The revenging animals

An angakok, craving eggs, stole a merganser’s nest and harpooned a seal. On his return, he encountered seals plotting revenge as umiarissat, disguised as a boat. He repelled them with filth, exposing their illusion as ice. Later, the merganser confronted him, demanding its eggs, which it had made him forget in his kayak through a charm, sparing his life. Another angakok lost his powers for similar theft.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Divine Intervention: The merganser employs supernatural means to influence the angakok’s actions, reflecting the theme of higher powers affecting mortal affairs.

Revenge and Justice: The animals’ actions serve as retribution for the angakok’s thefts, highlighting the consequences of wrongdoing and the restoration of moral balance.

Moral Lessons: The story imparts ethical teachings about respect for nature and the repercussions of greed, emphasizing the importance of harmonious coexistence with the natural world.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

A great angakok, while kayaking about at midsummer, suddenly took a longing for eggs; and landing upon an island, he found a merganser’s nest with plenty of eggs, all of which be carried away. On his way home be met with a flock of seals, of which be harpooned one; but after having taken it, he heard voices from among the rest encouraging each other to go and get hold of a piece of ice, and return as umiarissat. On getting home he walked up to his house, forgetting the eggs in his kayak; but he ordered his housemates to throw down on the beach all manner of filthy stuff to frighten away the umiarissat. In the evening a boat was seen to arrive manned with seals, but as soon as they scented the filth they all jumped into the water, and the boat appeared as a piece of ice.

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Later in the evening a voice was heard outside, and the head of the gooseander emerged from the entrance with dreadfully enlarged eyes. Addressing itself to the angakok, it scolded him for having robbed it of its descendants, but now it had come to fetch its eggs back, having by help of a charm caused him to forget them and leave them in his kayak. If he had not left them it certainly would have frightened them all to death. Another angakok in a similar case was bereft of his angakok power by the merganser.


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The giant of Kangersuak or Cape Farewell

A war raged between northern and southern tribes, with the north’s champion watching from Kangersuak. The champion had killed a man whose son, trained in angakok magic, sought revenge. He tricked the giant onto a marshy plain, causing him to sink. From beneath, the son pierced the giant’s feet and killed him, avenging his father and ending the champion’s reign.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The protagonist seeks to avenge his father’s death by confronting and ultimately defeating the giant responsible, restoring balance and justice.

Trickster: Employing cunning and strategic thinking, the son lures the giant onto a marshy plain, using his wit to outsmart and overcome a physically superior adversary.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features a formidable giant and references to angakok (shamanic) magic, highlighting interactions with supernatural elements within the story.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

The people from the south (or east) and those from the north (or west) were at war with each other. The latter had a powerful champion, who was sitting on the top of Kangersuak to watch the Southlanders passing by.

A man who had been killed by him left a son, who practised angakok science, and revenged his father by inducing the giant to walk with him over a marshy plain, where he went down, and from beneath pierced the feet of the giant, and afterwards killed him.

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A tale from Labrador

Sikuliarsiujuitsok, a giant feared for his strength, avoided sleeping in unfamiliar places. Known for catching a whale alone from his kayak, his size made walking on new ice impossible. Once lured into a snow hut, he was ambushed and killed after a fierce struggle in which he killed four men. His three powerful nephews used a stone enclosure to trap and kill their victims.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Sikuliarsiujuitsok is depicted as a giant with extraordinary strength, capable of catching a whale alone from his kayak.

Conflict with Authority: The community’s fear and eventual ambush of Sikuliarsiujuitsok highlight a struggle against a dominant and oppressive figure.

Revenge and Justice: The plot to kill Sikuliarsiujuitsok, despite his formidable power, reflects the community’s pursuit of justice against his tyranny.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

Sikuliarsiujuitsok, on account of his great size, was unable to walk upon new ice. He, all by himself, caught a whale from his kayak. But he was much dreaded and hated, and never ventured to sleep in strange places. He was, however, once persuaded to stay for a night in a snow-hut; and being too big to find room in it, he lay all doubled up, and allowed his feet to be tied together. In this condition he was hauled out and killed, but not before he himself had killed four men in the struggle. He had three sisters, one of whom had three sons, likewise powerful men. They had an enclosure, fenced in with stones, into which they enticed all those they intended to kill.

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Atarsuatsiak

Atarsuatsiak and his brothers, notorious killers near Upernivik, Greenland, tattooed their foreheads with marks symbolizing their murders. Atarsuatsiak’s forehead displayed a full row of such marks. His violent reputation led neighboring communities to conspire against him, eventually plotting his death at a location he frequented to visit his concubine.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The neighboring communities conspired to kill Atarsuatsiak as retribution for his numerous murders, seeking to restore order and justice.

Tragic Flaw: Atarsuatsiak’s violent nature and pride in his killings, symbolized by the tattoos on his forehead, ultimately led to his downfall.

Conflict with Authority: Atarsuatsiak’s defiance of societal norms and laws through his murderous actions brought him into conflict with the collective authority of the neighboring communities, who then plotted his demise.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

Atarsuatsiak and his brothers were a set of fearful manslayers, living in the country about Upernivik (Greenland), who had their heads tattooed with a separate mark for each murder they had committed.

On Atarsuatsiak these marks formed a whole row along his forehead from one side to the other.

At last the people of the neighbouring places resolved upon having him killed at a place to which he used to resort in order to visit his concubine.

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Kigdlinararsuk

Kigdlinararsuk sought vengeance for his sister’s murder by acquiring an amulet to enhance his boat’s swiftness. Guided by advice, he visited two old women. The second provided him with a dried Merganser amulet, which he discreetly embedded in his boat’s prow. After refining its speed to surpass a flying Merganser, he finally set out to face his enemies, determined and prepared.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: Kigdlinararsuk’s primary motivation is to seek retribution for his sister’s death, embodying the pursuit of justice through personal vengeance.

Sacred Objects: The dried Merganser amulet, endowed with mystical properties to increase the boat’s swiftness, plays a crucial role in his journey, highlighting the significance of powerful artifacts in achieving his goal.

Quest: His journey to find the old woman and obtain the amulet represents a classic quest narrative, involving challenges and the pursuit of a specific objective.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

Kigdlinararsuk, in order to avenge the murder of his sister, went out in search of an old woman who could assist him in getting an amulet for giving swiftness to a boat. The first one he came to replied, “I have grown rather old to no purpose (viz., without having acquired wisdom), I am only clever in…, but farther north I have an elder sister more cunning than I; first try thy luck with her, and if thou dost not succeed I’ll see what can be done.” He then went farther, and came to another old hag, who gave him for an amulet a small bit of a dried Merganser (Mergus serrator). This he inserted in the prow of the boat with such care that no marks or joints were visible. Twice he tried it before the boat appeared swift enough to run down a flying Merganser, and not till then did he start to encounter his adversaries.

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The original words I have not ventured to translate, sufficiently characteristic though they are of the modesty which it is considered necessary by the Eskimo to assume on such occasions as that described in the text. It would have been scarcely possible for the old woman to have claimed skill in a manufacture more lowly than that of which the words omitted would have been a translation.


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Kagsuk

The legend of Kagsuk tells of a powerful, invincible man and his son, known for their strength and violence. After a family conflict, Kagsuk’s son fled to his father’s home, sparking Kagsuk’s vengeful massacre of a neighboring settlement. Fearful of retribution, Kagsuk lived cautiously. However, his tyranny ended when two old magicians used spells to bypass his defenses, killing him and his household, sparing only his absent son.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: Kagsuk’s violent retaliation against his son’s in-laws and his subsequent downfall highlight the destructive cycle of vengeance and the eventual restoration of justice.

Supernatural Beings: The intervention of the two old magicians, who use their mystical powers to overcome Kagsuk, underscores the influence of supernatural entities in human affairs.

Tragic Flaw: Kagsuk’s hubris and reliance on his perceived invincibility lead to his demise, illustrating how a character’s inherent weaknesses can result in their downfall.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


The story here given as having happened in the districts of Holsteinsborg and Sukkertoppen, in Greenland, is perhaps a variant of an older tale, only localised in this way. We give it here in an abridged form.

It is said that Kagsuk once had his wintering-place on the Karsit islands, outside of Amerdlok (Holsteinsborg), and that his son married the only sister of some men living at Satok, near Maneetsok (Sukkertoppen). Kagsuk, as well as his son, were powerful and strong men; the former was also a man-slayer, invincible to his enemies. Once, when the son had been out during the day with his brothers-in-law, at evening, when it was growing dark, he had some talk with his wife that ended in a quarrel. Her brothers, fearing his strength, at first kept silence; but soon after, when he gave her a kick, they all went up to him and seized him in order to protect their sister. He tried to appease their wrath, but in vain, and at last they struck him with a knife; but every time he was wounded he only rubbed the place with his hand, and directly it healed, after which he knocked them all down, one after another.

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From this time, however, he did not trust his brothers-in-law; and once, at dark night, he escaped from the house, leaving his kayak behind, and taking his way across the fast ice to the north, where he stayed a while with some other people, and at length came to the house of his father. When Kagsuk came to know how his son had been treated he got into a great rage. In vain the son tried to persuade him to delay his revenge. “If they have struck thee with a knife,” he replied, “we will set out and destroy the people of Satok this very night.” And off they went the same day for Satok, and slew the whole of them, only sparing a boy and a girl. On returning to Karsit, Kagsuk became a still more desperate murderer. The people of Amerdlok, on becoming aware of this, did not venture themselves far away from the shore. Kagsuk and his son, being both very suspicious, agreed on the following mode of life: If the weather was fine, the son went out kayaking alone, and when the father went out, the son remained at home, unless it happened to blow very hard, in which case, and then only, they went out together. One winter, when the days were beginning to lengthen, two kayakers from Amerdlok, while out seal-hunting, were overtaken by a snowstorm, and could not make out their own land. Bewildered, they came to Kagsuk’s house; at seeing which they got very frightened, lest he would kill them. As soon as they saw him come out of his house, and before he could utter a word, they said, “Chance brought us hither, and no intention of visiting you. We lost our way on account of the snow, and could not advance against the storm.” Kagsuk asked them to come on shore, adding that, as soon as the weather abated, they might set off for home. On hearing this they were reassured, and entered the house, which was very hot. Kagsuk talked a great deal the whole day; but in the evening, when it was still blowing a gale and snowing as fast as ever, he suddenly became silent. At length he inquired, “Which kayak is he using today?” The housemates answered, “The narrow one.” Kagsuk then remarked, “I was rather uneasy about him; but if he has taken that kayak I have no fear.” Later in the evening there was a cry that he had arrived, tugging a walrus; and when the people whose business it was to haul it up on shore had gone out, Kagsuk said, “They don’t intend to stop, but having lost their way, chanced to come in here much against their will.” The guests, looking round, then first discovered that he was speaking to his son, who appeared in the entrance, and already had bent his bow and was aiming at them, but now drew back, and directly after entered, asking if the guests had been offered something to eat. On hearing that they had as yet had nothing, he ordered different dishes to be set before them, saying he would share the repast with them. They afterwards went to rest, and slept quietly until Kagsuk roused them up, saying that now the weather was fine, they might as well start for their home. At their departure he ordered their kayaks to be filled with provisions, but at the same time added, “Take care that none of your people come hither to visit us, lest we should take their lives.” They then pushed off, and arrived safely at their home. But when the people of Amerdlok saw the stores they had brought with them, they were all keen to visit Kagsuk; and notwithstanding their being repeatedly warned by those two chance visitors of what Kagsuk had threatened, several among them would not desist from trying their chance. They went accordingly, but never returned. Among the kayakers lost in this way were the sons of two old men, who were very clever in magic spells. They prepared bows of an arm’s length, and having finished these, they said to their place-fellows, “Now we will set out to punish Kagsuk: while ye approach his house from the sea-side, we will come on from behind.” Kagsuk had for his amulet a toogdlik (the Great Northern Diver — Colymbus glacialis) perched on the roof of his house, and giving him notice of every impending danger. One day on hearing its cry he went out, and observing the kayakers approaching, he said, “All right; I see you.” But at the same moment the two old men, having escaped observation by means of magic spells, came stealing on from behind and shot him dead on the spot. The kayakers, coming on shore, killed all his housemates, with the exception of his son, who happened not to be at home, and afterwards fled to the north.

Some narrators have prolonged the story of Kagsagsuk (No. 1) by making him meet with Kagsuk in the far north, the house of the latter being situated on a wide plain, the entrance to it being provided with a string leading into the inner room, and all along hung with a row of pieces of walrus-teeth, for the purpose of announcing the entrance of every stranger by the rattling sound.


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Akutak and Inuinak

This tale unfolds as a blend of romance, betrayal, and supernatural terror. A cherished sister marries a visitor, Inuinak, inciting Akutak’s jealousy and a curse that drives her into madness. Her tragic death leaves the family shattered. Later, an orphan seeking boots encounters her ghost in the abandoned home, narrowly escaping. Ultimately, generosity rewards him, showcasing resilience amidst misfortune.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The story centers on the sister’s marriage to Inuinak, which incites Akutak’s jealousy. His subsequent curse leads to her madness and death, highlighting themes of romantic bonds tested and broken.

Supernatural Beings: After her death, the sister’s ghost haunts the abandoned home, introducing elements of the supernatural and interactions with spirits.

Revenge and Justice: Akutak’s act of bewitching the sister as revenge for being spurned reflects the theme of retribution and the consequences of one’s actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Several brothers had an only sister, whom they loved dearly and were very loath to part with. To the north of them was another hamlet, where lived Akutak and Inuinak. One day when out kayaking, Akutak said, “Let us go and give the brothers yonder a call.” Inuinak surmised they would only get a cold reception. However, they started, but not a man did they find at home; and the women of the place could not give them any welcome, their husbands having strictly ordered them not to receive any unmarried man whatever during their absence. The strangers nevertheless entered the house, where they found the lonely sister occupying a seat on the southern side of the ledge, where her bedding also could be seen most handsomely piled up.

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Though seats were offered to them at the northern end, they preferred a settle facing the unmarried sister. They now proceeded to relieve themselves of their jackets, Akutak displaying a skin as fair and soft as that of a white whale, while Inuinak on stripping himself came out as black as a raven. Thus they remained a short time; but before food had been offered to them, the men of the place were hailed returning with their prey. The women ran down to assist them in bringing up their seals; but no sooner had they re-entered the house than a voice was heard in the passage, and a man entered, and in a grumbling voice broke out, “Well, to be sure, we are having visitors.” This was the middle brother: and he was soon followed by the rest of them. Akutak answered, “There thou art right; however, we were not very anxious to come at all.” The middle brother then ordered some meat to be served up to them; and, after a plenteous feast, there was a good deal of talking; but the whole of the evening the visitors kept their seats, never turning their looks off the maiden sister. At length the brothers, longing for rest, lay down to sleep, reclining in their different places. Only the middlemost of them determined to keep watch; and, having pulled off his boots, leaned back, keeping an eye on the strangers all the while. Presently he heard Inuinak call out in a loud voice, “Young girl, make up a bed for me!” The sister at once complied, and he lay down beside her. The brothers first thought of interfering, but soon gave up the idea, and took no further notice of them. Akutak being now left by himself, was beginning to feel rather lonely; and, not addressing any one in particular, simply cried out, “Make up a bed for me, too!” The brothers only glanced at him, saying, “Why, thou art raving; just lie down by thyself.” Somewhat abashed, he went off to sleep; but in the morning, when the others awoke, they found he was gone. In his anger he had bewitched the sister, in order to set her against her new husband.

Early in the morning, the brothers all left in their kayaks, but the brother-in-law remained in bed till after sunrise, when he likewise started, having first put on his kayak-jacket. Ere long it was announced that he was putting back, and had some spoil in tow. He had already captured two seals; and his young wife was soon on the alert for flensing and cutting them up. This done, she fell upon her husband’s neck, caressing him incessantly, and would not leave him alone a single moment. When night set in, and the brothers had all returned, he actually began to be afraid of her, and removed to another corner of the room, where he seated himself behind a lamp, always keeping her off. But still she would not leave him at peace; and catching hold of him with one hand, she at last took up a piece of a grindstone with the other, eating away at it as if it had been a morsel of ice. At sight of this, the brothers exclaimed, “Our sister has gone raving mad; let us be off from here;” and away they fled, having first cut asunder all the lashings of their boat; and at their departure, one of them said to their brother-in-law, “If people are like this one, nothing is to be done; and thou hadst better come with us.” But the other rejoined, “I will take my chance, and stay, if it be only for this one night.” The others all started off, while he remained with his wife; but she went on pursuing him all the night, and he kept running away from her, scarcely able to escape her clutch. At dawn of day, however, he succeeded in making a bold leap from the floor right down the house passage, and rushing along to seize his kayak, he quickly got into it. But at the very moment he was ready to push off, she again reached him, and made an attempt to catch hold of the kayak-point, in which, however, she did not succeed. At first she seemed determined to follow him on the water, but all of a sudden she turned back; and having looked after her a little while, the poor husband hastened away to a small island off the coast, where he knew the brothers had established themselves. The middlemost came out, inquiring how she was; and being informed how she was, he remarked as before, “If people are like her, there is nothing to be done but keep away from them.” When ten days had elapsed, one morning the husband said, “I must go and look after her; she may possibly be starving for want of food.” The others tried to dissuade him, but he insisted on going. Having reached the place, he only pulled his kayak half-way out of the water, and then proceeded to the house. For fear of his wife, he did not venture to enter at once, but only peeped in at the window, and there he perceived her lying on the ledge, her hair all loose and dishevelled. When he addressed her, she answered him back in the blandest manner, saying, “I am quite well; come inside.” He went in at her bidding; but no sooner had he entered the room than she jumped up, and made a furious rush at him, upon which he again started back, and narrowly escaped through the doorway. She quickly followed him, and after vainly attempting to catch the prow of his kayak, he suddenly observed her walking on the water as if it had been solid ice. Hearing her voice, he turned round, and seeing her close by he cried, “Why did I go and see this wicked thing? Probably she is going to eat me up.” As the only way to keep her off, he began swinging to and fro in his kayak. Presently her voice grew weak, and on turning round, he saw her nearly falling; but always giving her time to get up, he at last brought her towards the brothers. On seeing her approach, they cried, “Why didst thou bring her over? She will kill us all.” While they were thus exclaiming, and the husband could not persuade himself to leave her altogether, she saw before her a streak of little ripples on the water; and when she came to them, she suddenly turned, and went back wailing and lamenting. The husband now left off visiting her for a long time; but at last one day he said, “I must go and see her once more; she is probably dead.” On arriving at the place, he found the house empty, and at last discovered her sitting in a cave all shrunk together, and stone-dead. Having buried her remains, and covered the grave well with stones, he returned.

They now resolved upon giving up the house for good, and settled down for the coming winter on the outermost of the islets, soon after which the sea was frozen over. About this time a poor orphan boy, living in the house of Akutak, said to his house-fellows, “I am in great want of boots, and intend to go to the brothers and offer them my little dog in exchange for a pair of old boots.” Accordingly he betook himself to their old place. On arriving there in the morning, he wondered at seeing the house without windows. However, he went up to it, and found it still well provisioned; but he could neither see a boat nor any person about the place. On entering, he found all the skin-hangings of the walls torn down and spread on the floor. But knowing no other inhabited house in the neighbourhood, he soon made up his mind to stay the night over, and at dark went to fetch some blubber, trimmed a lamp, and lighted it. He then pulled off his ragged boots, and having put them up above the lamp to dry, seated himself at the south end of the ledge. At first his little dog had followed him into the house, and rolled itself up at his feet on the floor. But while his boots were drying, the dog began to sniff and yell; and running outside, its barking gradually became more distant. Some time after, it again returned, and lying down before its master, looked at him very sharply, and then rushed out howling as before, this time re-entering immediately. The orphan thought, “Dogs are not unconscious of anything.” He then put on his boots and rushed out, soon followed by the dog. Before they had made their way through the house passage, on looking out he caught sight of the ghost making towards him through the entrance, dragging its shroud behind it. The boy being in the middle part of the passage, pressed himself close up to the wall, and the dog also. At the very moment he expected to be discovered by the ghost, it passed by, on which the dog instantly jumped noiselessly out, followed by his poor master. Both now hastened down to the ice; but before they had got far, the spectre was seen emerging from the house in full pursuit of them. It did not, however, get hold of them; for at a little distance the fugitive had to pass by a large iceberg; and seeing a cave on one side of it, he stepped quickly in, and there awaited the coming day.

At dawn he issued forth again, but did not know which way to wend his steps. His first plan was to go back to his own home, when he suddenly espied a number of people on one of the outer islets. He at once turned towards them. They apparently got much excited at seeing him, thinking it might be the mad woman. Not till he was quite close did they recognise the poor orphan boy, when they all asked whether he had not slept in the haunted house, and whether he had seen anything amiss there. He answered, “No; I observed nothing particular;” and in so saying he told a lie, as he had barely escaped being devoured by the ghost. When they asked him why he had gone there at all, he made answer, “Because I wanted to barter away my little dog for a pair of boots.” The middle brother now said, “Well, thou art a hearty little fellow for thy age,” — and with these words he gave him two pairs of boots without taking his dog; and when the boy was about to leave, he asked a gift of a knife with a pretty handle. All the other brothers likewise loaded him with little presents of various kinds. On reaching home, however, he exchanged all these things for a kayak of his own.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The man not to be looked at by the Europeans

In Tasiusanguak, Kenake, a clever man, offended European whalers and was tragically killed. His grieving wife returned home with his body, refusing revenge but allowing a charm to transform their son into an intimidating figure. As an adult, the son tormented whalers, stealing goods and defying retaliation, protected by his mother’s spells. His bold defiance persisted, making him a legendary figure among his people.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: After Kenake’s unjust death at the hands of European whalers, his son, transformed through his mother’s charms, seeks retribution by intimidating and stealing from the whalers, achieving a form of justice for his father’s murder.

Supernatural Beings: The son’s transformation into an “eye-me-not,” a figure whom Europeans dared not look upon and who was impervious to weapons, introduces a supernatural element that empowers him to confront the whalers without fear of retaliation.

Conflict with Authority: The son’s defiance against the European whalers, who represent foreign authority and oppression, highlights the struggle between indigenous people and colonial forces, showcasing his resistance to their dominance.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


A tale from South Greenland

At Tasiusanguak there once lived a handy and clever fellow, called Kenake. It was in those times when the whalers used to touch on the isle of Umanak (district of Sukkertoppen), and people used to go there and fetch the rejected matak (whale-skin). Once Kenake went away to call on the whalers’ on this errand. The natives in those times used to gather merchandise for trading with the Europeans. When he had begun dealing with them, he chanced to give some offence to the sailors; and in a struggle that ensued Kenake was killed. The captain, however, was not made aware of this accident till later. The wife of Kenake placed his corpse in the boat, and prepared to go home, her son steering, and she herself being now the only person to row.

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When the boat was about to push off, the master of the ship threw a number of nice things — such as various kinds of knives, and other trifles highly prized in those days — into the boat; but Kenake’s wife flung them into the sea, all the while crying for her lost husband. At last, however, the son got hold of a knife, which he secretly put aside, thinking it rather too bad to throw away so many valuable articles. When she was about to push off in good earnest, the sailors caught hold of her boat in order to prevent her going, but biting their fingers, she obliged them to let go one after another; and after this they were allowed to return to Tasiusanguak. Although she grieved sorely, she asked her relatives and countrymen not to avenge the murder of Kenake; but nevertheless they some time afterwards began to busy themselves with the dead body for the purpose of turning (by charm) the son into one whom the Europeans did not dare to look upon, and also to make him proof against shaft and spear. When he was full grown, and had become a seal-hunter, and was possessed of a tolerable store of merchandise, the whalers again happened to arrive at Umanak. His relatives soon set out for the ship; and the second time they set off with their boat well loaded, the eye-me-not was of the party. His relatives having finished their bartering, he climbed on deck, bringing the things he had for sale, expecting the sailors to come on deck to barter with him. Finding that they did not even approach, he got his things back into the boat, but soon returned without any goods, rummaging about the deck, and taking away from the ship whatever he fancied; and though the sailors became aware of this, they turned away, pretending not to observe anything. Having brought the things into his boat, he went back on deck; and it being now meal-time on board, the visitors were now all treated to a meal, except the eye-me-not. But he revenged himself by going into the cabin and laying hold of whatever he chose, such as flensing-knives, and so forth. When caught in the very act of stealing these things, they quickly turned away, pretending not to see; and he only stopped of his own accord, when he had taken all he wanted. He went on this way all his life, as often as whalers came to the place. When a ship had been at Umanak for some time, and the sailors were missing too many of their belongings, they went off in a sloop for Tasiusanguak to attack the robbers. Approaching the shore, they would call out, “Come forth, thou fellow whom no one can bear to look at!” and while he obeyed the summons, and went down to them, his old mother would sit on the roof of the house pronouncing spells. If the charm succeeded, the token was that the nose of the first sailor who landed would begin bleeding. On seeing them land, the eye-me-not went down to assist them in hauling up their boat; and when the very first man set foot on shore, his nose was seen to bleed. When they had all landed, and each had his nose bleeding, the eye-me-not was seen running from one to another, wringing and pulling their arms to make them look at him. Then he would lift up his jacket, saying, “I am the thief!” But they only turned away; and he went on trying to make them aim their guns at him, still repeating, “It is I; I am the thief!” They hung back despite his efforts to excite them into shooting him. Such was his habit throughout his life whenever a whaler put into port there. As long as the strangers stayed at Umanak, their tormentor never left them at peace, but was always hanging about them. No one talked to them so much as he did, although he could not make out what they answered, and though they could not bear to look at him.


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The two friends rescued by the benevolent Ingnersuit

Two widowed mothers had sons who were close friends and kayakers. After one son repeatedly attempted to harm the other during solo hunting trips, the victim retaliated, killing his friend. However, he soon faced trouble as his kayak sank, prompting intervention by his underworld guardian spirits. Taken to a mysterious house, he encountered his revived friend. Both realized they were shamans and reconciled, ending their hostility.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The tale involves deception and cunning, particularly when one friend attempts to harm the other during their hunting trips.

Supernatural Beings: The intervention of underworld guardian spirits (Ingnersuit) who rescue the protagonist introduces elements of the supernatural.

Revenge and Justice: The narrative explores themes of retaliation and the subsequent reconciliation between the two friends, highlighting aspects of revenge and the restoration of order.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


One widow lived all alone with her son at a winter station; and a little more to the south another widow, also with an only son, had her residence. The young men were fast friends, and used to go out kayaking and perform their several tasks in company. But one morning the one who was to the north seeing the clear bright sky and a light breeze from the east, resolved on going to the hunting-place by himself, without waiting his friend’s arrival. After he had been on the hunting-ground for some time, he suddenly heard a noise from the sunny side of the bay, and, turning round, he saw his friend with gloomy looks and hand uplifted, about to throw his harpoon at him.

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Having no other choice, he kept his look steadily fixed on him; and the moment the harpoon came flying towards him, he upset himself, kayak and all, so that the weapon touched the edge of the kayak, and fell splashing into the water beside him, after which he again rose by means of his paddle. The other now proceeded to coil up his harpoon-line; and without further reference to the matter, the friends as usual remained together, catching their seals, and speaking pleasantly to each other on the way home. Still he kept an eye upon his companion, but did not find anything to rouse his suspicion. Another time he again left home without waiting the arrival of his friend, and the same thing happened. After a third similar attempt, however, he resolved to revenge himself. He did so in the following way: As soon as he rose above water after having capsized his kayak as before, he aimed his harpoon at his friend, who, however, averted the danger by likewise upsetting himself; but before he was able to get his kayak righted, the other was by his side and kept him from rising by running the point of his own kayak right across the one that lay bottom upwards. After having killed his friend in this manner, he rowed towards land; but before he reached the first islets, he noticed the water coming fast into his kayak. He pulled as quickly as possible, but all in vain, and was only kept above water by means of the bladder. He then happily remembered that he was himself an angakok, and that he had several tornaks (guardian spirits) among the ingnersuit (under-world people). No sooner had he called them than he saw three kayakers coming straight towards him. Two of the strangers put their paddles, one from each side, into the sinking kayak to hold it up; and, at the same time, the third mended the kayak as well as possible, by filling the leak with blubber, and hastened to give the drowning man his dry breeches to put on. He was now again placed in his kayak, to which they made fast their seals, all strung together in a long row; and they told him to tug them along, that he might get warm. He rowed in front, and they closely followed him with the greatest speed. They came to a high island, with only one house; there they landed, and at once entered. When they had seated themselves, he saw the master of the house, a man so very old that his wrinkled skin was hanging, and almost hiding his eyes; but the old man pushed it aside a little, and then looked at the newcomers. Presently some one called out that two kayakers were approaching, tugging seals along with them. Those whose business it was to bring them up to the house soon returned with hauling-thongs, ornamented with fittings of bright walrus-bone; and then followed the seal-hunters themselves. On entering the house, they accosted their brothers, and reproached them, saying, “Why were ye not quicker in giving him your assistance before he got to be so cold?” but they answered, “He did not call for our aid till then.” They now ordered the women to bring some dry meat. After the meal, the old man moved aside the wrinkled skin from off his eyes, gave a look out of the window, and said, “Go and call our other relatives;” upon which the youngest immediately went away, and after some time came back covered with sweat. The stranger on seeing him reflected, “Where can he have been, since no house seems to be near?” and soon after five other brothers, much like his hosts, and also accompanied by an old man, entered the house. There was also another man, who turned out to be his former friend and companion, whom he had killed in his kayak. He sat down right opposite, and hardly dared to look up. When they had had their meal, the eldest brother brought out a skin, spread it on the floor, and first tried a wrestling-match with his own brothers, and afterwards with the visitors; but no one was able to hold his own against him. The master of the house now challenged the other old man, who, however, had to give in to him. Having thus been vanquished and put to shame, the strangers prepared to leave their hosts; these reproved them sharply for their former behaviour, and told them henceforth to give up quarrelling, and be friends again. When the rest had all withdrawn, the stranger who had been saved remained five days longer; but on the sixth he left. On passing his usual hunting-place, he encountered his friend, who had been restored to life in the same manner as himself, and they spoke to each other. It so happened that they were both angakut, and that each of them had his tornaks among the ingnersuit. From this time they were quite reconciled.


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Naujarsuak and Kukajak

Naujarsuak and Kukajak, once close friends and skilled hunters, fell apart when jealousy and betrayal led Naujarsuak to sabotage Kukajak’s food stores. In retaliation, Kukajak killed Naujarsuak. Years later, Naujarsuak’s son, driven by his grandfather’s teachings and a deep sense of vengeance, grew into a skilled hunter. He eventually avenged his father’s death, fulfilling his duty but finding a degree of closure.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The narrative centers on Naujarsuak’s son avenging his father’s death, highlighting the pursuit of retribution to restore familial honor.

Family Dynamics: The relationship between the grandson and his grandfather is pivotal, with the elder imparting values and skills to prepare the young man for his future challenges.

Tragic Flaw: Naujarsuak’s jealousy leads him to sabotage his friend’s provisions, setting off a chain of events that culminates in betrayal and death, illustrating how personal weaknesses can have devastating consequences.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


A tale from South Greenland

Naujarsuak and Kukajak were friends, and both skilled hunters. They lived apart; but being very fond of each other, they were often together. In spring, when the first seals had made their appearance, they used to bring full-loaded boats with dried meat to their storehouses. Once Kukajak happened to have put by a greater store than his friend, and this made Naujarsuak jealous. Kukajak used to go away deer-hunting in the spring, and did the same that summer; and on his way home in the autumn, he was as usual to pass by his store-places on the coast, and take out some dried seal-meat for a welcome feast at home. He was longing greatly for some dried seal-flesh himself. But on arriving at his stores, he found that the foxes had been there beforehand, and had left nothing for him.

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On a close examination, he found out that some one had been making little holes in the stone coverings, just large enough for a fox to pass through. He got extremely vexed; and at home he learned that Naujarsuak had made the holes during his absence. At this intelligence he became still more angry; but nevertheless he could not help longing for his friend; and he started on a visit to him the day after. Naujarsuak, in his turn, was longing as much to see Kukajak; and as soon as the other had arrived, he hastened to draw his kayak on land, and take him to his house. During the meal, Kukajak carelessly observed, “I also had a small portion of dried meat put by, but the foxes have carried it all off, which has never happened to me before.” Naujarsuak remarked, “Thou hast been wrong in coming so late to look after thy stores.” At this speech Kukajak got inwardly enraged. Having passed the night beneath his friend’s roof, he, as usual, invited him to accompany him home to have some dried reindeer-flesh. While they were thus talking, they saw from land some kayakers stopping outside, lying in wait for seals, when, all of a sudden, Kukajak came upon his friend from behind, and sent his harpoon right through him. The little son of Naujarsuak was standing on the beach, and saw his father being killed, while Kukajak called out, “I paid him back, because he spoiled my stores,” and then turned his back upon them, and rowed home. The old father of Naujarsuak now took away the corpse of his son, and had it buried; and when the usual days of mourning had gone by, he accosted the little one thus — “Now thou hast seen thy father killed, it will not do for thee to grow up in idleness.” He then resolved to leave his place, where he was continually reminded of his lost son. They travelled on to Amerdlok (the present Holsteinsborg), where they established themselves for the winter. Here the boy grew up under the constant care and unceasing admonitions of his grandfather; and he was never seen to smile. While they were still at Amerdlok, he grew to manhood, assisted at the whale-fishing, and turned out an able and expert kayaker. Under these circumstances, the old man advised him to go southwards and revenge himself on Kukajak, if he were still alive; and during this last winter he carefully secured the whalebones whenever a whale was caught, knowing them to be a rare article, much in request in the south. When the first thaw set in, they started; and at every place they passed by, they inquired, “Have ye heard nothing of Kukajak?” but invariably the answer was, “No; we don’t know him.” Far away south, however, they met some people who told them — “Kukajak! ah, yes; he is all right! but getting rather old now, and has taken to frog-fish.” At length they reached their former home, and settled there for good. All their relatives immediately came to see them after their long absence; and on leaving they presented them with some of the longest and best whalebones. They had many unexpected visitors, some of whom only came in the hope of getting their share of whalebones, which were well known to be desired for gifts. As time wore on, they had to change their tent for a winter hut; but as yet Naujarsuak’s son had had no opportunity of avenging the murder of his father. He one day requested his grandfather to make him a very big harpoon, with a strong line to match. The grandfather got it ready for him the very next day; and, regarding it with great satisfaction, the son smiled, and thanked him, and concealed it carefully beneath the ledge. Some time after, Kukajak took a great fancy to go and ask the son of his betrayed friend for a piece of whalebone for his fishing-line, but on further consideration gave up the idea, fearing that he might bring down vengeance upon himself if he carried it out. However, the people thereabout were always telling him of the gifts they had received, saying, “If thou goest, thou wilt be sure to get some too: it was only the other day the old man said that he longed much to see thee.” On hearing this, he could resist no longer, and started the very next day. He got a friendly welcome, and was beginning to think “they had forgotten all about the murder.” A plentiful repast was soon served up before him; and the talk went merrily round all the evening; but somehow, whenever there was a short silence, he always thought, “there, now, it all returns to them.” At daybreak the following morning, when Naujarsuak’s son went outside the house, the thought struck him it was just on such a day that his father was killed. The air was soft, and light clouds appeared and passed by overhead. At this his former wrath awoke with full force; but on entering the house, he looked quite guileless. At Kukajak’s departure, he also was presented with whalebones. Still he apprehended some evil, and kept glancing back to be sure that he was not pursued; and thus he succeeded in getting a considerable way off. Now, however, was the time for Naujarsuak’s son to make use of his new weapon. He took the bone-point which his grandfather had made, brought it down, and fixed it with a loud jerk. Kukajak heard the sound, and recognised the meaning (viz., charm) of it; and seeing his enemy in full pursuit, he hastened on as quickly as he could, but found his strength fast failing. Perceiving this, his enemy pursued him more slowly; and Kukajak began thinking that he might reach home unharmed. At that moment, however, his adversary again darted on, and, just outside his own house, took aim, and sent his lance with a great crash into Kukajak’s body. The son of Naujarsuak now turned to the bystanders, saying, “I saw him treat my father in the same way; and I have only paid him back; if ye care for his corpse, ye may take it.” Having finished this speech, he left for home; and from that day his father was not always in his thought, though he never quite forgot him.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page