The beaver who went home with a Cree

A lone Beaver man and a Cree warrior, both having lost their companions, confront each other. The Cree takes the Beaver to his camp, where the people attempt to burn the Beaver alive. Using supernatural powers, the Beaver summons otters to cause chaos, leading to a series of events where alliances shift, and ultimately, the Beaver integrates into the Cree community by marrying one of their women.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


War and Peace: The narrative centers on the conflict between the Beaver man and the Cree, each having lost their respective groups to the other’s people.

Revenge and Justice: The Beaver man’s younger brother seeks to avenge their fallen kin by attacking the Cree.

Family Dynamics: The narrative highlights the bond between the Beaver man and his younger brother, focusing on their collective response to their family’s demise.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


There was a powerful man all of whose young men had been killed by the Cree. He himself, a Beaver, was the only one alive. There was a Cree too, all of whose followers had been killed. Just the two men were alive, and they tried in vain to get the best of each other. Then the Cree went to his camp accompanied by the Beaver. There was another Cree at the camp who was a powerful man. When these men approached and the people saw them, the Cree was asked what he had done with his band and how it happened that he was accompanied by one of the enemy. The head man of the camp directed that a fire be made to burn the stranger. They got a lot of wood and set fire to it. Then they brought the man up to the fire which was burning fiercely.

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It happened that the man they were going to roast carried a wooden spoon. He held this up between himself and the fire, but it kept catching fire.

He began to study the situation intently. “I wish otters would run among the people,” he said to himself. Then otters rushed among the people who were standing at a distance. “Otters are running among us,” one of them said. They rushed away from there and where there had been many people there were now none. He sat there by himself while the otters rushed out on the ice. His former companion, alone, was running near them. Then the Beaver man himself ran with them. At one place where the otters were running the Beaver ran in front of them and caught two of them. He threw them at his former companion who caught them both and threw them back. The Beaver caught them again. Just as he caught them the other Cree said, “Do it to me.” He threw them at him. They really knocked him down because the Beaver was stronger than he. They started to kill him and just the otters were coming out of the snow covered with blood. The man himself was under the snow and the otters only were to be seen. Then the Cree who had been the companion of the Beaver caught the otters, held them together, and killed them. He was a powerful man. “This man was with me and alive and yet you spoke as you did,” he said to the other Cree.

He gave one of his wives to his companion and made a relative of him. The Beaver lived with him and had some children. After this, his younger brother, a boy, started after him accompanied by some others. He saw his brother’s tracks and followed him. He came back and reported that the man they were to attack was powerful, but that now they had started they would not turn back. “If we do not succeed we will all be killed,” he told them. “We will attack them tomorrow morning.” He came back and worked against them with his mind, using supernatural power. He appeared to kill them.

When the Beaver heard his younger brothers attacking them, he immediately ran to his former partner and began to kill him. “Now I can do nothing,” the Cree said, and after that was killed. Some of the younger brothers were killed, but they killed all of the Cree.

Second version

Obtained in English from Ike through John Bourassa.

The Cree living to the east were the first to come in contact with white people and consequently had guns before the Beaver did. The Cree used to fight with the Beaver and by the use of their flintlock guns killed a good many of them. Among the Beaver were some good medicinemen who had flint for medicine and were able therefore to keep the flints on the guns from acting on the powder.

There was a battle one time in which there was a Beaver who was a powerful medicineman and on the other side a Cree who was equally strong. All the Cree in the band were killed except this Cree medicine-man and all the Beaver save their medicinemen. These two being left were so evenly matched in supernatural powers neither could prevail over the other. The Beaver went home with the Cree and became a second husband of the Creeps wife, living in the same tipi with him.

The Beaver was bad and used to go about killing Cree whenever he could find one by himself. He was so powerful as a medicineman the Cree could not kill him. One day as he was returning from a hunt he fell in with a Cree who had killed two swans and was taking them home. The Beaver killed the Cree and took the swans. When the swans were cooked, he left a portion for this Cree he had killed, thinking to hide his guilt. One day as he was hunting he met his Beaver friends. He planned with them an attack upon the Cree promising them the aid of his supernatural help. He spent the night making medicine to weaken the Cree, but told the Cree the medicine was to make them irresistible. The Beaver had agreed to join the attacking party some distance from the camp to protect them by his medicine, but fearing they would not be able to kill the powerful Cree medicineman he rushed into his tipi and said, “I am coming to kill you.” The Cree, baring his breast said, “Stab me here.” The Beaver did so and killed him. Then the Beaver killed all the Cree.

The interpreter omitted the two following incidents which the narrator included in the story:

At the first fight the Cree sent two otters against the Beaver which the Beaver medicine-man caught and taking one in each hand knocked them together killing them. When the Beaver man met his friends he went to their camp. One of his moccasins was torn and his sister-in-law mended it for him using a piece of moose skin which had been used to tie up vermilion paint. When he returned, his Cree wife noticed this mended place, but said nothing and did not warn the Cree.

The man’s name in Chipewyan was said by Fournier to be Satselle’.


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The revenge of Wonyoni

An old man named Wonyoni lives with his three sons. Despite their father’s warnings, the two older sons visit their malevolent uncle and are killed. The youngest escapes and informs Wonyoni. Seeking revenge, Wonyoni confronts his brother-in-law, who underestimates him due to his small stature. Using cunning and a jawbone weapon, Wonyoni kills the larger man, avenging his sons.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Revenge and Justice: Wonyoni seeks retribution for the murder of his sons by confronting and killing his brother-in-law.

Cunning and Deception: Wonyoni uses his intelligence and strategic thinking to overcome his physically stronger brother-in-law.

Tragic Flaw: The uncle’s overconfidence and underestimation of Wonyoni lead to his downfall.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


There was an old man who raised his children by themselves. When the boys were grown up one of them said, “Father, do you know of any people living close by?” The father replied, “No, my son, I do not know of any people living close by except your uncle who lives near, but he has always been a bad man.” “We will visit him,” the boys said. “Do not do it; you will not live if you do,” said the father. “We will visit our uncle any way; it is hard for us to live by ourselves,” the boys replied. “Well, go then,” the father said. Addressing the youngest boy he asked him what supernatural help he had. “My dream was of newly fallen snow that does not pack,” the youngest replied. When the two older boys started the youngest one told his father that he too would go.

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“Well,” replied his father, “your uncle is bad. If your brothers go into the house, you stay outside and play.”

The boys started to make the visit. The two older ones came to their uncle who recognized them. “They are my nephews. Quick, give them something to eat,” he said. His wife gave them some bear grease by means of which he killed them. He killed the two boys but the youngest ran away. He came where he had left his snowshoes, put them on, and made his escape.

When he came to his father he said, “Father, he killed my two brothers.” The father was little disturbed and slept as usual. The old man was undersized and his name was Wonyoni which means “smart.” “I will pay my brother-in-law a visit tomorrow morning,” he said.

He went where the camp had been but found his brother-in-law had moved away. The bodies of his sons were lying there. The camp had been moved across the lake. Wonyoni started to cross on the ice and saw his brother-in-law walking by the lake. “Do not come this way,” the brother-in-law called, “you are in pitiful condition.” [This remark probably refers to the usual seclusion of those who have recently suffered the loss of near relatives, which the murderer was trying to enforce.]

They say he was a large man. “Brother-in-law, why do you speak as any other man might? Do I visit you for nothing that you say that.” Wonyoni said. “Don’t you come here, nevertheless; you are pitiful,” he replied, but the old man paid no attention to him. He walked on until he came near him. “You are coming to me because I killed your children. You begin the fight,” he said to Wonyoni, who replied, “I am in pitiful condition as you say. What am I able to do to you?” “You begin the fight anyway,” he said again. “Fix yourself,” Wonyoni said.

The large man had a buffalo rawhide and Wonyoni had beaver skins of the same sort. The latter had a jawbone for a weapon and the former the backbone of a buffalo. [The buffalo skins and the beaver skins were to give supernatural help as well as real protection] Wonyoni made a feint at the head of the other man who thinking he was to be hit in the head raised his buffalo hide. Wonyoni striking under this, broke his legs and killed him. Although he was a small man he was a formidable one they say.


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Wonyoni avenges the death of his sons

Wonyoni lived in isolation with his family due to his brother’s malevolence. Despite warnings, his three sons visited their uncle, who murdered the two eldest. The youngest escaped and informed Wonyoni. Feigning indifference, Wonyoni later confronted and killed his brother in retaliation. This tale, rooted in Dane-zaa lore, underscores themes of familial bonds, betrayal, and vengeance.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Revenge and Justice: Wonyoni seeks retribution for the unjust killing of his sons by his brother.

Tragic Flaw: The uncle’s malevolence and cruelty lead to his downfall.

Conflict with Authority: Wonyoni challenges his brother’s oppressive and violent behavior, ultimately overthrowing him.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


A man named Wonyoni had always camped by himself and raised his family apart from others. One of his sons once inquired if they were the only existing people. His father told him that an uncle lived not far away by a fish lake, but because this uncle was a mean man he had raised his family by themselves. The boy replied that they would visit the uncle anyway.

“Well, my boy, you are to be pitied, for you will not live long if you do that,” the father warned him. “Never mind that, we will visit him,” the boy said. “I have hindered your going many times, now do as you like,” the father conceded.

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Before the three boys set out to make the visit the father told the youngest boy not to go into the tipi even if the two older boys did so. He renewed the boy’s shoe strings because the old ones were dry and brittle. He also advised him to leave his snowshoes along the trail, one pair behind the other because the track upon the snow was not strong. The boy did as his father advised.

When they came to the uncle’s home the two older boys went in but the youngest played outside, although they called to him to come in. The uncle had killed all who had visited him previously and had rendered their fat. He directed his wife to cook for the guests. When they had been fed he took two spears and conducted the boys to the base of the tipi where he placed them. “This is the way your aunt and I used to do when we found a she-bear and her young ones. When we came upon them we would scare them out, and one standing on either side, we would spear them as they ran out. “This is the lard we made of them.” Then as an illustration of the way it was done he drove the spears through both boys at the same time. The remaining boy ran back down the road. The uncle chased him but because the road was not firm enough to hold the older man, the boy outran him and escaped. When he returned, his father inquired about his brothers. “My uncle killed them,” the boy replied.

To this Wonyoni paid no attention but lay by the fire as if nothing had happened. His wife cried and tried to throw herself into the fire. When daylight was appearing the next morning, the man went to his son and said, “Come, let us go to your uncle.” They went where he had lived but found the tipi had been moved away. He had killed the two boys without any reason and burned everything over. “My brother is laughing at us ahead there. Your uncle never knows what he ought to do,” the father said.

They followed to the other side of the lake where the tipi had been placed on a large flat. Wonyoni was angry. When they came near they saw the uncle walking outside watching for them. He came up to them and met them. He was a large man. When he came up close to them Wonyoni ran back from him. “I guess you ran off because your feelings are hurt,” the large man said to him. Then Wonyoni ran up to him again saying, “You intend doing again as you did to the boys. Well, you make the first move,” he said, showing his lack of respect. Wonyoni then aimed a blow at the man’s head, but struck below and broke his legs. The large man fell and Wonyoni came up to him and killed him with his club.

The father and son then went up the bank where the camp stood. No one was stronger than that old man. “Where did you put him?” the large man’s wife asked. She had a flat stone in her bag which she took out and threw at the man. Stepping to one side he dodged it and jumped on the woman, knocking her down. Wonyoni then killed all the people at the camp of the uncle whose name had been Bear-stands-in-the-water. Wonyoni, having killed many people, returned to his own camp. The people were all glad.


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Agait’osdunne marries the chief’s daughter

Agait’osdunne, a man of low status, impregnates the chief’s daughter. To identify the father, the chief uses his thunderbirds, which reveal Agait’osdunne’s guilt. Banished together, Agait’osdunne utilizes his supernatural abilities to provide for them, while their former tribe faces starvation. Despite adversities, including an attack that nearly kills him, Agait’osdunne’s resilience and powers ensure their survival.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Transformation: Agait’osdunne, initially perceived as a miserable man who had never killed anything, demonstrates supernatural abilities and resourcefulness, transforming his and his wife’s dire circumstances into a sustainable life.

Conflict with Authority: The chief, representing authority, casts out his daughter and Agait’osdunne, leading to their struggle against this imposed hardship.

Revenge and Justice: After being ostracized, Agait’osdunne ensures that those who cast them out receive only animal blood to sustain themselves, serving as a form of retribution for their earlier actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


They did not know what kind of a man Agait’osdunne was. He was a miserable man and miserable beyond that; and they had no respect for him since he had never killed anything. There was another man who was highly respected, the chief. He had a daughter of whom he took great care to guard her from evil. All at once it appeared from her shape that she was pregnant. Her father was determined to find out by whom she was in that condition. He was a man who had very great supernatural power, and had some young thunderbirds that he was keeping in a cage. He thought he would find out what he wanted to know through the help of these birds. He brought the men all together and asked each of them who did it.

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They all denied knowing who had done it. Then he made them go in where the birds were. If the man who was guilty went in the birds would ruffle up their feathers. He was going to find out about it in this way. They went in one by one but the feathers of the birds did not move.

“Are these all the men?” he asked. “There is one man who is not here,” they told him. Then Agait’osdunne came in and the feathers of the birds stood out immediately. “Her child is from that man,” he concluded. He sent his child away in very pitiful condition. “Let them die,” he said. He cast them off, leaving them no clothes to wear. They were in pitiful condition and there was nothing they could do. Agait’osdunne was determined they should live. With his supernatural power he caused a moose to come there and killed it. From its skin he made two good garments. He was that kind of a being. If he said something should happen that thing happened.

By means of that power they lived all winter without suffering hardships. Those from whom they had moved were starving to death. Because they had cast him off to die, he would give them nothing but the blood, and he gave them much of that. “Let them live on the blood of the animals that are killed,” he said. When he went after animals he told his wife that the one which came first should be spared. There was one mean man who shot it and killed all the animals that they lived on. When she saw her husband was not around she thought something might have befallen him. She took a mooseskin garment and went to him. When she came up to him he was still alive. She put a skin over his head and made him well again. Agait’osdunne was from an animal. Nothing was difficult for him.


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Marten-axe

Marten-axe, a remarkable man, frequently traveled among his friends and harbored a deep animosity toward the Cree people. On one journey, he encountered a group of Cree and, being fluent in all languages, deceived them by claiming to be a fellow Cree whose kin had been slain by the Chipewyan. Gaining their trust, he accompanied them to a mountaintop. During the night, as the Cree slept, Marten-axe tied their legs to a rock and rolled it down the mountain, killing them all.

Source: 
Chipewyan Tales
by Robert Harry Lowie
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 3
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Trickster: Marten-axe embodies the trickster archetype, using deception to achieve his goals.

Revenge and Justice: Marten-axe’s actions can be interpreted as a form of retribution against the Cree, whom he claims have wronged him.

Conflict with Authority: By deceiving and killing the Cree, Marten-axe challenges another group’s power and authority.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chipewyan people


Marten-axe was a wonderful man. He used to travel among his friends. Whenever he found Cree, he would always kill them. He was in the habit of staying with the Chipewyan. Once he started out to travel, and came to a band of Cree. He knew all languages. So he told the Cree that he was a Cree himself and that the Chipewyan had killed all his friends. He traveled with the Cree to the top of a high mountain, where he lay down. In the night, while the Cree were sleeping, he tied all their legs with a cord, to the same rock. Then he rolled the rock down the mountain, killing all the Cree.

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Crow-head

The story recounts his journey from avenging his father’s death to reviving his slain people. After learning that a medicine-man killed his father, Crow-head uses mystical means to kill him. Later, when enemies massacre his tribe, Crow-head employs his crow-skin garment’s powers to resurrect his people and outwit the adversaries. This narrative highlights themes of vengeance, resurrection, and cunning.

Source: 
Chipewyan Tales
by Robert Harry Lowie
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 3
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: Crow-head seeks retribution against the medicine-man who killed his father.

Resurrection: He brings his community members back to life after they are killed by the Cree.

Ancestral Spirits: The influence of his deceased father motivates Crow-head’s actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chipewyan people


Soon after Crow-head’s birth, his father died. Crow-head knew nothing about him. Once the other Indians were fishing, and there were several medicine-men among them. It was in the evening, and the setting sun presented a bloodshot appearance. One medicine-man pointed at it and asked the boy, “Do you see that red sky? That is your father’s blood.” This made Crow-head suspect that one of the medicine-men had killed his father. He went home, where he was living with his grandmother, and began to cry. “Why are you crying?” “I heard those men talking about my father.” “There is no use crying, you will be a man some day.” The next day the people were fishing. Crow-head punched a hole in the ice and began angling with a hook. The Indians caught nothing, only Crow-head caught a large trout.

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He pulled out its soft parts, and hid the bones under his deerskin capote. He started towards the medicine-man who had killed his father, pulled out the fish spine, and broke it over him. When the people went home that evening, they missed the medicine-man. They did not know what was the matter with him. One man went out and found him lying dead by his fishing rod. This was the first time Crow-head ever killed anyone. By breaking the fish spine, he had broken that of his enemy and thus killed him.

(b) Crow-head was living with a little orphan, whom he called his grandchild. He used to wear a crow-skin cape, which warned him of the approach of enemies and constituted his medicine. Two girls in the camp once made fun of his crow-skin garment. Crow-head was displeased and said to his grandson, “We will make a birchbark canoe and leave.” In a coulee they found fine birchbark. Some Indians from the rocks on either side pelted them with snowballs. “Some bad Indians are pelting us with snow,” said the orphan. “That’s nothing,” replied Crow-head. They took the bark for the canoe and returned. In the meantime the bad Indians, who were Cree, had killed all the Chipewyan. Crow-head piled all the corpses together in a heap. He was a great medicine-man. He began to make a canoed Worms began to come to the corpses. Then he took his crow-skin, laid it on the dead bodies, and told the boy not to wake him until the next day at noon. While he was sleeping, worms crawled into his nose, ears, and mouth.

Crow-head woke up and started off in his canoe. In the Barren Grounds he made many small lodges, and with his medicine declared that all the dead should be in those lodges. He left and lay down on the worms. The people all came to life again, and nothing remained in place of their corpses save their rotten garments. The Cree started homewards, but Crow-head, lying on the maggots, caused them by his magic to return to the same place. The little boy cried, thinking his grandfather was dead. He pushed the old man, but Crow-head pretended to be dead. At last, the boy pulled him by his beard, then Crow-head awoke and beheld the Cree. The Cree were surprised to get back to their starting point and, seeing the two survivors, decided to kill them also. Crow-head rose, walked to the river, shaved off the bark of a rotten birch, made peep-holes in the tree, hid the boy in the hollow, and ordered him to watch.

Crow-head was a dwarf. He went to the river with the crow-skin on his back and a blanket over it, pretending to mourn his lost relatives. The Cree, thinking he was but a child, said, “There is no use killing a child like that with a pointed arrow.” So they shot at him with blunt points, but all the arrows grazed off. Then they pulled ashore, and Crow-head fled to the brush, pursued by the enemy. When far from the canoes, he threw off his blanket, took a deer horn which he carried for a weapon, and ran among the enemy, breaking each man’s right arm and left leg. Then they said, “This is Crow-head.” They retreated towards their canoes, but Crow-head smashed every one of them. Then he summoned his grandson from his hiding place. The Cree had spears, and Crow-head told the boy to take them and kill their enemies. The boy did as he was bidden. The Cree said to the boy, “If it were only you, you could not do this to us.” And they made a “crooked finger” at him [a gesture of contempt, signifying, “Ne cunno quidem equivales”; the left thumb is held between the index and middle finger of the same hand, and the palm is turned towards the speaker].

Crow-head left his grandson. He was gone for many days. The boy cried, not knowing what was the matter. Up the river he heard waves beating against the bank. Going thither, he found his grandfather washing himself. Crow-head asked the boy, “What are you crying for?” “I thought you were lost.” “There is no use crying, all our people are alive again.” When through washing, he bade his grandson fix the canoe, then he told him to put the slain enemies’ mentulae on the gunwale. They started to join the resuscitated Indians. They heard some one playing ball, laughing and singing. Putting ashore, they heard the noise of crying. They went into a lodge and asked what the crying was about. “Two friends of ours are lost, they have been killed by the Cree.” Then they recognized Crow-head and his grandson.

The two girls who made fun of Crow-head’s crow-skin were not restored to life by him.

(c) Late in the fall, when the Chipewyan were going to a lake to fish and it was commencing to freeze, two boys came running and told the people that two giants taller than pine trees had killed all their friends. The Chipewyan were camping on the edge of a big lake. None of them slept that night for fear of the giants. The next morning the giants were seen approaching. Crow-head said, “There is no use in running away, they will kill me first.” He put on his crow-skin and went towards them on the ice. The first giant wished to seize him, and with long fingers shaped like bear claws he tore Crow-head’s crow feathers. The giants fought for the possession of Crow-head, each wishing to eat him up. Crow-head hit both of them with his deer horn, and killed them. He walked homeward. He was so angry that he could neither speak nor sleep. His eyes were like fire. He went to the lake and, beginning at one point, he commenced to hammer along the edge until he got back to his starting place. There he fell dead, for his heart was under the nail of his little finger and by hammering the ice he had injured it.

(d) Everyone was moving. Two girls were making little birchbark vessels for Crow-head. They were just sewing the edge with roots. One of them said, “This Crow-head knows everything, but he will not know this.” And she pulled out one of her pubic hairs and twisted it in with the roots. The two girls were married, but never told Crow-head of their husbands, who were far out on the lake. An Indian in league with them plotted to have Crow-head killed by the husbands, and invited him to run a race to the place where they were. But Crow-head beat his opponent in the race, and killed the women’s husbands with his spear.

The Indians were angry and desired to kill Crow-head. They began shooting at him, but he merely took his deer horn from his crow-skin tippet and pointed it at them, so that they hit only the point of his weapon without being able to touch him. At last he said, “If you don’t cease, I shall kill all of you.” Then they were afraid and let him alone. Nevertheless, many medicine-men tried to make medicine against him in secret. They attempted to throw a beetle (?) at him. Crow-head had left the people and was living by a lake. Once he was thirsty and pulled out the grass growing. by the water edge. He began to drink and found a beetle in the water. He killed it. Then he bit his own tongue and spat out the bloody spittle to make his enemies believe they had killed him. They went after him, but when they found the slain beetle they knew their medicine was not strong enough for him. Then they sent a big bear after him. Crow-head had lain down to sleep. In the night the bear caught him, and without hurting him held him by his feet and legs, waiting for the arrival of the Indians. But Crow-head twisted round and round in the bear’s grasp until he got free. Then he crawled away between his legs. He turned back and dispatched the bear with bow and spear. He cut up the animal, spread out its flesh and skin, and started off again. The Indians made a big feast when they found the fresh bear meat all ready to be eaten.

Crow-head, by his medicine, restored the two women’s husbands to life.

He traveled along as far as a lake. There was no snow, but only clear ice. He looked through the ice and saw a great many people below it. “I will kill all these people,” he said. He began pounding the ice with a club. But what he had taken for people were only arrows, and one of them entered his little finger, where his heart was. The Indians following him found him dead.

Crow-head was so called because he made a crow-skin collar that became his medicine.

(e) Once Crow-head left his crow-skin in his lodge and went off. Coming back, he did not find it in the position he had left it. He asked his grandmother why she had allowed any one to abuse it. “Someone has counted every feather on it and has been laughing at it. I will go away and let the Cree kill the people.” “What shall I do?” asked his grandmother. “I will take you along.” That night the Cree killed all the Chipewyan, but Crow-head and his grandmother escaped.

(f) Crow-head and Spread-wings started traveling, knowing that no one could kill them. Long ago the Indians did a great deal of fighting. Crow-head and Spread-wings always helped the Indians they stayed with. They were related to everybody. Crow-head the older of the two, knew it was impossible to kill him. Spread-wings could be killed, but had three lives. Crow-head started off towards the place where the sun is close to the earth, and he will not come back here until the end of the world.


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Crow-Head

A man named Crow-Head lives with his grandmother. After local girls mock his crow-skin blanket, he curses them, leading to their demise in a Cree attack. Crow-Head survives by transforming into a squirrel and later avenges his grandmother’s death by killing the Cree. Consumed by jealousy, he drowns a successful young hunter and feigns innocence, but the community’s attempt to punish him fails due to his supernatural abilities.

Source: 
Chipewyan Texts
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 1
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story

Trickster: Crow-Head embodies the trickster archetype, using cunning and supernatural abilities to outwit others, such as transforming into animals to defeat the Cree and deceiving others about the young man’s death.

Revenge and Justice: After being mocked, Crow-Head seeks revenge by cursing those who laughed at him, resulting in their deaths.

Resurrection: Crow-Head brings his grandmother back to life after she is killed by the Cree, showcasing a theme of resurrection.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chipewyan people


Crow-head was living with his grandmother. While he was away looking at his nets, some girls came to visit her. They laughed at his blanket, made of crow skin with the bills of the crows joined together all about its border, which was hanging in the house. When Crow-head came back from his nets, he said to his grandmother, “Who has been laughing at my blanket?” “No one laughed at your blanket,” she said. “I see the marks of their laughing on it,” he replied. “There was no one here in your absence,” his grandmother said. “People were not here. But their laughing shows. Because they laughed at my blanket, may the Cree get them all!” “What shall I do then?” said his grandmother. “I will take you back north,” he said. At night, he heard the people fighting with the Cree.

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All those who had laughed at his blanket were killed. He himself crawled under a birchbark dish. The Cree threw all the clothes into the fire. Then they threw in the birchbark dish, but it jumped out again. Again, they threw it in, and again it jumped out. Then they held it in the fire with a stick and a squirrel ran out of the fire from it. The Cree fought with the squirrel until they thought they had killed it. Then he turned himself to a hair and went through the hearts of all the Cree and killed them. After that, he went to his grandmother whom the Cree had killed, put his head down by her, and began to cry. He was there a long time without going to sleep. Soon his grandmother was alive again and sat there hunting for the lice in his head.

Once, when he was living with the people, there was a young man of whom he was very jealous. After a while, the people all went out to their canoes, after swans. As they were paddling about, he met this young man. Crow-head himself, had no swans; only the young man had succeeded in killing them. He overturned the young man’s canoe and caused him to drown. Taking the swans, he paddled back with them. When they were boiled, and were placed before Crow-head he said, “I will not eat the swans because I love only my young friend.” After a long time, the others looked for the young man and found him drowned. “We will kill him,” they said, and went back after Crow-head. When they tried to spear him, he hit the points of their spears so that they could not kill him. They fought with him a long time and tried hard to kill him but were unable to do so. Crow-head used to fight with the people and kept killing them.


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The Fish-Hawks

Two brothers venture out to hunt. The younger brother encounters a young woman and takes her as his wife. The elder brother, desiring her, sends the younger on a perilous quest to a distant mountain. There, he confronts and kills a family of Fish-Hawks. Upon returning, he discovers his brother has taken his wife, leading him to kill his brother and reclaim her.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The younger brother challenges his elder brother’s authority and desires.

Cunning and Deception: The elder brother deceives the younger by sending him on a dangerous quest.

Revenge and Justice: The younger brother seeks retribution against his elder brother for his deceit.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


From Tanana

There were two brothers who went out to hunt; and the younger found a nice young girl, and asked her to be his wife. She said, “Yes, I will go with you.” Then they went home-, and his brother said, “I will take your wife away from you.” He answered, “No, you will not. I want her for my wife.” “Well,” said he, “if you want her, go a long way off, and you will find a high mountain.” And he said, “Yes, I will go, because I want my wife.” So he went away, and came to the mountain, and went up the mountain, and came to a tree that had a big nest on it; and when he climbed up to it, he saw a little girl and a little boy in the nest. He killed the boy, and asked the girl where her mother was, and her father. She said, “My mother and father have gone out to hunt.” And he said to the little girl, “I will not kill you, but I will ask you what time your father and your mother are coming back.”

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She said, “It will rain when my mother comes, and it will snow when my father comes.” And he said, “Now I will hide;” and she said, “I think that when my father comes, he will kill you.” It was the Fish-Hawk and his wife. When her mother came, she cried, “Oh, where is your little brother?” and the little girl said to her mother, “He fell down and killed himself. “— “Oh,” she said, “who, who? Where is my dear little boy?” And while she was crying, the youth killed her; and after a while the father came, and he said, “Where is your mother?” The little girl said, “She has not come back yet,” and he was very angry. And the young man killed him, and the little girl too; and afterward he went home and asked his brother for his wife, but his brother refused; so he killed his brother and took his wife, and was very happy because he had her to live with him again.


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The hunter and the Bear-Man

A skilled hunter’s wife is left alone daily while he hunts. One day, a tall, dark stranger visits and urges her to leave with him, but she refuses. Later, her children spot a bear near their cache. The wife dresses attractively and leaves. Upon returning, the hunter finds his wife missing and discovers her remains beneath a cache, guarded by a massive bear. He confronts the bear, challenging it to do the same to him.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The hunter seeks retribution for his wife’s death by confronting the bear.

Love and Betrayal: The wife’s departure with the stranger can be seen as a form of betrayal.

Conflict with Nature: The hunter’s battle with the bear symbolizes a struggle against natural forces.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


Told by Stephen Morton

There was a man who had a wife and two children. This man was a great hunter, and used to go out day by day, and leave his wife and the boys in the house, without company. His wife would sometimes ask him why it was necessary for him to leave them every day. “Stay at home with us today!” she would say, but he would never listen to her. “This is my job,” he would say, “and I must attend to it.” One day, after he had gone out to hunt, as usual, his wife was sitting in the house, sewing, when she heard some one coming outside the door. She thought it was her husband, and went on sewing, but a stranger entered the room. He was a tall, dark man; and after he had spoken with the woman a while, he asked her to go with him. “I cannot do that,” said she. “I have a husband, why should I go away with you?”

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Still he urged her, and still she refused, and at last he rushed out of the house in a passion. After a little, she sent the children out of doors to play, while she herself kept on with her sewing.

As the boys were standing outside the house, they looked across the gorge, where the summer house and the caches were; and the younger one said to his brother, “See that thing under the cache! What is it?” — “It is a bear,” said the older one. “Let’s tell our mother!” said the younger one. “No,” said his brother, “it will frighten her.” So they agreed not to tell her; but when they went into the house, the younger boy forgot himself. Their mother asked them what they had seen outside while they were playing, and the older boy said that they had seen nothing; but a little while afterward, as they were playing about the room, the younger one exclaimed, “My, what a big bear that was that we saw under the cache!” So their mother began to ask them about it. Soon she put away her sewing, and went out to the cache that stood just behind the house, and brought in all her best clothes. After that, she washed her face and combed her hair, and made herself look as attractive as possible. Then she told the children to remain in the house, while she herself went out.

Toward evening her husband returned from his hunting. When he came in sight of the house, he saw no smoke coming out of the smoke-hole. “Surely,” thought he, “there must be something the matter with my wife!” He went up on the roof and took off the curtain. Then he took some of the meat and fat, which he had tied up in a deer-skin, and let it down into the house, calling out to his wife to take it. But his wife did not answer; and one of the boys said, “Mamma is not here.” So he went in and made a fire, and cooked some of the meat, and went to bed, thinking that his wife would soon be back. In the morning she was still missing; and he went out to his cache and got his hollow hunting-club, and melted some deer-fat and poured it into the club, to give it weight, for he had been looking around until he had found the tracks of his wife going down toward the brook, and beside them were the footprints of a man of great size. He followed them across the brook, toward the caches; and under one of the caches he saw a huge bear asleep, lying upon the remains of his wife. He came near to the bear, and the bear rose up to meet him. And the man stood and taunted him, and said, “Do the same thing to me now, that you have done to my wife. You have killed her, kill me too.” Then the bear rushed at him, but he stepped aside; and as the bear passed him, he struck him with his club again and again, until he killed him. Then he cut off the bear’s head and revenged himself upon the body, and began to wail for his wife in long-drawn cries. He cut off his own hair, and mutilated himself until his body was covered with blood. At length he looked, and found that fur was growing upon the back of his hands, and he and the two boys turned into wolves.


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Tdjo’xwullik; or, the injured wife’s revenge

In a small village by the sea, a skilled hunter frequently embarked on extended hunting trips, returning with diminishing game. His wife grew suspicious of his prolonged absences and declining success. After falling ill one winter, the hunter confessed on his deathbed, leading to revelations that prompted his wife to seek vengeance for his betrayals. This tale explores themes of trust, deception, and retribution.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The title indicates that the wife seeks revenge, aiming to restore a sense of justice for her husband’s actions.

Family Dynamics: The story delves into the relationship between the husband and wife, highlighting marital strife and the impact on their family.

Prophecy and Fate: The husband’s anticipation of his death and his specific burial instructions may hint at a belief in destiny or predetermined outcomes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


Told by Simon’s mother. This story is well known on the Yukon. Mr. Nelson has it among his Eskimo legends. It was told to me by Simon’s mother, who had it from her grandmother, who was a native of Piamute, the most northerly of the Eskimo villages on the Yukon.

There was once a little village, they say, where there lived a man and his wife. The man was a great hunter. Two small boys were all the children they had. They lived at the mouth of a river, where it emptied upon the sea. So, then, the husband was a great hunter. In the spring, after the ice had gone out, he would go up the river in his kayak after game. Then he would place logs side by side, and pile his quarry upon it. This was his regular custom. After the fishing-season, also, he used to go there, with the same result; and outside his house, upon racks, he had piles of deer-skins and beaver-skins so many did he kill. Now, the boys grew, as their father followed his customary way of life. They became quite large boys, those two. Their father hunted in the sea also, — seals and white whales and sea-lions.

One spring he followed his customary plan. Again, after the ice had gone out, he went up the river in his kayak. He was gone a long, long time. Meanwhile his wife became anxious about him. “Where can he be?” thought she.

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The time of his absence lengthened out. The little boys kept looking for their father day by day. Their mother, also, did not sleep, but sat up night after night, when finally they saw him coming. Then he came ashore. His wife was disposed to be angry. “What a long time you have been gone!” said she. “The grass has grown, and the leaves have come out, and the mosquitoes have come, while you have been away. How many deer you used to get!” said she. “What a long time you have been gone! Is that one kayakful all that you have killed?” “I couldn’t hit anything,” said he. “I saw game enough, but I missed them.” “And you used to pile up the deer-skins and the beaver-skins on the racks, too,” said she. “I don’t know what made me shoot so badly,” said he.

At length the fish began to run. The salmon-run came, and he worked at his fishing; but while they were still running, he began to talk about going up the river. “I believe I will go,” said he. “No,” said she, “it’s too soon. What a hurry you are in!” said she. “Wait, and go after those leaves have turned,” said she. “Remember how little game you killed last spring. You might not be back for a long time,” said she. At last, although his wife urged him to remain, he went away. “Now, hurry up and get back!” said she, “for we are thinking of you.”

He went, and again he was missing. By and by the ice formed at the edge of the water, and he came in sight. “Only one kayakful again! What a long time you have been gone!” said she. “You used to get game.” Then the man said, “Because, when there was plenty of game near by, up the river, I could get them; but now that they are far away, I kill but few.” Then said his wife, “Why is it that you get so few? There’s only one kayakful.”

So then the frosty weather came. When the days grew short, he fell sick. All winter long he continued to be sick; yet his appetite kept up, sick as he was. It came midwinter, and he grew worse. One day he said to his wife, “Listen! for I am going to die. Then, when I am gone, you must put many fine marten-skins beside me in the kayak, many of them,” said he; “and beaver too, fine ones, and wolf and wolverene, and good deer-fat, and my arrows and bow, and tie a deer-skin over the opening of the kayak, and put poles underneath it (i.e., place it on a scaffold). And now, be good to the boys! Make them fine parkas, and do not be harsh with them! Treat them well!” said he. So he died. His wife put him into the kayak, among fine skins, and tied on a cover, just as he had told her to do. Then they made a fire, and sat by it day by day, weeping. His wife also cut off her hair and burned it, for grief at the loss of her husband.

By and by spring approached. The wife and the boys still kept on mourning. At length pools of water stood on the surface of the rivers. Flocks of geese came, and the smaller birds with them. One morning, while the boys were still asleep, the woman went out early, before sunrise, to weep.

She weeps; and just here, overhead, a little bird is singing. Still she weeps, and does not hear him.

All at once she heard it was the name of her husband. She listened, and looked at him. “Wretched bird!” she thought, “why does it speak the name of the dead?” She looked, they say, she listened. There! It speaks! “Tdjo’xwullik up the river is married: he has a wife, — he, Tdjo’xwullik, Tdjo’xwullik!”

So the woman heard him. “What is it that this bird is saying?” thought she. She got up and untied the string that was around the opening of the kayak. “I will find out what the bird says,” she thought. She removed the deer-skin. What did she find? There was nothing in the kayak. Where was her husband? The wolf-skins and wolverene-skins and his arrows, that had been with him, were gone. She was angry, because she thought it was true that he had been dead. “That’s why the bird said it,” she thought. “Since yesterday it has said it; but while I kept crying, I did not listen. Too truly it spoke,” she thought. She went up into her cache. There were many skins of deer and of bear. An enormous brownbear skin also she found, with light fur. This one she chose, and she wet it with warm water. Hurriedly she wet it all day long, and stretched it. At length it became larger. While she was wetting it, she brought in water for the boys. Meanwhile she continued to wet it. She would wet it, and then put it back in its place wet. At length she had filled the pails and the birch-bark bowls with an abundance of water, and it became dark. Finally, while the boys were asleep, she brought in, from off her cache, meat and fat and king-salmon dried, and piled it up in the house. And then she fitted that bear-skin upon herself, and stretched it out, its claws being attached to it. Then she searched in her work-bag, and found the great teeth of a brown bear. And she put these on, also; the teeth she put into her mouth. And she became a great brown bear, like that one, and rushed furiously up the ravine. She tore up spruces by the roots. In her rage, she broke down the trees also. She came down the ravine and returned to the outside of the house. She took off the skin, and laid it down. The teeth also she put with it. She had not slept when the boys awoke. Neither had she eaten anything, for her anger. Then she brought in to those boys a forked birch stick that had been cut. That birch stick she carried into the house. Then said she, “Listen! I am going away. Do not wish for me,” said she. “I will come soon. Now eat the food and drink the water that I have brought in for you. Do not go to get water, for you will fall in; nor go up into the cache, for you will fall down. If any great beast comes in where you are, hold the stick tightly against his breast,” said she. Do not be afraid of him. I will come to you,” said she. Then she went up the ravine, and went along a mountain that formed the bank of the river. She rushed along in her wrath, going in her might, as the ice moves with the crashing of the trees. Another great mountain she climbed. She went up over a place where there were flat stones; and she thought, “I will put these stones at the sides of my chest, and on my breast and forehead.”

While she was going on, some one overhead, on a spruce, began to laugh. “Why,” said some one, “you have made a great mistake. You are very ridiculous. Take off the stones! they are of no use. Why,” said he, “in time to come it will be a thing for people to laugh about.” So she took them off. Then said the Raven, “There! That’s it! Now you look all right. Now go ahead!”

Then again she went on, hurrying, for she was thinking of the boys. She followed the river-bank. There, below her, she saw a large village, full of people. Toward it she went, and again she took off the skin; and the teeth, too, she removed, and put them under a little spruce. Here she found a good path, and she followed it to the village. She came near to the village from behind it. A large village it was, indeed, with a great kashime, and next to the kashime a large house. She went on in this direction, and there she ran in. On each side of the fire two beautiful women had set their pots to cook. They called to her. “Cousin,” said they, “you have come in, then! That is right, stay with us!” One of them said, “Sit down on my side of the room!” So she sat down on the platform. One was cooking deer-meat in a large pot, and the other was cooking beaver-meat in a large pot. “Cousins,” she said to them, “your husbands, where have they gone?” for she was thinking, as she looked at all the finery there in the house. Beautiful mats there were, and beds of deer-skin, and marten-skin parkas. Then they said to her, “Why, there is only one man living with us! Last spring, after the ice had gone out, a stranger came to us and took us,” said they; “but when the grass had begun to grow, then he left us; and last winter, at midwinter, he came back, and lives with us. He has gone to get wood,” said they.

Then they offered her food. “No,” said she, “I am not hungry. I ate only just now.” — “Come,” said they, “stay with us!” “Yes,” said she. “How very little oil there is on the surface of your pots!” said she to them. “Smile,” said she to one of them, “and bend over the surface of your pot!” When she did it, an abundance of oil covered the surface. “And you,” said she, “squint, and bend over yours!” Then she seized them both by the hair on their foreheads, and pushed their heads down into the big pots until they were dead and then she lifted them up, and put them back in their places. She made one of them appear as if she were sewing, and afterward she did the same thing to the other. One was squinting, and the other was smiling. Then she. ran out and rushed up the hill. Now came their husband, with logs in tow. He tied them up at the beach, and went up to the house and entered it. The woman who was bending over, squinting, he struck. When he did so, her face sloughed off. The other, who was smiling as she sewed, he struck also, and the skin sloughed off. Thereupon he ran out, crying. “What ails my wives?” said he. “My wife has been with them!”

As he goes out, the village is in an uproar. Just now they were walking around quietly outside the houses. What is the matter? Some are crying, and yonder some are shouting. “There goes a brown bear up on the big mountain!” they yell. Up streams a swarm of villagers, armed with spears and ice-picks and arrows. Up, up, they go. On the mountain the great beast stands looking at them. It is Tdjo’xwullik who is in the lead. In an instant she catches him. “My wife, I have come to you!” he says, for the woman has pushed the hood from her face; but that is all he says, for she crushes his head between her jaws, and tears him in pieces. And all the men of the village, too, she destroys on the spot, and down upon the village she rushes. She begins at one end of the village, and goes to the other. Caches and houses, she destroys them all, and the children and the women, and then she leaves.

She left, and went toward her own village, for she was thinking of the boys. She went into her house, and the older of the two boys cried out, “Ulli’yu!” in terror, and began to scream. Meanwhile his younger brother, the little man, caught up the stick that their mother had given them, and set it quickly against that bear’s breast. There he held it firmly. At that, she pulled back her hood. “My children,” said she, “well done! Stay where you are!” said she. Then she went out. Outside, near the house, she took off the skin, and removed the teeth also, and put them under a log and went in. Then she took the two boys on her knees, caressing them fondly. “Ah,” said she, “you have done well. While I was far from you, I was thinking about you.” There, then, they remained all that summer. The leaves turned, and still they staid on. The cold weather came; and then she said to her children, “Let us go now to the place where:our house is to be!” The younger of the two children she loved exceedingly. “As you have done,” said she, “so will men do in years to come. While the older brothers are fearful, the younger brothers will be brave.” They dressed themselves in brown-bear skins, for it had grown cold. Their mother, also, put on the skin that she had worn; and they went up the ravine to the place where their house was to be. On either side of the place stood a large spruce. On the farther one the mother exercised herself, and on this side the children; and when they had finished thus sharpening their claws, they dug out a place for the house. They completed it; and then she said to her children, “From this time on, men shall see but little of us.”

So, then, my story is ended.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page