The boy with arrows on his head

The story recounts Watsihi’tci, a child with arrow points on his head, who killed his mother and became a malevolent figure, terrorizing hunters and villagers. His uncle, prepared for his attacks, finally wounded him fatally. Though Watsihi’tci begged for mercy, his uncle killed him, avenging countless victims. The ashes of his burned body became the gnats that now torment humanity.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The protagonist, Watsihi’tci, possesses supernatural characteristics, notably the sharp arrow points on his head, distinguishing him from ordinary humans.

Revenge and Justice: After Watsihi’tci kills numerous villagers, his uncle seeks retribution, ultimately killing him to avenge the victims and restore peace.

Transformation: Following his death, Watsihi’tci’s ashes transform into gnats, symbolizing a change from a malevolent being to a persistent nuisance in the natural world.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A chief’s daughter married her father’s nephew and had a child by him who was named Watsihi’tci. He was not exactly a human being, for he had sharp arrow points on his head. When his mother began petting him and using endearing terms to him, he said to her, “Don’t pet me. I am no baby.” And he ran the arrow points on his head into his mother’s breast and killed her. Afterward he ran off into the woods and became a very bad person, killing everybody who went off hunting or after wood.

At that time his mother’s brother was out on the mountains hunting along with his children. He knew that his nephew was killing people, so he made his house very strong to keep him out. He also set around bundles of dry straw shaped like human beings, and he even prepared a hole in the mountains as a place of refuge.

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How his nephew found out where he lived is not known, but one day he suddenly walked right in. His uncle was sitting behind a bundle of straw in the rear of the house, while his wife and children were in the hole he had made in the mountain. The boy always had his arrows and spears, the points of which were obsidian (in), ready to use, but instead of aiming at his uncle he pointed his arrow at a bundle of straw opposite. While he was doing so his uncle shot him under the left arm, and he was so badly hurt that he left his spear and ran out.

As his assisting spirit this boy had a bird called gusiadu’li of about the size of a robin. This spirit now doctored him and took out of him all of the poison his uncle had put on the end of his arrow. But, while he was doing this, his uncle tracked him by the marks of blood until he came to the place where the boy lived. When he entered that place his nephew said, “Don’t kill me, uncle. I have made a hole in the ground over there and have filled it with goods. You may have them if you do not kill me. If you let me go now I will never kill another person.” In spite of all his protestations, however, his uncle killed him for having destroyed so many of the town people and for having forced him to live back among the mountains. Then he burned his nephew’s body and went home with all of his family, leaving the ashes where they lay. These ashes were driven about by the wind and became the minute gnats that torment people.


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The jealous uncle

A jealous high-caste man repeatedly lures his handsome nephews to his home, fearing they might charm his beautiful wife, and kills them through cunning schemes involving dangerous creatures. His youngest nephew, armed with magical tools and wisdom, survives the uncle’s plots, avenges his brothers by killing the uncle, and marries two sisters who find him after a perilous ordeal. The tale explores jealousy, resilience, and justice.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The uncle’s cunning and deceitful behavior to eliminate his nephews fits this theme.

Revenge and Justice: The youngest nephew avenges his brothers and restores order by confronting the uncle.

Family Dynamics: The complex and toxic relationship within the family, particularly between the uncle and his nephews, highlights this theme.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


This is expressed in a rather unusual manner, and may have been modified perhaps by white influences, but the main plot is entirely native.
Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A high-caste man had a beautiful wife of whom he was very jealous. He had also four sisters well married in different villages, all with sons. One morning the eldest of these sisters said to her husband, “I want to go to see my brother. I believe he would like to see our son.” Her husband was willing, because he wanted to see the man himself. When they arrived there, the woman’s brother pretended that he thought a great deal of his nephew, but really he did not want to see him for fear his wife would take a liking to him because he was handsome. He told the young man, however, that he was going to take him everywhere with him. His mother felt very happy to think that her brother thought so much of him and left him there with his uncle.

Immediately after his mother had gone, however, the uncle determined to make away with him, because his wife seemed to like him. So next morning he said, “We are going down right away to get some devilfish to eat. The tide will soon be low enough.”

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Then the boy prepared himself, for be was very anxious to go, and they set out. His uncle said, “Walk right along there,” pointing to a high ridge parallel with the beach. “Walk ahead, and I will follow you.”

The boy did as he was directed and soon saw something large on the beach, that kept opening and closing. It was a very large clam. His uncle told him to get right on top of the ridge to watch it, for it was the first time he had seen anything of the kind. As the boy was very anxious to examine it, he got up there and leaned far over. When he did so, however, the clam opened and remained open, and his uncle pushed him right down into it. Then the clam closed upon him and killed him. The boy’s parents soon found out what had happened to their son, and, although his uncle declared that it was an accident, they knew that he was jealous and did not believe him.

Some time after this the uncle turned his thoughts to his second sister’s son who was still handsomer. His wife had seen this youth, and had told her husband how fine he was. This made him very jealous, and he sent to this sister, saying that it was about time she sent one of her sons to help him, for he had no children and needed help. He knew that the oldest child would be sent, because the next was a girl. So the boy came, and he threw him down into the big clam like the other. The uncle was very jealous of his wife because he knew that everyone fell in love with her on account of her beauty.

After this the uncle sent for the third sister’s child who was older than the last he had killed, but he would not go for a long time, and his parents did not ask him to. He was a flighty youth, however, and, after his uncle had sent for him several times, he thought of his uncle’s handsome wife and made up his mind to visit them.

All of the time this boy was with him the uncle watched him and his wife very closely and would not leave the house for a minute. His wife was very anxious to give him warning, but her husband feared it and watched her too closely. She made signs to the boy, but he did not understand them. When his uncle took him down to the beach, he said, “I must go back to the house after a drink of water.” He thought that his uncle would wait for him, but instead he followed him right back to the house. Then the boy said to his uncle’s wife, “Where is the water?” She pointed it out, but as her husband stood close by, she could not say anything more. So they went down to the beach, but, when the youth saw this clam moving in the distance, he ran by it very quickly, and his uncle was disappointed. Then they went on farther, and the uncle said to him, “Do you see that hole down there?” He could see plainly a very large hole. Then his uncle said, “The devilfish that we want to get for our supper is in that.” He handed him the stick for getting devilfish and said, “Hook it. You can get it very easily.” The boy put the end of his stick into the hole, felt that the fish was there, and hooked it. Immediately he tried to run off, but his uncle was right behind him, and pushed him forward so that the devilfish seized him and dragged him under the rock.

All the time this man was killing his nephews, the youngest, who looked very much like the first one killed, had been practising. His father showed him how to make himself look like a very small ball of feathers. He had the shaman of that village make a bracelet of eagle down for him inclosing a piece of devil’s club carved by the shaman. Then the shaman said, “Just as soon as you find that you are in danger turn this bracelet around on your wrist four times as quickly as you can.” Then the shaman told him to climb a very high tree, and climbed right after him, while his father stood watching. The shaman said, “Now turn that around on your wrist four times as quickly as you can.” He did so, and just as he finished the shaman pushed him down. Then his father saw nothing but a ball of eagle down rolling down the tree. As soon as it reached the ground there stood the boy, and the shaman knew that everything was all right. He also gave the boy a knife having a handle carved like devil’s clubs, which he kept in the bosom of his shift, tied around his neck.

After this the boy’s friends took him to his uncle and remained with him for three days. On the fourth day they returned. Then the uncle’s wife cried continually to think that a boy not fully grown should be left there to be killed, and his uncle said to her angrily, “What is it you are always crying about? You are in love again aren’t you?” Then the boy said aloud so that his uncle could hear, “You are in love with the right one this time.” At that his uncle became angry and told him he talked too much. Right away he said, “Come on with me. We will get a devilfish for our supper.” So the boy prepared himself, and they started off, while his uncle’s wife came out and watched them, thinking that he was the last.

As they went along the boy saw the clam, and, before his uncle told him it was there, he stood still just above it. For a moment he forgot about his bracelet, but, just as he saw his uncle raise his hands, he remembered and turned his bracelet about once. When he reached the clam he turned it for the fourth time and fell into the clam as a ball of feathers, while his uncle went home, thinking he had disposed of him. The ball of feathers inside, however, turned back into a boy, and he cut both sides of the clam and came out.

Then he saw the devilfish-stick his uncle had given him lying there and thought he would go on and see the devilfish they were to have had for their supper. When he reached the place and saw the devilfish sitting outside of its hole he became frightened, yet he thought that he would try to kill it. Now he went up to the creature and turned his bracelet around twelve times, wishing that it become small. It did grow small, and he killed it easily and dragged it home on his stick. Reaching the house, he pushed the door open and threw it right in front of his uncle, where it reassumed enormous proportions. Then his uncle was astonished to see him and began screaming loudly, begging the boy to take the devilfish out at once. So he took it out and threw it down upon the beach. Afterward he looked back at it, and it had become the same big devilfish again.

Now the boy remained with his uncle for a very long time, and his uncle’s wife thought a great deal of him, while his uncle seemed to do so too. One day, however, he saw his wife talking to the boy and again determined to kill him. Then he put something sharp pointed on the ground, took the nephew up to the top of a very high tree and crawled up after him. The boy, who knew what was going to happen, began singing and turning his bracelet round slowly at the same time. Just as he had turned it for the fourth time his uncle reached him and pushed him over. When he landed upon the ground, however, there was nothing to be seen but a ball of eagle down.

His uncle saw this, and, feeling that he could not kill his nephew, treated him well for a very long time, but watched him closely. His wife said to the boy, “Your uncle is thinking a great deal because he can’t kill you.” But all that the boy would answer every time she said this was, “Only a ball of eagle down.” She did not know what he meant.

One day the uncle thought that he would deceive his wife and nephew, so he told the latter that he was going back into the woods and started off. Instead of going away, however, he went back of the house, looked through a hole at them and listened. Then the boy came to his wife and sat down close to her, and she said, “Let us run away. I am afraid of your uncle.” He answered that he would if he could get a canoe, and she told him of a place where there was a canoe, some distance from the town. Then the uncle came right in and wanted to kill his wife on the spot but was so fond of her that he could not. The boy sat perfectly still, moving his bracelet.

That night the uncle treated his nephew very kindly and began telling him all kinds of stories, until at last the boy fell asleep. This was just what he wanted. Then he tied the boy to a board, thinking, “I am going to get rid of him this time. The feathers will get wet, and he will be drowned.” So he took him quite a distance out to sea and set him adrift there. It was very stormy.

The boy, however, floated along for some time and finally came ashore in safety on a nice sandy beach. The tide was very low. Then he heard the laughter of some girls who were out digging clams. There were three of them, and they were sisters. Now the eldest of the girls saw something moving on the beach and went thither, thinking it was some dying animal. Instead she saw a handsome youth, who looked right up at her but said nothing. Said she, “What has happened to you?” But he would not speak. She called to her sisters, and they ran up. Then the second sister immediately fell in love with him, but the youngest had nothing to say. The eldest had formerly been in love with the Youth that was first destroyed, so she said to her second sister, “How much like my dead lover he looks.” She saw him smile because he knew her, but he did not know the others, and immediately the eldest began to cry, saying that that was her lover’s smile only that he was a larger man. Then, the second sister laughed, saying that she was going to untie him and have him for her husband. The youngest, however, said, “Well! you two can have him, for I am not going to have a man that cannot talk.” “If he comes out all right after we have untied him,” said the eldest, “we will both be his wives.” So, the two older girls untied him and started to raise his head while the youngest ran off to dig clams. They asked him if he could talk, and he said, “Yes.” As he walked between the girls, one of them said, “You shall go to my father’s house with me.” At the time they untied him the eagles were gathering around to devour him.

Then they took him into their father’s house and their father said, “Who is that fellow?” “We found him,” said the second, “and we are going to marry him.” This one was very quick to speak, while the eldest was slow and quiet. Their father consented, and he married both of the girls. Then the eldest spoke to her father of how much he resembled her dead lover, although the boy had not told anything about himself.

Those girls used to go off to hunt and spear salmon just like boys, so the younger said next morning, “I am going out to spear salmon.” She brought a salmon home. The day following both girls asked him to go with them, and he did so. They tried to teach him how to hunt, for he belonged to such a very high family that he had never learned.

On the way the younger wife acted sulkily toward her elder sister because she would never leave their husband’s side. So she started off alone, and her husband was afraid she would go away for good, for he liked her very much on account of her liveliness. In the evening, however, she came back with a salmon and said to her sister, “You can live on love. You stick by your husband and do not go to get anything to eat.” Then their husband carried the salmon back, and his elder wife came home slowly. The younger sister cooked the salmon and put it between herself and her husband. He pulled it along toward his elder wife, but the other said, “She shall not have any. She is going to live on love.” Then her husband said that if she would let her sister have some salmon he would go out and try to get another himself. It was early in the spring and the salmon were scarce. The younger wife now felt jealous of her sister because she thought that their husband thought more of her than of herself, though really the reverse was the case. He pitied the elder, however, because she had done so much for him.

When the young man saw that his younger wife was angry toward the elder, however, he determined to leave them for a time. The younger did not want to let him go, and begged him hard to remain, but the elder said nothing, for he had told her his reasons. Finally he told his younger wife that she must let him go but that he would come back. He said that she must treat her elder sister well because his cousin (lit. “elder brother”) had been in love with her. When she asked him what cousin he meant, he explained that his elder brother had died quite a while ago and that this girl had been in love with him. After that she let him set out.

At this time he thought that he would kill his uncle, so he paddled thither. His uncle saw him, knew what he had come for, and was frightened. Then the young man went to his uncle’s house, spent the evening and started away again. About midnight, however, he returned and told his uncle that he had come to kill him because he had murdered his brothers and made him himself suffer. Although his uncle begged hard to be spared, he killed him, and, after telling his uncle’s wife that he had killed her husband and why he had done so, he returned to his wives.


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Raven (Part 18)

A village is devastated when a giant devilfish consumes its inhabitants, leaving only a man, his brother, and a boy. The men, mourning their loss, lure the creature with porpoise and seal carcasses, then kill it in a deadly fight, perishing themselves. Rescuers recover their bodies, alongside the eaten villagers, and hold a death feast, honoring their sacrifice and mourning their community’s tragic loss.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Sacrifice: The brothers willingly risk and ultimately give their lives to eliminate the threat posed by the devilfish, aiming to avenge their community and prevent further destruction.

Revenge and Justice: The brothers’ actions are driven by a desire for retribution against the creature that annihilated their village, seeking to restore balance and justice through their confrontation.

Conflict with Nature: The story centers on a deadly struggle between humans and a monstrous natural entity, highlighting the perilous and often adversarial relationship between people and the natural world.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

After this the people went out hunting and encamped in a place called Tayuknaxe. A man went out from here with his brother and little son one day, and, when they returned, saw that every one had disappeared. They felt very badly and said, “What is wrong with our village?” Then they saw that the whole town was covered with devilfish slime and said, “It is that monster devilfish that has done all this.” People say that he had seen the red glow of the salmon on the drying frames outside.

Then the two men said to the boy with them, “You must stay here. We are going off.” So they made a mat house over him and let him have their blankets. ‘They were wild at the thought of having lost all their friends. Then they killed a number of porpoises and seals, went to the devilfish’s place and threw them into the water above him.

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After a while they saw that the water was getting frothy around them with ascending bubbles and presently saw the devilfish coming up. It looked very white. One of these men was making a noise like the raven; the other was acting like a dog salmon. All that went on was observed by the little boy. As soon as the devilfish reached the surface they jumped upon it with their knives and began slashing it. They cut its ink bag and all the water became black. The devilfish and the men died.

Soon after this had happened a canoe from another camp came there, saw this object floating on the sea some distance out from the village, and thought that it was yet alive; so they hurried to get past it. When they came ashore the boy told them all that had happened, and they cried very much at seeing him there alone, for he was their relative. After this they returned with him to their camp, which was situated upon an island near by, and told the story there, on which two canoe loads of people left to look for the devilfish. After they had found it and had cut it open with their stone axes, they saw the two men still inside, knife in hand. All the village people that the devilfish had eaten were also there. Then they took the bodies back to town and had a death feast.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Raven (Part 5)

Lakitcine’, a man living in Sitka, was known for his cruelty, killing his own children and terrorizing his wife. His wife eventually gave birth to puppies by a dog, which she raised secretly. The puppies transformed into humans, outsmarting Lakitcine’ and ultimately killing him. These brothers, led by the shaman Kacka’lk, embarked on a quest across Alaska, defeating sea and forest monsters, protecting humanity, and establishing moral lessons.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The puppies born to Lakitcine’s wife transform into human forms, highlighting themes of change and metamorphosis.

Revenge and Justice: The brothers, born from the dog, avenge their mother’s suffering by outsmarting and ultimately killing their cruel father, Lakitcine’, serving justice for his misdeeds.

Quest: Led by the shaman Kacka’lk, the brothers embark on a journey across Alaska, defeating various monsters and protecting humanity, embodying the quest motif common in many myths.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

Lakitcine’ lived at Sitka [near the site of the Presbyterian School.] He had a wife from among human beings, and every day, while he went out halibut fishing, she dug clams. The dog, Gant, that his father had given him he renamed Caq. Lakitcine’ had several children, but he killed all of them. He would take a child up, pet it, and sing cradle songs to it, and at the same time make his red-cod spines stick into it so that it died. He also used the Blarney stone [a conspicuous bowlder with flat, smooth top nearly in front of the Presbyterian Indian School] as a grindstone, and killed some of his children by rubbing their faces upon it.

His wife mourned very much for her children, and finally thought of a way of being revenged upon him. She had a litter of puppies by the dog.

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There were originally twelve, but seven died, leaving four male puppies and one female. These puppies grew up very fast. While the man and his wife were away fishing and digging clams the puppies played about the house, and the noise they made sounded just like that of children. But the female always watched at the door, and when their mother ran up to stop them all would be lying about on the floor asleep. They kept getting noisier and noisier, and sounded more and more like human beings. Finally Lakitcine’ heard it and said to his wife: “Who are these making so much noise here?” “It is those dogs.” Then she thought very seriously what she should do with the puppies. The next time Lakitcine’ was out he heard them still more plainly, and now he thought that he heard human voices. He came ashore in great anger and said to his wife: “It is not those dogs that I hear talking.” He was so dangerous a man that his wife was very much frightened.

After that she formed a plan. So, when her husband went out halibut fishing the next time, she stuck her digging stick into the ground, put her blanket around it, and her hat upon the end. Then she ran up through the woods and hid herself, while the little dog was watching Lakitcine’. After that she crept back to the house, which was made of brush, and in which they were again making a great deal of noise. Looking inside, she found that the boys were all playing about in human forms, their dog skins lying a short distance away from them. Then she quickly ran in upon them, exclaiming, “You must like to be dogs since you wear dog skins,” grabbed the skins and threw them into the fire. The little dog that sat outside was the only one that remained in its original form.

Now, when Lakitcine’ came ashore, and saw the children, he was angry and felt very much ashamed at having been outwitted. He did not know how to kill them, for he thought they had more power than he. One, named Kacka’lk, was a shaman. He had his grandfather and the one-eyed man and his wife that his grandfather had killed as his spirits. Lakitcine’ thought that he would first quarrel with his wife, and, when he came into the house, he began to throw and kick things about. But, when he began to beat his wife, the children jumped upon him and fought with him. They also asked the dog to help them. Together they killed him.

After these boys were grown up, their mother told them many times of a certain monster at a place called Kage’t, that had been killing many people. Finally they set out to see it, anchored off the mouth of the bay, and killed it with spears and arrows. They took the skin from its head. Then they went throughout Alaska, killing off the monsters of the sea and land that had troubled people and making others less harmful. The natives say, if it had not been for those boys, they would be there yet. They made some of these monsters promise that they would not kill people. The wolves, which were very destructive in those days, became less harmful through them. Although people in Alaska are afraid of wolves, you have not heard of anyone being killed by them.

There was one person called Tcaki’s resembling an eagle, who flew around and was very powerful. He would say to the bears and other game animals, “You are going to be killed.” Because he kept warning the animals, human beings were starving, so the brothers came to him and made him promise not to injure people or forewarn the other animals.

Afterward the brothers left their mother at that place and went up to Laxayi’k, where they had heard of a bad person called One-legged-man (Le-laqoci’). His proper name, however, is Man-that-dries-fish-for-the-eagle (Tcak-qe’di-at-qan-qa), and he is very fond of spearing salmon. First the boys came to the prints of his one foot going up beside the river, and after a while they saw him coming down toward them spearing salmon. His shirt was the skin of a brown bear and had strength as well as he.

Afterward Lqaya’k caught a salmon, took all of the meat out, and got into its skin. Next day, at the time when they knew One-legged-man was about to come up, Lqaya’k put it on again and laid himself in a salmon hole in the creek. The big man, who was just coming along, saw a fine salmon go into the hole and said, “What a fine looking salmon.” He thought that he could not get it, but, after he had stood watching it for a while, it swam up toward him, and he speared it. Just as he was dragging it ashore, however, Lqaya’k cut the cord to his spear point with a knife he had taken along and swam back into the water hole. Then the big man looked at his spear and said to himself, “My fine spear is gone;” but after he had observed closer he said, “This is not broken. It is cut. I suppose it is Lqaya’k’s doing.” After that he went on up the stream while the brothers cooked salmon for their meal.

By a by they saw One-legged-man coming down again carrying a feather tied on the end of a long stick. He would point this feather at different trees and then smell of it. Finally he pointed it at the tree in which Lqaya’k and his brothers were then sitting and said, “Lqaya’k is in that tree.” Then he spoke out saying, “Give me my spear.” Lqaya’k kept saying to his brothers, “Shall I go out and fight him?” But they answered, “No, no, don’t go yet.” He was so determined, however, that he finally went out and was killed. Then the other brothers and the dog fell upon this man. After they had set their dog on him, they killed him. They took his bear-skin shirt off and burned his body. Lqaya’k had been torn all to pieces, but Kacka’lk put the pieces together, acted around him like a shaman, and brought him back to life.

Then Lqaya’k went along up to the head of that stream dressed in One-legged-man’s shirt and acting like him. When he got there he found the largest two bears that ever lived. These were the wife and father-in-law of the man they had killed. Lqaya’k threw down one salmon before the woman and another very bright one before her father just as One-legged-man had been in the habit of doing. The woman found out right away that Lqaya’k was not her husband, but she made love to him and he took her as his wife. His father-in-law also thought a great deal of him. Every morning Lqaya’k would go off down stream after salmon just as One-legged-man had done. On these expeditions he was always accompanied by his dog, which kept chewing on something continually. He was really chewing those wild peoples’ minds away to make them tame so that they would not hurt Lqaya’k’s brothers. His brothers all came to him.

After that they began pursuing Dry-cloud like Fire-drill’s son. Like him they chased it from one kind of animal to another. They chased it for months and months until they had followed it far up into the sky where you can see the tracks of Lqaya’k to this very day (the Milky Way). Finally they reached a very cold region in the sky and wanted to get back, but the clouds gathered so thickly about them that they could not pass through. Kacka’lk, therefore, called his spirits to open a passage. After they had done so his brothers fell through and were smashed to pieces on the earth. Kacka’lk, however, had his spirits make him enter a ptarmigan (qesawa’), and reached the earth in safety. Then he shook his rattle over his brothers and brought them to life.

Before they ascended into the sky the brothers had killed all of the monsters on Prince of Wales island and elsewhere in Alaska except one at Wrangell called Kaxqoye’ndua. When they heard about this one, they went to He-who-knows-everything-that-happens (Liu’wat-uwadji’gi-cana’ku) and said to him, “Grandfather, we want your canoe. Will you lend it to us?” Its name was Arrow-canoe (Tcu’net-yaku). Then the old man said, “What do you want the canoe for, grandchildren?” So they told him, and he said, “There is a very bad thing living there. No one can get to him. Several different kinds of spirits are to be met before you reach him. They are very dangerous.” Then he gave them directions, saying, “When the monster is sleeping, he has his eyes open, but when he is awake he has his eyes closed, and he is then watching everything. When you see that his eyes are closed, do not try to kill him. Approach him when his eyes are open. The canoe,” he said, “is right round there back of my house.” They went to look for it but saw nothing at that place except an old log covered with moss. They said to him, “Where is the canoe you were talking about?” Then the old man came out and threw the moss off, revealing a fine painted canoe. Another name for this was Canoe-that-travels-in-the-air (Qaxyi’xdoxoa), referring to its swiftness. All of the paddles that he brought out to them were beautifully painted. Then they got into the canoe and tested it.

Next day they set out and soon came to a point named Point-that moves-up-and-down (Yen-yulu’-sita’ngi-qa). Whenever a canoe approached it this point would rise, and, as soon as the canoe attempted to pass under, would fall and smash it. They, however, passed right underneath, and it did not fall upon them. They killed it by doing so, theirs being the first canoe that had passed under.

Beyond this they saw a patch of kelp called Kelps-washed-up-against-one-another-by-the-waves (Wucxkaduti’t-gic), which closed on those trying to pass, but they shot through as soon as the kelp parted. Thus they killed the kelp patch, and the kelp piled up in one place, becoming a kelp-covered rock which may still be seen.

Next they reached Fire-coming-up-out-of-the-sea (Hinax-qega’ntc), which rose out of the ocean quickly and fell back again. When it fell back they passed over it and killed it.

After that they came to Dogs-of-the-sea (Wucladagu’q-caq), after whom Lakitcine’s dog is said to have been named. [In another place, however, Katishan suggested that it might have been named from leq, his red-cod blanket. The word caq must be an old term for dog or some variety of dog.] These drew to each side and then ran together upon anyone who tried to pass between. Arrow-canoe was too quick for them, however, and killed them by running through in safety. Then they became rocks.

Before the monster’s dwelling were two mountains, called Mountains-that-divide (Wu’cqadagat-ca), which formed his doors. These would separate and come together again. Arrow-canoe passed between when they were separated and killed them. You can see them now, one on each side of a salt-water pond, looking as though they had been cut apart.

As soon as they had passed between these they saw the monster, a very bad shaman called also Shaman-of-the-sea (Hin-taq-i’xti). He looked as though his eyes were open, so they threw a rope made of whale sinew about his neck. Immediately he shook himself and broke it. They made ropes out of the sinews of all the different monsters they had killed, but he broke them. All the time they were doing this a little bird called Old-person (Laguqa’wu) [probably the wren] kept coming to their camp and saying, “My sinews only, my sinews.” So they finally killed this bird, took out its sinews, and worked them into a very small thread. As soon as they threw this around the monster’s head it came off. Then they took off its scalp, which had long hair like that of other shamans, and the rest of its head turned into a rock at that place. They now had two principal scalps from the two big monsters they had killed.

When the brothers now returned to the old man and related what had happened, he felt very good and said, “There would have been no person living. This monster would have killed them all, if you had not destroyed it.” Everybody who heard that the monster was dead, was glad, and did not fear to go to that place any more.

After this they returned to their mother and sister. At that time their sister had just reached puberty and was shut up in the house with a mat curtain hung in front of her. So they hung the shaman’s scalp up in front of the curtain. They also made her drink water through the leg bones of geese and swans so that she should not touch the drinking cups. Her mother put a large hat upon her so that she should not look at anything she was forbidden to see, If one shouted that a canoe was coming, or that anything else was taking place that she wanted to witness, she did not dare to look out. Since her time these same regulations have been observed.

Then they left that place and moved south through the interior. Having killed off the ocean monsters, they were now going to kill those in the forest. Besides that, they hunted all of this time, killing bear, ground hogs, and other animals; but their sister was not allowed to look at any of them. Among other wild animals they told the wolverine and wolf that they must not kill human beings but be friendly with them. They killed ground hogs, mountain sheep, and other animals for them and told them that that was what they were to live upon.

At one place they saw a smoke far off in the woods and, advancing toward it, came to the house of a man named He-whose-hands-see (Djinqoti’n). He was so called because he was blind and had his wife aim his arrows for him. He said to Lqaya’k, “My wife saw a grizzly bear and told me where it was. She aimed my arrow and I shot at it. I felt that I had killed it, but she said I had not. My wife has left me on account of this, and I don’t know where she is or what I am living on or how I am living without her.” Then Lqaya’k and his brothers gave him ground-hog skins filled with grease and fat such as the interior people used to make, also dried meat.

While they were in the interior the brothers also made needles out of animal bones and threads out of sinew for their sister to use behind the screen. She worked with porcupine quills and dyed sinews, and it is through her that the interior women are such fine workers with the needle.

After they met this man the girl’s brothers asked her to make a small net for them. This net was patterned after a spider’s web which Spider-spirit (Qasista’n yek) showed to Kacka’lk, saying, “You are to take this as a pattern.” Then they took the old man to the creek and said, “Do you feel this creek along here?” Putting a long handle on the net, they said to him again, “Dip this net into the water here. It is easy. You can feel when a fish gets into it.” They gave him also a basket their sister had made and said, “When you want to cook the fish, put it in here together with many hot rocks.” After showing him how to cook his fish they left him and came to another camp. There another old man lived who said to them, “Do you see that mountain?” There were two mountains close together. “A very bad person lives over there named Long-haired-person (Cakulya’t).” So, after the brothers had gotten a great deal of food together for the old man, they left their mother and sister with him and went out to look for Long-haired-person. After a while they came upon good, hard trails made by him along which he had set spears with obsidian points, and presently they saw him coming along one of these with his long hair dragging on the ground. He had a bone in his nose and swan’s down around his head and wrists. Then he said, “Come to my house. I invite you home to eat something. I know you are there.” He said this although he could not see them. Then the boys came out to him and called him “brother-in-law,” and he said, “It is four days since I saw you, my brothers-in-law. Your story is known everywhere.” This Athapascan shaman’s spirits were telling him all these things. So he took them home and gave them all the different kinds of food to which they were accustomed, not treating them as a wild man would. Then they said to him, “You see the old person that lives near by. Do not do any harm to him. He is our grandfather. If you see that old blind fellow down yonder, give him food also. Treat him like the other.” Presently the shaman said to the brothers, “Let us make a sweat house.” In olden times people used to talk to each other in the sweat houses, and the shamans learned a great, deal from their spirits inside of them. That was why the shaman wanted them to go in. But, when they were inside, and he and Kacka’lk’ had showed each other their spirits, it was found that Kacka’lk’s spirits were the stronger.

Now they returned to their mother and sister and took them to the head of the Taku river, where they spent some time in hunting. Then they crossed to this side and, moving along slowly on account of their sister, they came to a place on the Stikine called in Athapascan Haki’ts, where they also hunted. Their destination was the Nass. Coming down along the north bank of the Stikine to find a good place for their sister to cross, they started to make the passage between Telegraph and the narrows, one of them taking the dog on his back.

Before the brothers set out, however, their mother covered their sister up so that she would not look at them until they got over. But when they were half way across, they started back and it looked to the mother as if they were drifting downstream. She said to her daughter, “Daughter, it looks as if your brothers were going to be drowned. They are already drifting down the river.” Upon that, the girl raised her covering a little and looked out at them, and immediately they turned into stone. The pack that one of them was carrying fell off and floated down a short distance before petrifying, and it may still be seen there. The dog also turned to rock on its master’s head and the mother and sister on shore. One of the boys had green and red paints with him, such as they used to paint their bows and arrows and their faces, and nowadays you can go there and get it. Years ago people passing these rocks prayed to them, stuffed pieces of their clothing into the crevices, and asked the rocks for long life.

Raven was then living just below this place. His smoke may still be seen there, and they call it Raven’s smoke (Yel se’ge). When Kacka’lk turned into a rock, Raven said, “Where is that shaman that was going to come to after he had died?” He meant that, while he used to restore his brothers to life by shaking his rattle over them, he could not now restore himself; and people now apply these remarks to a shaman who has not succeeded in saving a person after he has been paid a great deal for his services. They will say, “Where is that shaman that could save anybody, but could not save the very person we wanted saved?” If a shaman were not truthful, they would say, “He is trying to have Kacka’lk’s spirits but will never got them because he is not truthful like Kacka’lk.”

“The disobedience of the young woman in looking up contrary to the directions of her brothers is brought up to girls at that period in life. This is why they do whatever their mothers tell them at that time, and do not displease their brothers. They always think of Lqaya’k’s sister. So this part of the story always taught them to be obedient. Anciently we were taught commandments similar to those of the whites. Don’t look down on a person because he is proud. Don’t look down on a low-caste person. Don’t steal. Don’t lie.” (From the writer’s informant.)


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Raven (Part 2)

Raven visited the Yakutat region, where he encountered a chief, Aya’yi, whose wife discovered her uncles’ severed, tattooed hands hidden in a box. Aya’yi had killed her village. Devastated, the family crafted a canoe and drum from human remains, confronting Aya’yi. Demanding justice, they retrieved the hands and resurrected the victims using eagle feathers, restoring their village and exacting revenge on Aya’yi’s town.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The chief’s wife discovers her husband’s atrocities and, with her children, seeks retribution for the murdered villagers.

Resurrection: The family uses eagle feathers to revive the slain villagers, restoring life to those unjustly killed.

Supernatural Beings: Raven, a central figure in many Tlingit myths, plays a role in the narrative, embodying the supernatural elements of the tale.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

Then Raven went to a river beyond Copper river called Laxayi’k [this is an error, Laxayi’k being a general term for the Yakutat country and people] and told the people that they were to make canoes out of Skins. There he found a chief named Aya’yi, who had married the daughter of another chief by whom he had five children, four boys and a girl. His wife was always making baskets, while Aya’yi himself went out camping or to other villages. He had a long box that he took about everywhere he went and always had hung overhead. In those days each family tattooed the hands in some special way. One time, when the chief’s wife was sitting under this box a drop of blood fell out of it upon her hand. Her husband was away, so she took the box down and looked into it. It was full of severed hands, and by the tattoo marks she knew that they belonged to her uncles. She was very fond of her uncles and cried continually for them.

► Continue reading…

After her husband had found her weeping several times he asked, “What are you always crying about?” and she said, “I am getting tired of living here. I want to go back to my father and mother.” Then he said, “We will start back to your father’s place tomorrow.” So next day he carried her and her children to a place not far from her father’s town and let them off there telling them to walk across. Then he paddled home.

Even before she started across, his wife noticed that there was a heavy fog over her father’s village, and when she got there she found it vacant. There was nothing in it but dead bodies, and she went from house to house weeping. Now after her children had thought over this matter for a while, they skinned some of the bodies and made a canoe out of them. It was the first of the skin canoes. It was all on account of Aya’yi having murdered the people of that town. They tied those places on the canoe that had to be made tight, with human hair. Afterward they took it down to the water and put it in, making a kind of singing noise as they went. Nowadays these canoes are made of all kinds of skins, but the hair used is always human hair and they sing in the same manner when they put them into the water. They also made a drum out of human skin.

After that all got into the canoe, and they started for their father’s town, singing as they went, while their mother steered. When they came in front of it the people said, “There is a canoe coming. We can hear singing in it, and in the song they are mentioning Aya’yi’s name.” That was all they could hear. The whole town came out to look at the canoe. Then the eldest son arose in the canoe, mentioned his father’s name, and said, “Give me my uncle’s hands. If you do not give them to me I will turn this town of yours upside down.” When he started this song again he began drumming and the town began to sink. It shook as if there were an earthquake. Now the people of the town became frightened. They went to Aya’yi and told him he would be killed if he did not let the hands go. So he gave them up. When the children got these hands they went away singing the same song. At that the town again began to sink and carried down all of the people with it. Afterward it resumed its former position, but it is said that you can see shells all over the place to this day.

After they had reached their own village Raven said to the eldest boy, “Get some eagle feathers and put them on the mouths of your uncles and all the other town people. After you have placed them there blow them away again. Put their hands in their proper places, and put feathers over the cuts. As soon as you have blown the feathers away from their mouths, they will return to life.” He did so, and all the dead people came to life.


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The youthful warrior

A hunter from the Wolf clan, mistaken for a bear while wearing a black bear-skin coat, was fatally shot by his companions. His nephew, seeking revenge, grew into a fierce warrior but ultimately renounced violence after a transformative encounter with his aunt. A series of interconnected tales follows, revealing themes of honor, reconciliation, and community customs, emphasizing the cultural complexity of Tlingit traditions.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The nephew seeks to avenge his uncle’s death, embodying the pursuit of retribution.

Transformation: The nephew evolves from a vengeful youth into a figure who renounces violence after a profound realization.

Family Dynamics: The narrative delves into the relationships within the family, particularly between the nephew, his mother, and his aunt, highlighting the complexities and influences of familial bonds.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Sitka, Alaska
January-April 1904

A man belonging to the Wolf clan went hunting with his brothers-in-law. He wore a black bear-skin coat. They went up a certain creek after grizzly bears, but one time at camp he climbed a tree with his bear skin on and was filled with arrows by his companions who mistook him for an animal. Then he said to them, “I will not say that you filled me with arrows. I will say that I fell from the tree.” So, when they got him home, he said, “I fell from a tree.” After he was dead, however, and his body burned, they found mussel-shell arrow points lying among his bones.

After this his friends told his sister’s son to go up to the place where he had been killed. The name of this place is Creek-with-a-cliff-at-its-mouth (Watlage’l), and it is near Port Frederick.

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When the hunters came into camp with a bear the boy pretended to be asleep, but really he was looking through a hole in his blanket. While they were cooking the bear some of them suggested that they say to this boy, “The bear’s soup is very sweet,” but others did not wish to. They tried to get the boy to eat some of it, but he would not. Then they started home with him.

After he had reached home he said to his mother, “Let us go down to the beach. I want you to look over my hair for lice.” But, when she got down therewith him, he said, “Mother, I want you to tell me truly what my fathers meant. They said, ‘Wake this young fellow up and let him drink some of this bear’s soup’.” Then his mother became frightened and said to him, “Your uncle went to that creek. They shot him full of arrows there.” When he found that out he chased his mother away.

When he was a few years older he began bathing for strength in winter-time. After people had whipped each other they would go to the shaman to see what he predicted. This had been going on for some time when four persons went out of the town to carve things for the shaman. They were gone so long that late in the winter it was thought they had been lost, and the shaman was consulted. They laid him in the middle of the house and tested his spirits in every way to find out what the matter was. Finally, the shaman got his spirits to take a certain man up to the sky to see if he could discover the missing men. The man he chose knew that the young man was preparing to kill some one, so, when he awoke, he said to him, “Tell the shaman that they are there (i.e., in the heaven to which those go who are killed).” And the youth said to the people, “The persons who destroyed my uncle are the same who destroyed these. Let us go to war.”

Then they made a war hat for the young man all covered with abalone shells, and he went out to fight. Every time he went out he conquered, because he was strong. The missing men, however, got home safely. After some time the youth came against a fort where lived an old sister of his father, and this woman shouted down to him during the fight, “I never thought that that boy would grow into such a powerful man. When I took away the moss [a piece of moss was placed in the cradle for sanitary purposes] from his cradle he never felt how cold it was.” So the young man, when he got into the fort, inquired, “Who said that to me?” “It was your father’s sister who said it.” So he pitied his father’s sister, pulled off his war hat, and smashed it on the rocks in front of her, breaking the abalone shells all to pieces. He gave up fighting, and they made peace.

Some time after this, however, he killed one of his own friends belonging to another town, and they came over and killed two of his people in revenge. After that every time the young man ate, he would say, “I will leave this good part for my enemy,” meaning that he would feed them on a good war. He always made fun of his enemies because he was brave. So the people at this place, when they had destroyed all of his companions, took him captive because he had talked so much. They would not let him touch the bodies of his friends, and he said to them at last, “Let me have my friends.” “Will you do this any more?” they said. “No, I will not set out to war any more. Let me have my friends.” Then they lowered a canoe into the water with himself and a few others who had been preserved, and they started home with the bodies. On the way one of his companions said to him, “I wish you would steer this canoe well.” “It can not be steered well,” he said, “because there are so few to paddle it.” Some of the women belonging to his enemies were in the canoe along with them. When they burned their dead, they put these women into the fire along with the bodies. Then the man gave up all idea of fighting. He was the last one left in that clan.

After they had made peace on both sides, a man named Qoxti’tc came there from Prince of Wales island on the way to Chilkat. He went to the man who used to fight so much and said, “How is Chilkat? Is it a town?” He answered, “It is a notable town. A man has to be careful what he does there or he will suffer a great shame.” Then he started for Klukwan, which he wanted to see very much. He came in sight of the first village, Yende’staqe, with many people going around in it, and said to his wife, “Put on your earring [of abalone shell].” The earring was called Earring-that-can-be-seen-clear-across-the-Nass (Na’skanax-duti’n). Then the, man also put on his leggings and dressed up finely, for if one were not dressed up just right he would suffer a great shame. Afterward he began dancing in his canoe. When he came away from Chilkat he left his dancing clothes with the people but brought back a great quantity of presents received for dancing.

A very rich man once started from Chilkat to Kaqanuwu’ on a visit with his wife and all of his property. [There seems to be no connection between this part of the story and that which goes before except that both happened at Kaqanuwu’.] When they approached the town the people heard his wife singing. She had a very powerful voice. Then they were frightened and wondered what man was smart enough to reply to this wealthy visitor. There was a certain poor man who always sat with his head down, and they kept taunting him, saying, “Will you speak to that rich man?”

When the visitor came in front of the houses he did not speak to the men who lived in them but to the dead chiefs who had formerly owned them. No one replied, for they did not know what to say. After a while, however, the poor man seized a spear and rushed down to the rich man’s canoe. Then the people shouted, “There goes Saqaye’. He is going to kill this rich man. Stop him.” When he got right in front of the canoe they caught him, but he said, “I did not want to kill this rich man, but I heard people talking so much about him that I pretended to.” His action had a sarcastic import, because others were so much afraid of the visitor.

The rich man talked from the canoe for such a long time that they made a long noise instead of speaking to him, to let him know that he had talked too long about things that were past. Then they said to him, “Jump into the water.” This was formerly said to a visitor when blankets were about to be given away for some dead person, though they always stood ready to catch him. Afterward they took the man up into a house, placed a Chilkat blanket under him, and gave him five slaves and a canoe load of property for his dead friend. When he went home they returned his visit.


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Stories of the Monster Devilfish and the Cry-Baby

In this story, a group of people camped to dry salmon, unaware of a devilfish lurking nearby. The fish destroyed their camp and swept everything into the sea. The hunters sought revenge, tracking the devilfish and ultimately killing it. Meanwhile, a boy who constantly cried was fed “blackberries” by a land-otter-man, which turned out to be poisonous creatures. These creatures consumed the boy’s flesh, and after a special broth was given, they were expelled, leaving only his skin.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Nature: The narrative centers on a community’s encounter with a formidable devilfish that devastates their camp, highlighting the challenges humans face against natural forces.

Revenge and Justice: In response to the destruction, the hunters embark on a mission to track and kill the devilfish, seeking retribution for their lost community members.

Supernatural Beings: The tale features interactions with extraordinary entities, including the devilfish and a land-otter-man, reflecting the rich presence of supernatural elements in Tlingit folklore.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Sitka, Alaska
January-April 1904

Many people once went to a certain camp to dry salmon. They did not know that a big devilfish lived under a steep cliff not very far from this place. In olden times, besides using hooks, they caught salmon by means of traps (cal), and when the trap was full, they would take out the fish and hang them on drying frames. When these people had many fish on the frames, they took off their covers, so that the red color shone out on the ocean very distinctly.

A man and his two brothers living at this camp were fond of hunting, and one day, when very many salmon were on the frames, they started out. While they were gone the devilfish saw the glow on the water from the red salmon, threw his tentacles around the camp and swept every vestige of it into the sea.

► Continue reading…

In those times a hunter washed in urine before going out hunting and was then sure to kill something, but on that day everything the hunters speared got away. When they returned to the camp, they saw many pieces of canoes drifting about the bay. Then they were very sad on account of the loss of their friends, but they did not know what had destroyed them.

After they had remained there for four days, they told the youngest to climb to the top of a high hill and watch them. Then the eldest told his other brother to cut four young spruce trees, and he sharpened these, making two for himself and two for his brother. Early in the morning they loaded their canoe with rocks and prepared to meet the dangerous animal. They went out in front of the high cliff and began throwing rocks down there, the elder saying to his youngest brother, “Look down.”

After a while they saw the large devilfish coming up right under them. Then they took the sharpened sticks and began to pierce its flesh. The youngest watched all that happened. When their canoe was broken up, they climbed on top of the devilfish and continued running the sticks into it until it died. When that happened it carried them down along with it.

Then the youngest brother started off to find some settlement, and when he came to one, the people set out at once to look for his brothers. Finally they discovered the place to which the devilfish had floated, along with the hunters and their canoe. But it did not get the salmon it had destroyed so many people for. Then the people gave a death feast and all cut their hair off short.

In the town to which these people belonged once lived a little boy who was always crying. His parents tried to rear him properly, yet he cried, cried all the time. Finally his father shouted out, “Come this way Djinakaxwa’tsa [the name of some man that had been captured by land otters]. Pull this boy away, for he cries too much.” Toward evening he repeated the same words, and this time a land-otter-man behind the house shouted out stutteringly, “Bring my grandchild here and let him eat galkadaxa’ku to keep him quiet.” So the little boy was taken away and given what appeared to him to be blackberries.

Two days afterward they began searching for him, and they finally found him far up in the woods. When they brought him down he had a big belly and did not cry as loudly as he had before, so they thought that something was wrong. Then they boiled some dried salmon and gave him broth made from it. The heat of this broth expelled all of the small creatures that had been given him to eat under the appearance of blackberries. Spiders began running out of his mouth, cars, nose, eyes, and buttocks. His insides were filled with them, and they had eaten out all of his flesh. When these were expelled, nothing was left but the skin which they threw away.


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The halibut people

In a coastal village, the chief’s daughter slips on halibut slime and curses it, sparking a chain of events. She is taken by halibut people and killed. Her brothers devise a daring plan to avenge her, leading to an undersea adventure where one impersonates her and slays the halibut chief. Later, an encounter with a magical duck ends tragically, transforming them into eternally crying ducks.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The chief’s daughter is taken by the halibut people and killed, leading to her brothers’ transformative journey to avenge her.

Underworld Journey: The brothers venture into the underwater realm of the halibut people to retrieve their sister and seek vengeance.

Revenge and Justice: The brothers’ quest to avenge their sister’s death by infiltrating the halibut people’s domain and killing their chief highlights themes of retribution and the restoration of familial honor.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Sitka, Alaska
January-April 1904

There was a very long town where people were fishing for halibut. One evening the daughter of the chief, whose house was in the middle of the place, went down on the beach to cut up halibut, and slipped on some halibut slime. She used bad words to it.

A few days afterward many canoe-loads of people came to get this girl in marriage, and she started off with them. But, although they appeared to her like human beings, they were really the halibut people. As soon as they had left the village they went around a point, landed, and went up into the woods after spruce gum and pitch. They brought down a great quantity of this, heated a rock in the fire and spread pitch all over it. When it was melted they seated the woman upon it. The two brothers of this girl searched along shore for her continually, and finally they discovered where she was; but she was dead.

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Then they felt very sad on her account and asked each other, “What shall we do about her?” They thought of all kinds of schemes, and at last hit upon a plan. Then they went home, filled a bladder full of blood, and went out to the halibut fishing ground. The elder brother let his younger brother down on a line, but before he got far he lost his breath and had to be pulled up. So the elder brother prepared himself. He put on his sister’s dress, took his knife and the bladder full of blood, and got safely to the bottom. When he arrived there he found himself in front of a house. Some one came out to look and then said to the chief inside, “Has your wife come out to see you?” They thought it was the dead woman. So the halibut chief said, “Tell her to come in,” and he married her.

At this time the friends of the young man were vainly endeavoring to catch halibut, and he could see their hooks. Instead of coming into the houses these would fall around on the outside. They tried all kinds of hooks of native manufacture, but the only one that succeeded was Raven-backbone-hook (Yel-tu’daqe), which came right in through the smoke hole.

After a while the halibut chief said, “Let us go and take a sweat bath.” [Frater autem puellae mortuae semper secum portabat vesicam cruore plenam, quo ungebat extrema vestem qua indutus erat, ut rhombum deciperet, dicens, “Mensibus affectus sum; noli mihi appropinquare.”] [But the brother of the dead girl always carried with him a bladder full of blood, with which he anointed the hem of his garment, in order to deceive the heron, saying, “I have been afflicted for months; do not come near me.]

That night, as soon as the halibut chief was asleep, the man took his knife, cut the chief’s head off and ran outside with it. Everybody in the town was asleep. Then he jerked on his brother’s line, and his brother pulled him up along with the head.

After that they paddled along shore for some time, and on the way the elder brother kept shooting at ducks with his arrows. Finally he hit one and took it into the canoe. It was shivering, and his brother said, “Look at this little duck. It is dying of cold. I wish you were by my father’s camp fire.” On account of these bad words the canoe went straight down into the ocean.

Arrived at the bottom, they saw a long town, and some one said, “Get out of the canoe and come up.” Then the duck led them up into the house of his grandfather, the killer whale — for the killer whale is grandfather to the duck — and a big fire was built for them. Then they seated the brothers close to this and said, “Do you think it is only your father who has a big fire?” After they were so badly burned that their heads were made to turn backward with the heat, they were thrown outside. There they became the ducks called Always-crying-around-[the-bay] (Yikaga’xe). You can hear them crying almost anytime when you are in camp. They never got back to their friends.


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The Stolen Plow

Two traders, one from a village and one from a town, dispute over deceit. The town trader claims mice ate the village trader’s plow, while the village trader retaliates, saying a bird carried off the town trader’s son. In court, the village trader reveals the absurdity of both claims. The judge resolves the matter, restoring the son and the plow to their rightful owners.

Source: 
More Jataka Tales 
by Ellen C. Babbit 
The Century Co., New York, 1922


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The town trader’s dishonest claim about the plow and the village trader’s clever retaliation both center on deceit and wit.

Moral Lessons: The story imparts a lesson on the consequences of dishonesty and the value of justice.

Revenge and Justice: The village trader’s actions serve as a form of retribution, ultimately leading to a fair resolution.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Jataka Tales


Once there were two traders who were great friends. One of them lived in a small village, and one lived in a large town near-by.

One day the village trader took his plow to the large town to have it mended. Then he left it with the trader who lived there. After some time the town trader sold the plow, and kept the money.

When the trader from the village came to get his plow the town trader said, “The mice have eaten your plow.”

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“That is strange! How could mice eat such a thing?” said the village trader.

That afternoon when all the children went down to the river to go swimming, the village trader took the town trader’s little son to the house of a friend saying, “Please keep this little boy here until I come back for him.”

By and by the villager went back to the town trader’s house.

“Where is my son? He went away with you. Why didn’t you bring him back?” asked the town trader.

“I took him with me and left him on the bank of the river while I went down into the water,” said the villager. “While I was swimming about a big bird seized your son, and flew up into the air with him. I shouted, but I could not make the bird let go,” he said.

“That cannot be true,” cried the town trader. “No bird could carry off a boy. I will go to the court, and you will have to go there, and tell the judge.”

The villager said, “As you please”; and they both went to the court. The town trader said to the judge:

“This fellow took my son with him to the river, and when I asked where the boy was, he said that a bird had carried him off.”

“What have you to say?” said the judge to the village trader.

“I told the father that I took the boy with me, and that a bird had carried him off,” said the village trader.

“But where in the world are there birds strong enough to carry off boys?” said the judge.

“I have a question to ask you,” answered the village trader. “If birds cannot carry off boys, can mice eat plows?”

“What do you mean by that?” asked the judge.

“I left my good plow with this man. When I came for it he told me that the mice had eaten it. If mice eat plows, then birds carry off boys; but if mice cannot do this, neither can birds carry off boys. This man says the mice ate my plow.”

The judge said to the town trader, “Give back the plow to this man, and he will give your son back to you.” And the two traders went out of the court, and by night-time one had his son back again, and the other had his plow.


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The Crab and the Crane

In a time of drought, a deceptive Crane offered to save Fishes from their drying pond by transporting them to a lush one. After tricking a Fish to verify the pond’s existence, the Crane lured the others and ate them all. When he tried the same ploy on a Crab, the Crab saw through the trick, killed the Crane, and survived.

Source: 
Jataka Tales 
by Ellen C. Babbit 
The Century Co., New York, 1912


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The crane uses deceit to lure the fish into a trap.

Trickster: The crane embodies the role of a trickster, using cunning to achieve his goals.

Revenge and Justice: The crab’s actions serve as retribution, bringing justice for the crane’s deceit.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Jataka Tales


In the Long Ago there was a summer when very little rain fell. All the Animals suffered for want of water, but the Fishes suffered most of all. In one pond full of Fishes, the water was very low indeed. A Crane sat on the bank watching the Fishes.

“What are you doing?” asked a little Fish.

“I am thinking about you Fishes there in the pond. It is so nearly dry,” answered the Crane.

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“Yes,” the Crane went on, “I was wishing I might do something for you. I know of a pond in the deep woods where there is plenty of water.”

“I declare,” said the little Fish, “you are the first Crane that ever offered to help a Fish.”

“That may be,” said the Crane, “but the water is so low in your pond. I could easily carry you one by one on my back to that other pond where there is plenty of water and food and cool shade.”

“I don’t believe there is any such pond,” said the little Fish. “What you wish to do is to eat us, one by one.”

“If you don’t believe me,” said the Crane, “send with me one of the Fishes whom you can believe. I’ll show him the pond and bring him back to tell you all about it.”

A big Fish heard the Crane and said, “I will go with you to see the pond–I may as well be eaten by the Crane as to die here.”

So the Crane put the big Fish on his back and started for the deep woods.

Soon the Crane showed the big Fish the pool of water. “See how cool and shady it is here,” he said, “and how much larger the pond is, and how full it is!”

“Yes!” said the big Fish, “take me back to the little pond and I’ll tell the other Fishes all about it.” So back they went.

The Fishes all wanted to go when they heard the big Fish talk about the fine pond which he had seen.

Then the Crane picked up another Fish and carried it away. Not to the pool, but into the woods where the other Fishes could not see them.

Then the Crane put the Fish down and ate it. The Crane went back for another Fish. He carried it to the same place in the woods and ate it, too.

This he did until he had eaten all the Fishes in the pond.

The next day the Crane went to the pond to see if he had left a Fish. There was not one left, but there was a Crab on the sand.

“Little Crab,” said the Crane, “would you let me take you to the fine pond in the deep woods where I took the Fishes?”

“But how could you carry me?” asked the Crab.

“Oh, easily,” answered the Crane. “I’ll take you on my back as I did the Fishes.”

“No, I thank you,” said the Crab, “I can’t go that way. I am afraid you might drop me. If I could take hold of your neck with my claws, I would go. You know we Crabs have a tight grip.”

The Crane knew about the tight grip of the Crabs, and he did not like to have the Crab hold on with his claws. But he was hungry, so he said:

“Very well, hold tight.”

And off went the Crane with the Crab.

When they reached the place where the Crane had eaten the Fishes, the Crane said:

“I think you can walk the rest of the way. Let go of my neck.”

“I see no pond,” said the Crab. “All I can see is a pile of Fish bones. Is that all that is left of the Fishes?”

“Yes,” said the Crane, “and if you will let go of my neck, your shell will be all that will be left of you.”

And the Crane put his head down near the ground so that the Crab could get off easily.

But the Crab pinched the Crane’s neck so that his head fell off. “Not my shell, but your bones are left to dry with the bones of the Fishes,” said the Crab.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page