her husband and he brought in the beaver. He said he would get his bowstring and bind up her legs so that they would get well. He did so and she recovered. Ever afterwards, however, one can see the marks of the wrapping on the whisky-jack’s legs. He continued to live with her until she got well, then he told her she could leave as the work was too hard for her.

One day, when he was walking about, he met Beaver cutting down a tree. She left her dwelling and came to him. She was very attentive and a good worker. She could do anything a man might wish; she could wash and dress fur well. When the man found she was so pleasing he asked her if she would become his wife and live with him.

Before she would promise she said to him, “It will be hard for me to do what you ask me, and hard for you too. There is only one condition under which I will live with you. As I live in the water and you on the dry land, you must never forget when crossing a little valley or creek to break down a stick and lay it across the water or else it will become a big river. You must promise never to forget this even when you are tired and in a great hurry, or the river will appear and we will be separated.”

He lived with her for a while. At last, he became careless. One time, towards the spring (it was not yet summer) he was leading the way through the forest. She followed, hauling the tent utensils. At last, he crossed a valley that did not look as though water would ever run through it. He thought “Surely this can never become a river,” and put nothing there. He went on, found a suitable camping place, left his sled for his beaver wife to pitch the camp and went off hunting. “When he returned he found his sled still there, and there was no sign of his wife. At once, he remembered his neglect to put the stick across the valley, but he could not believe this to be the cause of her absence. When she did not return he went back to the place where the omission occurred and there he found a great river and saw his wife swimming about in it building a beaver house. She had it already finished.

He began to cry for he was very fond of his wife and now he knew he had lost her. He begged her to come to see him but she would not come ashore and acted as though she was afraid of him. She told him to come to her. He did not know what to do, as he feared to drown. She said, “At first you’ll find it hard, but if you dive down and come up inside the house, it is dry there.”

At last, he thought to himself that he would try, although he was rather afraid. He swam out and she came to meet him. She told him where to dive and he followed her into the door, and came up on the inside where it was dry. He lived with her for a long time. He had to eat what she ate, willows and bark of trees. It was not very nice for him after eating meat and men’s food. After a time, he began to become able to swim about and act like a beaver. Occasionally he went ashore and walked about. He learned to build beaver houses, but could not cut down a tree with his teeth as they did. For this, he used his ax which he brought with him. He lived with the beavers a good many years.

This man had a brother who missed him as the years went by. At last he dreamt what had become of his brother and went to look for him. Right enough, he found different signs where the beaver lived. Trees had been cut with an ax, etc. The brother could not find him, as he only came out at night when the beaver did and slept all day. The brother had to wait till winter, when he declared he would find him. When the middle of the winter arrived, the brother went off to find the lost man. The beaver man dreamed that his brother was coming and told his wife that this would happen and that they would soon be separated.

Sure enough, the brother came, and staked in the river on both sides of the houses. (The beavers had a lot of holes besides their houses; the beavers ran out and were caught. The beaver man who now had much of the nature of the beaver, told his wife to be careful, as he knew all about the nets having himself taken beaver in this way. He showed the beaver how to make holes in the bank which they never knew about before.)

At last, the brother found the holes in the bank and killed the beaver wife in one of them. Later still, he found her husband. He was almost changed to a beaver with hair all over his body, like one. His brother knew him, however, and told him he had come for him and brought clothes for him to wear. So the man dressed up and went home with his brother. When they got there, the brother gave him something to eat.

The beaver man told him never to give him any of the meat of the female beaver to eat, for said he, “As sure as I eat a piece of the flesh of a female beaver, I’ll turn into a beaver again, and you will never be able to get me back to a man again.” After this he lived with mankind until he died.


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Tsufa’

Two young hunters encounter a powerful Tsufa’ spirit: one is trapped to die, the other befriended and carried away. The giant effortlessly slaughters beavers and elks, then kills his own wife in a gruesome episode, before crafting a magical cedar staff to guide the young man home. After arduous wanderings, the hunter returns, marries, and only two years later does the staff’s breaking reveal the Tsufa’s death.

Source: 
Traditions of the Ts’ets’a’ut 
by Franz Boas 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.9, No.35, pp. 257-268
October-December, 1896
Vol.10, No.36, pp. 35-48
January-March, 1897


► Themes of the story


Supernatural Beings: The Tsufa’ is a giant spirit whose otherworldly powers and interactions with mortals drive the narrative.

Sacred Objects: The yellow-cedar staff serves as a mystical guide, pointing the way and symbolizing the bond between the young man and the Tsufa’.

Prophecy and Fate: The staff’s eventual breaking foretells the death of the Tsufa’, underscoring the inescapable workings of destiny.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tsetsaut people


Once upon a time two young men went hunting porcupines. They found a den under a rock, and one of them crawled in. While they were there a Tsufa’ came, and when the young man saw him he called his companion, shouting: “A Tsufa’ is coming.” But the Tsufa’ did not kill the young man. He pitied him and made friends with him. In vain he tried to induce the young man who had crawled into the cave to come out, promising to adopt him and help him in all his undertakings. He would not come. Finally the Tsufa’ grew angry, and defecated in front of the entrance to the den, thus imprisoning the young man. He left him to perish in the cave. He placed the other one on his head and carried him to his home. When the two young men were missed by their friends and parents, the people set out to find them, but a fresh snow had covered their tracks as well as those of the Tsufa’.

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The giant reached a frozen lake in which there were a great many beaver dams. There he stopped. With his hands he scooped up the beaver dams and shook them, so that all the beavers dropped out. Then he killed them by filliping them. He singed them over a fire, and ate them when they were done. A beaver was just a mouthful for him. The young man ate part of one beaver only. After he had eaten, the Tsufa’ lay down. He had discovered a number of elks browsing beyond a small hill. He stretched his hand over the hill, and in it caught three elks, which he squeezed to death. Then he broke off dry limbs of trees, and made a large fire, at which he roasted the elks. When they were done he began to eat. For him an elk was just two mouthfuls. On the following day he travelled on. He came to another lake, where he found cariboos. These the Tsufa’ killed.

Deinde progressi, ad magnum domicilium pervenerunt, ubi habitabat Tsufae occisi uxor. Dux, cum in possessionem siccatae carnis omnis invasisset, quae ibi condita esset, adulescenti “Cuba quaeso,” inquit, “cum hac muliere.” Is primum timuit; mox autem ill! cohortanti paruit abiitque ex oculis in mulieris vaginam. Quae cum a Tsufa magna voce obsecraretur ne filium ipsius necaret, e strato ex-siluit atque se excussit donee adulescens ad humum delapsus est. Turn vero Tsufa ipse cum ea cubuit. Mentulam autem suam propter incredibilem longitudinem ita ferebat ut corpus ejus bis amplexa per adversum tergum atque etiam super humerum porrecta esset. Itaque mulierem, cum hac transfigeret ut extrema pars ex ore ejus exstaret, interfecit. [Then they advanced and came to a large house where the wife of the murderer Tsufa lived. The chief, taking possession of all the dried flesh that was stored there, said to the young man, “Lay, I beg you,” “with this woman.” At first he was afraid; but soon he obeyed her urging and penetrated the woman. When Tsufa begged her with a loud voice not to kill her son, she jumped out of bed and shook herself until the young man fell to the ground. Then Tsufa himself lay down with her. But because of its incredible length, he carried his cock in such a way that it hugged his body twice, stretched across his back and even over his shoulder. So he killed the woman by piercing it with it so that the tip protruded from her mouth.]

Finally the young man longed to return to his own country. The Tsufa’ made a staff of yellow cedar, which was to show him the way. Whenever he put it into the ground it would turn the way the young man had to go. He also told him that the staff would break in twain as soon as he died. Then they parted. The young man followed the direction the staff was pointing, and after long wanderings reached his home. There he married. He placed this staff under a tree. After two years the staff broke, and he knew that his friend was dead.


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Ceremony for otter

In a dream, a man overheard otters singing about an impending threat at the narrows, predicting all but one would be killed. Upon reaching the narrows, the man killed all the otters except the one that had foretold its escape. This narrative explains why otters are now drawn to him. However, if someone sings the otters’ song mockingly, the otters may not approach.

Source: 
Chipewyan Texts
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 1
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story

Dreams and Visions: The man receives a prophetic message through a dream, guiding his actions.

Prophecy and Fate: The otter’s song foretells the future, and the events unfold as predicted, highlighting themes of destiny.

Cunning and Deception: The man uses the knowledge from his dream to outwit and hunt the otters.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chipewyan people


A man in a dream heard some otters say. “They will kill us all, ahead there in the narrow. I am the only one who will be able to run away.” He heard the otters singing this as they walked. When they came there to the narrows, he killed all of the otters except the one who had said this. He escaped. “That is why otters now come to me,” he said. Sometimes when one sings that song the otters do not come to him because he only laughs.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Tdjo’xwullik; or, the injured wife’s revenge

In a small village by the sea, a skilled hunter frequently embarked on extended hunting trips, returning with diminishing game. His wife grew suspicious of his prolonged absences and declining success. After falling ill one winter, the hunter confessed on his deathbed, leading to revelations that prompted his wife to seek vengeance for his betrayals. This tale explores themes of trust, deception, and retribution.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The title indicates that the wife seeks revenge, aiming to restore a sense of justice for her husband’s actions.

Family Dynamics: The story delves into the relationship between the husband and wife, highlighting marital strife and the impact on their family.

Prophecy and Fate: The husband’s anticipation of his death and his specific burial instructions may hint at a belief in destiny or predetermined outcomes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


Told by Simon’s mother. This story is well known on the Yukon. Mr. Nelson has it among his Eskimo legends. It was told to me by Simon’s mother, who had it from her grandmother, who was a native of Piamute, the most northerly of the Eskimo villages on the Yukon.

There was once a little village, they say, where there lived a man and his wife. The man was a great hunter. Two small boys were all the children they had. They lived at the mouth of a river, where it emptied upon the sea. So, then, the husband was a great hunter. In the spring, after the ice had gone out, he would go up the river in his kayak after game. Then he would place logs side by side, and pile his quarry upon it. This was his regular custom. After the fishing-season, also, he used to go there, with the same result; and outside his house, upon racks, he had piles of deer-skins and beaver-skins so many did he kill. Now, the boys grew, as their father followed his customary way of life. They became quite large boys, those two. Their father hunted in the sea also, — seals and white whales and sea-lions.

One spring he followed his customary plan. Again, after the ice had gone out, he went up the river in his kayak. He was gone a long, long time. Meanwhile his wife became anxious about him. “Where can he be?” thought she.

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The time of his absence lengthened out. The little boys kept looking for their father day by day. Their mother, also, did not sleep, but sat up night after night, when finally they saw him coming. Then he came ashore. His wife was disposed to be angry. “What a long time you have been gone!” said she. “The grass has grown, and the leaves have come out, and the mosquitoes have come, while you have been away. How many deer you used to get!” said she. “What a long time you have been gone! Is that one kayakful all that you have killed?” “I couldn’t hit anything,” said he. “I saw game enough, but I missed them.” “And you used to pile up the deer-skins and the beaver-skins on the racks, too,” said she. “I don’t know what made me shoot so badly,” said he.

At length the fish began to run. The salmon-run came, and he worked at his fishing; but while they were still running, he began to talk about going up the river. “I believe I will go,” said he. “No,” said she, “it’s too soon. What a hurry you are in!” said she. “Wait, and go after those leaves have turned,” said she. “Remember how little game you killed last spring. You might not be back for a long time,” said she. At last, although his wife urged him to remain, he went away. “Now, hurry up and get back!” said she, “for we are thinking of you.”

He went, and again he was missing. By and by the ice formed at the edge of the water, and he came in sight. “Only one kayakful again! What a long time you have been gone!” said she. “You used to get game.” Then the man said, “Because, when there was plenty of game near by, up the river, I could get them; but now that they are far away, I kill but few.” Then said his wife, “Why is it that you get so few? There’s only one kayakful.”

So then the frosty weather came. When the days grew short, he fell sick. All winter long he continued to be sick; yet his appetite kept up, sick as he was. It came midwinter, and he grew worse. One day he said to his wife, “Listen! for I am going to die. Then, when I am gone, you must put many fine marten-skins beside me in the kayak, many of them,” said he; “and beaver too, fine ones, and wolf and wolverene, and good deer-fat, and my arrows and bow, and tie a deer-skin over the opening of the kayak, and put poles underneath it (i.e., place it on a scaffold). And now, be good to the boys! Make them fine parkas, and do not be harsh with them! Treat them well!” said he. So he died. His wife put him into the kayak, among fine skins, and tied on a cover, just as he had told her to do. Then they made a fire, and sat by it day by day, weeping. His wife also cut off her hair and burned it, for grief at the loss of her husband.

By and by spring approached. The wife and the boys still kept on mourning. At length pools of water stood on the surface of the rivers. Flocks of geese came, and the smaller birds with them. One morning, while the boys were still asleep, the woman went out early, before sunrise, to weep.

She weeps; and just here, overhead, a little bird is singing. Still she weeps, and does not hear him.

All at once she heard it was the name of her husband. She listened, and looked at him. “Wretched bird!” she thought, “why does it speak the name of the dead?” She looked, they say, she listened. There! It speaks! “Tdjo’xwullik up the river is married: he has a wife, — he, Tdjo’xwullik, Tdjo’xwullik!”

So the woman heard him. “What is it that this bird is saying?” thought she. She got up and untied the string that was around the opening of the kayak. “I will find out what the bird says,” she thought. She removed the deer-skin. What did she find? There was nothing in the kayak. Where was her husband? The wolf-skins and wolverene-skins and his arrows, that had been with him, were gone. She was angry, because she thought it was true that he had been dead. “That’s why the bird said it,” she thought. “Since yesterday it has said it; but while I kept crying, I did not listen. Too truly it spoke,” she thought. She went up into her cache. There were many skins of deer and of bear. An enormous brownbear skin also she found, with light fur. This one she chose, and she wet it with warm water. Hurriedly she wet it all day long, and stretched it. At length it became larger. While she was wetting it, she brought in water for the boys. Meanwhile she continued to wet it. She would wet it, and then put it back in its place wet. At length she had filled the pails and the birch-bark bowls with an abundance of water, and it became dark. Finally, while the boys were asleep, she brought in, from off her cache, meat and fat and king-salmon dried, and piled it up in the house. And then she fitted that bear-skin upon herself, and stretched it out, its claws being attached to it. Then she searched in her work-bag, and found the great teeth of a brown bear. And she put these on, also; the teeth she put into her mouth. And she became a great brown bear, like that one, and rushed furiously up the ravine. She tore up spruces by the roots. In her rage, she broke down the trees also. She came down the ravine and returned to the outside of the house. She took off the skin, and laid it down. The teeth also she put with it. She had not slept when the boys awoke. Neither had she eaten anything, for her anger. Then she brought in to those boys a forked birch stick that had been cut. That birch stick she carried into the house. Then said she, “Listen! I am going away. Do not wish for me,” said she. “I will come soon. Now eat the food and drink the water that I have brought in for you. Do not go to get water, for you will fall in; nor go up into the cache, for you will fall down. If any great beast comes in where you are, hold the stick tightly against his breast,” said she. Do not be afraid of him. I will come to you,” said she. Then she went up the ravine, and went along a mountain that formed the bank of the river. She rushed along in her wrath, going in her might, as the ice moves with the crashing of the trees. Another great mountain she climbed. She went up over a place where there were flat stones; and she thought, “I will put these stones at the sides of my chest, and on my breast and forehead.”

While she was going on, some one overhead, on a spruce, began to laugh. “Why,” said some one, “you have made a great mistake. You are very ridiculous. Take off the stones! they are of no use. Why,” said he, “in time to come it will be a thing for people to laugh about.” So she took them off. Then said the Raven, “There! That’s it! Now you look all right. Now go ahead!”

Then again she went on, hurrying, for she was thinking of the boys. She followed the river-bank. There, below her, she saw a large village, full of people. Toward it she went, and again she took off the skin; and the teeth, too, she removed, and put them under a little spruce. Here she found a good path, and she followed it to the village. She came near to the village from behind it. A large village it was, indeed, with a great kashime, and next to the kashime a large house. She went on in this direction, and there she ran in. On each side of the fire two beautiful women had set their pots to cook. They called to her. “Cousin,” said they, “you have come in, then! That is right, stay with us!” One of them said, “Sit down on my side of the room!” So she sat down on the platform. One was cooking deer-meat in a large pot, and the other was cooking beaver-meat in a large pot. “Cousins,” she said to them, “your husbands, where have they gone?” for she was thinking, as she looked at all the finery there in the house. Beautiful mats there were, and beds of deer-skin, and marten-skin parkas. Then they said to her, “Why, there is only one man living with us! Last spring, after the ice had gone out, a stranger came to us and took us,” said they; “but when the grass had begun to grow, then he left us; and last winter, at midwinter, he came back, and lives with us. He has gone to get wood,” said they.

Then they offered her food. “No,” said she, “I am not hungry. I ate only just now.” — “Come,” said they, “stay with us!” “Yes,” said she. “How very little oil there is on the surface of your pots!” said she to them. “Smile,” said she to one of them, “and bend over the surface of your pot!” When she did it, an abundance of oil covered the surface. “And you,” said she, “squint, and bend over yours!” Then she seized them both by the hair on their foreheads, and pushed their heads down into the big pots until they were dead and then she lifted them up, and put them back in their places. She made one of them appear as if she were sewing, and afterward she did the same thing to the other. One was squinting, and the other was smiling. Then she. ran out and rushed up the hill. Now came their husband, with logs in tow. He tied them up at the beach, and went up to the house and entered it. The woman who was bending over, squinting, he struck. When he did so, her face sloughed off. The other, who was smiling as she sewed, he struck also, and the skin sloughed off. Thereupon he ran out, crying. “What ails my wives?” said he. “My wife has been with them!”

As he goes out, the village is in an uproar. Just now they were walking around quietly outside the houses. What is the matter? Some are crying, and yonder some are shouting. “There goes a brown bear up on the big mountain!” they yell. Up streams a swarm of villagers, armed with spears and ice-picks and arrows. Up, up, they go. On the mountain the great beast stands looking at them. It is Tdjo’xwullik who is in the lead. In an instant she catches him. “My wife, I have come to you!” he says, for the woman has pushed the hood from her face; but that is all he says, for she crushes his head between her jaws, and tears him in pieces. And all the men of the village, too, she destroys on the spot, and down upon the village she rushes. She begins at one end of the village, and goes to the other. Caches and houses, she destroys them all, and the children and the women, and then she leaves.

She left, and went toward her own village, for she was thinking of the boys. She went into her house, and the older of the two boys cried out, “Ulli’yu!” in terror, and began to scream. Meanwhile his younger brother, the little man, caught up the stick that their mother had given them, and set it quickly against that bear’s breast. There he held it firmly. At that, she pulled back her hood. “My children,” said she, “well done! Stay where you are!” said she. Then she went out. Outside, near the house, she took off the skin, and removed the teeth also, and put them under a log and went in. Then she took the two boys on her knees, caressing them fondly. “Ah,” said she, “you have done well. While I was far from you, I was thinking about you.” There, then, they remained all that summer. The leaves turned, and still they staid on. The cold weather came; and then she said to her children, “Let us go now to the place where:our house is to be!” The younger of the two children she loved exceedingly. “As you have done,” said she, “so will men do in years to come. While the older brothers are fearful, the younger brothers will be brave.” They dressed themselves in brown-bear skins, for it had grown cold. Their mother, also, put on the skin that she had worn; and they went up the ravine to the place where their house was to be. On either side of the place stood a large spruce. On the farther one the mother exercised herself, and on this side the children; and when they had finished thus sharpening their claws, they dug out a place for the house. They completed it; and then she said to her children, “From this time on, men shall see but little of us.”

So, then, my story is ended.


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Raven (Part 15)

Raven warned the villagers not to seek salmon, but their hunger led them to send four boys to fish. On their return, a red-painted man predicted the deaths of the canoe’s occupants, blaming the shaman’s spirits. The prophecy unfolded tragically, with the steersman surviving briefly to recount the events before also dying. The shaman then performed a ritual and succumbed, sealing the mysterious and ominous tale.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Prophecy and Fate: The red-painted man’s prediction of the boys’ deaths underscores the inevitability of fate and the power of prophecy in the story.

Divine Intervention: Raven’s initial warning and the subsequent supernatural events suggest the influence of higher powers in mortal affairs.

Forbidden Quest: The villagers’ decision to seek salmon despite Raven’s warning represents a transgression against prohibitions, leading to dire consequences.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

Now all the people were very happy because the salmon were running, but before they had left the town Raven came to them and said, “Don’t leave the town. Stay right here. Don’t go to any of the salmon creeks.” They were very hungry for salmon, however, and said to four boys, “Go to the salmon creek close by and get some salmon for the village.” So they went there and filled their canoe.

This salmon stream runs down into a sort of lake, and, while they were upon this paddling homeward, they heard some one calling to them. Presently a man came down through the woods and shouted, “Stay where you are, and I will tell you something.” Looking at this man, they saw that he was naked and painted red all over.

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He said, “When you have gone a short distance, the fellow sitting in the bow will fall over. When you have gone a little farther, the next will do the same. A little farther still the next one will fall over. You fellow in the stern will reach home and tell the news. It is through the shaman’s own spirits that he is killed.”

They could not understand this last saying for the shaman had been alive when they left, but all things happened just as the man had predicted. After they had gone a short distance the man in the bow fell over with blood pouring out of his mouth. The same thing happened to the next two. When the steersman reached town with the three bodies they asked him what was the matter, but he said, “Do not ask me any questions. Give me something to eat quickly.” So they gave him some food, and, after he had finished eating, he said, “As we were paddling along from the creek with our salmon, a man came out of the woods saying, ‘Stay where you are and I will tell you something.’ So we stopped, and he went on, ‘When you get a short distance from here, the man in the bow will drop over, a little farther the next one and a little farther the next one. There will be three. It is what the shaman sees that kills him.’ It has happened just as he said. And he said to me, ‘The fellow in the stern will got home and have something to eat. Just as soon as he has eaten he will drop over.’” And so it happened. Just as soon as he had told the story he dropped over dead. Then the shaman asked for his apron, hat, and necklace as if he were going to doctor some one. As soon as he had dressed, he turned himself around three or four times, as the shamans used to do when they were dying. Afterward blood began to flow from his mouth, and he died.


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Raven (Part 14)

Four boys hunting ducks from Klawak were led far out to sea and lost. A shaman, Tuxsta’, discovered their spirits entered land-otter dens, prompting a battle between humans and supernatural otters. The otters retaliated with poison and sickness, but peace was eventually brokered after capturing two white otters. Through dreams, rituals, and a final mysterious dance led by Tutsidigu’l, harmony was restored.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features land otters with mystical abilities, engaging in battles with humans and causing ailments through supernatural means.

Conflict with Nature: The humans’ struggle against the land otters, who retaliate with poison and sickness, highlights a direct confrontation with natural forces.

Prophecy and Fate: The shaman’s visions and guidance play a crucial role in the unfolding events, indicating a predestined path influenced by spiritual insights.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

One time four boys went out hunting from Klawak with bow and arrows. They saw some black ducks and shot at them, but the ducks kept swimming out to sea, drawing them on. Far out, the canoe upset. They hunted for the boys for days and days, but could not find them. Then some property was given to a shaman named Tuxsta’, who sent his spirit after them to the point on the beach from which they had set out. Then the shaman said, “The spirits of the boys seem to have taken the road to the land-otters’ dens.” Therefore they kept on until they saw the boys upon a point of land, but, as soon as the latter saw them, they ran into the dens of the land otter. Then the town chief said, “Let the whole town gather pitchwood and burn up the land-otter dens.” So all of the people went thither in their canoes, made fires at the mouths of the dens and killed the land otters as soon as they came out.

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All perished but a few, who said, “It is Tutsidigu’l’s fault that they have burned up our houses and our food.” Then Tutsidigu’l jumped into the sea from the other side of the point with the boys all around him, so that they could not be found.

After this the shaman said, “The land otters are going to make war upon the people here,” and soon after they did so. The people attacked them in return and they warred for some time. Many people fell down suddenly and were taken sick, while others were injured by having limbs of trees fall upon their heads. The shaman said that these mishaps were really effects of the land-otters’ arrows, made of the shells of the spider crab. The people were also suffering from boils and pimples all over their bodies, and he said that these were produced by the poisonous shells. So many were dying that all became frightened. Whenever anyone went out hunting or fishing he would be troubled with boils and itching places and have to return. The shaman’s spirits, which the land otters could see, were the only things they feared.

Finally the shaman saw that there were two white land otters, and he said, “If you can get hold of those you will be all right.” Then a canoe with four men started off, and the shaman sang with them telling them that his spirits were going along also to look after them. He said, “You will be lucky. You will get them. As soon as you get them, put feathers on their heads.” So they went away and camped for the night. They were unable to sleep, however, on account of the strange noises about their camp as if people were talking in very low tones. Still they could not see anything. They would say to one another,” Do you hear that?” “Yes,” they answered. It was caused by the two high-caste white land otters who were talking to Tuxsta’s spirits.

Next morning the men arose very early, and the eldest said to the one next in years, “Get up. I have had a queer dream. I dreamt that we had a deer and that we were taking our deer to the land-otter den.” Then one of them answered, “You have had a lucky dream. Let us start right away.” So they took the canoe down and set out. Going along on the opposite side of the point on which they had camped, they saw the two white otters swimming in the water. The shaman’s spirits had been holding them. Then the men said to them, “Stay there. We have had you for a long time now.” So the otters remained where they were, and they caught them and put feathers upon their heads. They were making deer of them. They took them home to the fort in which they dwelt and carried them in. All the people danced for them. And that night, after they had retired, the people dreamt that the land otters were dancing the peace-making dance. Some of the people said, “They really danced,” but others replied, “No, they did not dance. We only dreamt it.” Still they dressed up to dance in return. All were fasting, as was customary when peace is about to be made. They also fed the land otters and waited upon them very carefully.

By and by the shaman said that the land otters were coming, so the people made ready for them. They soaked a very bitter root, called sikc, in water for a long time. Some said, “They are not coming. The shaman has made that up,” but others believed him and got ready. Finally the shaman said, “Tomorrow they will be here.” The next morning it was very foggy and they could not see far out, but “they heard a drum beating. At length the land-otter-people came ashore, and they helped them carry their things up to the houses. One of these land otters had two heads, one under the other. It was Tutsidigu’l. All said, “We depend on Tutsidigu’l.” Then numbers of land otters came into the house, but, as soon as Tutsidigu’l appeared at the door, everybody there but the shaman fell down as if dead. The shaman in turn filled his mouth with the poisonous water they had prepared and spit it about upon the otters, rendering unconscious all that it touched. The land otters, however, shouted,” Keep away from Tutsidigu’l. Let him do his work.” So Tutsidigu’l danced, saying, “Ha, ha, ha.” When they started a song, the land otters mentioned Tutsidigu’l’s name in the manner of the Indians. When they were through with their dance, all of the people woke up, and the land otters also came to. But, when the human beings got up on their feet, all had vanished including the two white ones.

Then the village people said to one another, “Did you see the dances?” “Yes,” they answered. They knew something had happened and did not want to admit having missed it. “Did you see this Tutsidigu’l?” “Yes.” “How was he dressed?” “He had two heads and wore a dancing apron. He carried two large round rattles. As soon as he moved around sideways we all went to sleep.”


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The Coming of the White People

Facing starvation, the Eskimo were desperate for survival. The greatest Tungaksoak prophesied the arrival of light-haired, white-skinned people in a massive umiak. He sent two puppies adrift on objects; one returned with Indians. Years later, a strange vessel brought the prophesied people. A man, once a puppy, announced their arrival before transforming back into a dog, fulfilling the prophecy.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Eleventh Annual Report, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story

Prophecy and Fate: The tale centers on a prophecy by the Tungaksoak, foretelling the arrival of white-skinned people who would bring salvation to the starving community.

Divine Intervention: The transformation of puppies into messengers and the fulfillment of the prophecy suggest a supernatural influence guiding the events to ensure the community’s survival.

Cultural Heroes: The Tungaksoak, as a spiritual leader, plays a pivotal role in guiding and protecting the community through his prophetic vision, embodying the qualities of a cultural hero.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


The Eskimo were on the verge of starvation and had eaten nearly all their food. They saw that in a few more days death would come. The greatest Tungaksoak or great Tungak determined to bring relief and prophesied that people having light hair and white skins would come in an immense umiak. He placed a young puppy on a chip and another on an old sealskin boot, and set them adrift on the water. The puppies drifted in different directions, and in the course of time the one on the chip returned and brought with it the Indians. A long time after that, when the people had nearly forgotten the other puppy, a strange white object like an iceberg came directly toward the shore. In a few moments the puppy, now a man, announced that the people had come with many curious things in their vessel. The man immediately became a dog.

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The quarrel of the crow and the gull

The Crow and the Gull quarreled over allegiance: the Crow sided with the Eskimo, while the Gull supported the white man. They fought to determine whose side would prevail in strength and numbers. The Gull emerged victorious, explaining why white men became more numerous and powerful than the Eskimo in this tale.

Source: 
The Labrador Eskimo 
by E.W. Hawkes 
[Canada, Department of Mines] 
Geological Survey, Memoir 91 
Anthropological Series no. 14 
Ottawa, 1916


► Themes of the story

Good vs. Evil: The Crow and the Gull represent opposing forces, each advocating for a different group, highlighting the universal struggle between conflicting allegiances.

Prophecy and Fate: The outcome of their quarrel dictates the future strength and numbers of the Eskimo and white men, suggesting a predestined order resulting from their confrontation.

Cultural Heroes: The Crow and the Gull act as symbolic champions for their respective peoples, embodying the traits and destinies of the groups they represent.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


The Crow and the Gull had a quarrel.

The Crow was for the Eskimo, and the Gull for the white man. Whichever won the fight, his side was to be the strongest.

So they fought.

The Gull won.

That is why the white men are more numerous and stronger than the Eskimo.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page