The crying-for medicine

Floating (Nalxa’c), a skilled hunter from Wrangell, sought to regain power and punish his wife, Axtci’k, who had abandoned him. After discovering a mysterious bear entering an inaccessible cliff, he crafted a rope and basket to retrieve a magical substance with his slave’s help. This “Crying-for medicine” granted him great power, attracting Axtci’k back. However, Floating, intent on making her suffer, refused her return, ensuring she witnessed his newfound wealth and influence.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Trickster: Floating employs cunning and resourcefulness to obtain the magical substance, demonstrating trickster qualities.

Forbidden Knowledge: The pursuit and acquisition of the mysterious “Crying-for medicine” involve seeking hidden or restricted truths.

Revenge and Justice: Floating’s actions are driven by a desire for retribution against his wife, Axtci’k, who had abandoned him, highlighting themes of revenge and justice.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

One of the Kasqague’di named Floating (Nalxa’c), living at Wrangell, had a wife called Axtci’k who kept running away from him. He was a great hunter and hunted continually among the mountains of Bradfield canal accompanied by his slave. One day, as they were pulling along in a canoe while the dogs ran on shore, they heard the dogs barking at a certain place. They landed and ran thither. Then they saw the dogs lying on the ground with saliva dropping from their mouths, while a small bear ran along some distance off. The hunter saw this bear climb up the side of a cliff and was about to pursue it when he suddenly lost all of his strength and lay there just like his dogs. He watched the bear, however, and saw it go into a hole in the very middle of the cliff. Then he said, “That is not a bear. It could not have climbed up there and have gone into that cliff had it been one. It must be something else.”

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Floating thought a great deal of his wife and was suffering much because she had now been gone from him for eight months.

When he saw this bear go into the inaccessible hole in the cliff, he went back to town and made a very large, strong rope out of roots and a cedar-bark basket large enough to hold one person. With these he went back again to the cliff and climbed to a position above the hole the bear had entered. Then he tied a rope around his slave’s waist, and another to the basket and put the slave inside. He was going to lower him down to the hole.

Now the man said to his slave, “When I get you to the mouth of the hole, shake this basket very hard so that I may know it.” He gave him a little wooden dipper and said, “Dip that into the hole and see what you get out.” Then he lowered the slave. When the latter put his dipper into the hole it came out filled with ants. Then the slave screamed, but his master said, “I will let you drop if you don’t hold up. Put that dipper in again and see what you bring out. The slave did so and brought out little frogs. All these were to be used with the medicine he was to get out last. The third time he put the dipper in he got blue flies. Then he put it in the fourth time to get the medicine, and sure enough on the end of it, when it came out, there was some stuff that looked like tallow and had a pleasant odor.

After that, Floating pulled up his slave, and when he reached the top he had fainted and looked as though he was dead, but he soon came to. Then Floating took one of each kind of creature, mashed them up along with the white stuff, and put all into the shaft of an eagle feather. The medicine he thus made is called Crying-for medicine. When Floating wanted to kill any bear, mountain goat, or other animal, all he had to do was to shake it in the air and whatever he wanted would come down to him.

After this Floating went back to his village, where his wife also was, and the news of his return spread everywhere. It was early in winter. Then his wife was entirely unable to stay away from him, and ran to his door very early in the morning. They let her inside, but her husband would not allow her to come any nearer to him. She begged very hard to be allowed to come back, but he had already suffered so much on her account that he was determined that she should suffer in her turn. The harder she begged the more determined he was that she should not come back. He never took her back, and she suffered a great deal, especially when she found that he had become very rich and could have any woman in the village that he wanted. It was because of this medicine that she was so anxious to get back to him, and it was because he wanted to make her suffer that he was so anxious to get it. None except people of the Raven clan use this medicine. Even now, when a girl is so much in love as to be crazy over it, it is said, “They must have used the Crying-for medicine on her.”


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The dead basket-maker

A widower cherished his late wife’s unfinished basket, keeping it above his bed as a symbol of grief. After remarrying, the basket mysteriously fell onto his head during a playful moment with his new wife. Despite efforts to remove it, the basket spoke, reproaching him. Freed just in time, he burned it, severing its haunting connection to his sorrow and guilt.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Ancestral Spirits: The deceased wife’s unfinished basket embodies her lingering presence, influencing events from beyond the grave.

Forbidden Knowledge: The husband’s attachment to the basket and his subsequent remarriage lead to unforeseen consequences, suggesting that some remnants of the past are best left undisturbed.

Transformation through Love: The husband’s journey from mourning to remarriage, and the supernatural intervention, highlight the complexities of moving forward while honoring past relationships.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A woman at Klawak was just finishing a basket when she died. She had not yet cut off the tops. Then her husband took the basket and put it up under the roof over his bed. He thought a great deal of it because it was his wife’s last work. Sometimes he would take it down, press it against his heart and weep as he held it there. He wept all the time. After this man had been a widower a long time he married again. One evening, when he was sitting on the bed playing with his new wife, the basket fell right over his head. He tried to pull it off, and his wife laughed, not knowing why it had been up there. When he was unable to pull it away his wife also tried, but it stuck tight around his neck. He became frightened and worked very hard at it. Suddenly the basket said to him, “Yes, pull me off of your head. Why don’t you press me against your heart again?” it last if they had not cut the strings the basket would have choked him to death. Then he put it farther back and in the morning threw it into the fire.

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The girl who married the Fire Spirit

A chief’s daughter, desired by many, angers the Fire Spirit after cursing a spark from her fire. She disappears and later reemerges, married to the Fire Spirit, living between the mortal world and the spirit realm. An attempt to bind her to mortal life triggers her husband’s wrath, leading her to leave him forever. She remains single, marked by her mystical experience.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Divine Intervention: The Fire Spirit directly influences the mortal realm by taking the chief’s daughter as his wife after she disrespects the fire.

Forbidden Knowledge: The daughter’s interactions with the Fire Spirit grant her experiences beyond the mortal realm, exposing her to hidden truths and the consequences of engaging with supernatural forces.

Transformation: The daughter’s life undergoes significant changes due to her relationship with the Fire Spirit, affecting her status, relationships, and personal choices.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

There was a chief’s daughter whom all of the high-caste men wanted to marry. One day, as she sat close to the fire, a spark came out on her clothing and she said something bad to the fire, pointing her hand at it with fingers extended.

That night the girl was missing and couldn’t be found anywhere. They searched all of the villages and all of the houses in all of the villages where those people lived who had wanted to marry her, but in vain.

Then they employed shamans from their own and all the surrounding towns to tell where she was. Finally the chief was told of a shaman in a village a very long way off, and he went to consult him.

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The shaman said to him, “How is it that my spirits talk of nothing but your fire? Your daughter might have said something to the fire that displeased the spirits of the fire. Let your fire go out as soon as you are through preparing food and have the rest of your village people extinguish theirs. Do so for a long time.” All of this time, the parents were mourning for their daughter.

Then the chief sent through all the village to ask his people to let their fires go out, and they obeyed him. This went on for some time without result, but one day the girl came up from the fireplace from between the rocks on which the logs were placed. The Fire Spirit (Ga’ntu ye’gi) had taken her as his wife. Then the girl told her parents that her husband had pitied them, and after that she stayed with them most of the time. Every now and then she would be missing, for she was very fond of her spirit husband, but she would not stay long. She went into the fire to eat, and before she went directed them to let the fire go out after a time in order to bring her back.

One day, when she had not been away for a long time, she was eating in her father’s house. For the last dish they gave her soapberries. Her father’s nephew, who was in love with her and who was encouraged by her mother in hopes that she might be kept from going away again, was stirring them. When she put her spoon into the dish he seized it. At the same moment the firewood began to whistle, as it does when the fire spirit is talking, and the girl understood what it meant. Then she seemed frightened, and said to her mother and the boy, “He wants meat once.” All that the girl had to do when she wanted to see her husband was to think of him and she would immediately be at his side. They never saw her going into the fire. Therefore, as soon as she said this she disappeared, and they did not know what had happened. Then, however, her spirit husband hurt her in some way so as to make her scream, though the people could not guess the cause, and next day she appeared in her father’s house once more, looking very sad, for she had left her husband; and now she stayed with her father all the time.

After that her father’s nephew kept trying to get her to marry him, but she would have nothing to do with him. Before she had liked him, but after she had been abused by the Fire Spirit on account of what he had done, she did not care for him and remained single all the rest of her life.


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The woman who married the frog

A girl insulted a frog, leading to her mysterious disappearance after meeting a man in the woods—actually the frog in disguise. She married him and bore two children who appeared human to her but were seen as frogs by her family. When the family discovered her through the children, they drained the lake where she lived. Rescued amidst frogs clinging to her, they banished the creatures using human bones. She returned to her father, freed from the frogs’ influence.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The frog transforms into a man to marry the woman, highlighting themes of physical change and disguise.

Forbidden Knowledge: The woman’s initial insult to the frog leads her into an unknown world, suggesting the consequences of actions that transgress societal norms.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative involves interactions with frogs that possess human characteristics, indicating a world where the supernatural intersects with the human realm.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

A certain girl once said something very bad to a frog. Some time afterward she went up to the woods with her little sister, and suddenly her little sister lost her. She had met a fine-looking man and had walked on with him for a long time until they were far off from the village. When her little sister got home they asked her, “Where is your sister?” and she said, “I thought that she had gotten back home.” They searched for the girl everywhere but could not find her. They did not see her for a long, long time.

The man that this girl had met was really a frog, which she had married, and she now had two children. To her, however, the frogs looked like human beings. One day this girl said to her children, “Run down and see your grandfather and grandmother. Their house is just in the middle of the village, and you will know it as soon as you see it.”

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So the children went down to the house, but, when they entered it, some one called out, “Look at those little frogs coming into the house.” Then their grandmother said, “Put them out.” So they were thrown out of doors.

When the children got back to their mother she said, “Did you see your grandmother?” and one answered, “I think it was she. We went into a house,” which they described so that their mother knew at once that it was the right one, “and some one called out, saying, ‘Look at these frogs.’ Then some one else said, ‘Throw them out,’ and they did so.”

Then their mother said, “Go back and try to see her again even if they do throw you out.” So the little frogs went down and entered their grandmother’s house once more. Again some one called out, “Those little frogs are in here again.” But this time their grandfather said, “Bring them here to me. My daughter is missing. These might be her little ones.” So he held out his fox robe and they laid the little frogs upon it. The frogs crawled all over his breast and shoulders. Then the frogs were seated in front of their grandfather and were given cranberries. They picked them up one by one with the fore foot and put them into their mouths.

Afterward the frogs started to hop out, and a man followed them with the dishes of food. They hopped straight up to a lake back of the village and jumped in. Then, as the chief had already directed them, the men set the dishes down at the edge and stood watching. Presently the dishes moved out into the lake and sank. All at once they came up again and moved back to the same place.

Then these men returned to the chief and reported everything that they had seen, whereupon he sent them back, saying, “Go back and say, ‘Your father has invited you to the house.’” They did so. Then they heard a voice replying, “I cannot come.” They reported this to her father, and he told them to take up her marten-skin robes and her other clothing and lay them by the lake. After that she came down and along with her the two high-caste frogs whom she had married. When they had finished eating, all went back.

Now the girl’s father thought often and deeply how he should get her back, for he did not know what to do. Finally he said to the village people, “Make a place where the lake can flow out.” So all of the people went to work to drain the lake, and the water began flowing out. When the lake was nearly dry they saw this girl, all covered with frogs with the exception of her face, start to flow along with them. They picked her out from the very midst of the frogs and carried her home, but the frogs followed right after her. The house was quite filled with them. Then they killed all of the frogs that were upon her body, but as they did so more climbed up. When they began killing them with human bones, however, they went away. Afterward the girl remained with her father, and the frogs did not bother her any more.


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Mountain Dweller

Two sisters, punished by their mother for eating between meals, flee to the wilderness, where they encounter Mountain Dweller, a mythical hunter. Despite warnings, curiosity leads to their temporary death, but they are revived. After a transformative stay, they return to their village with magical abundance.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The sisters undergo a significant change after their encounter with Mountain Dweller, experiencing death and revival, leading to personal growth and a new perspective.

Forbidden Knowledge: Despite being warned, the elder sister’s curiosity leads her to uncover forbidden information, resulting in dire consequences.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative involves interactions with Mountain Dweller, a mythical hunter, and a bad woman behind the curtain, both representing supernatural elements.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

Years ago young women were not allowed to eat between meals. Two sisters belonging to a high family once did this, and, when their mother found it out, she was very angry. She pulled the elder girl toward her, abused her shamefully, and scratched the inside of her mouth all over in pulling out the tallow she had eaten. She said, “What do you mean, especially you, you big girl? It is not right that you should eat anything between meals. What do you mean?” The younger sister was still quite little, therefore nothing was done to her, but she was offended at the treatment her elder sister had received.

Finally the mother said, “You are so fond of eating you better marry Mountain Dweller (Caqanayi’).” This being lived upon the mountains and was a great hunter.

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That evening the sisters ran off into the woods. Next morning, when her daughters did not appear, their mother thought that they had stayed in bed and called to them, “Isn’t it time you were getting out of bed?” By and by, however, she found that they were gone, and the people began searching for them. Their mother would go from one place to another where they had been playing, but nobody saw anything of them for seven days.

Meanwhile, although they were suffering with hunger, the girls went farther and farther into the woods. When they got very far up among the mountains they heard somebody chopping wood, and the elder sister said to herself, “I wonder if that isn’t the man mother was talking about?” Coming closer, they discovered a man with his face painted red. He looked up, saw the girls, and said, “What are you poor girls doing way back here?” Then the elder answered, “Mother abused us. That is why we left our home. She abused us because we ate some tallow. She said, ‘You are so fond of eating tallow you better go and marry Mountain Dweller.’”

Then Mountain Dweller, for it was he, invited them into his house, and they found it very grand. Another house near by was full of all kinds of meat drying. Seeing that they looked hungry, he gave them some food. Next morning early, when he was getting ready to hunt, he said to them, “Do you see that curtain over there?” In one part of the house a large skin curtain was hanging. “A very bad woman lives behind that. Don’t peep at her.”

At their father’s village all the people were now mourning for them, and all of their relations had their hair cut and their faces painted black.

The elder sister was now married to Mountain Dweller, the younger being still a little girl. After a while the former became curious to see the bad woman her husband had told her not to look at, so she peeped at her through a hole. At once the bad woman seemed to feel that some one was looking at her, threw up her hands, and screamed. Then both of the girls fell over dead.

By and by Mountain Dweller came home from the hunt, saw them, and knew what had happened. Then he went over to the bad woman and killed her. After that he put eagle down upon the girls’ bodies and walked around them several times, shaking his rattle. In that way they were restored to life.

After the girls had lived there for a long time, Mountain Dweller said, “Don’t you wish you might see your father and mother again?” The younger said, “Yes,” and the elder also wished it. After that Mountain Dweller hunted a great deal to prepare a quantity of meat for his father-in-law. He said to his wife, “Make a little basket, just big enough to put your finger into.” When it was done, he shook it and made it very large. Then he put all kinds of meat and tallow and sacks of grease into this basket. He shook it again and made it small with all of the meat inside.

When the girls came to their father’s house their little brother ran out, saw them, and went in again crying, “Mother, my sisters are out there.” But his mother became angry and said, “Why do you say that? Your sisters have been dead a long time, and yet you say that they are out there.” But the boy screamed, “Those are my sisters. Don’t I know them?” “Well! let me see the hair from their marten-skin robes.” In those times none but high-caste people such as these wore marten skins, so when he came in again bringing pieces from their robes she and her husband and all her relations went out. There she saw both of her daughters. “My daughters,” she cried, and wept with happiness. All in the village ran to see them and were very happy.

Next day the elder girl said to her mother, “Mother, there is a basket a little way back there in the woods. Send after it and have it brought down.” All the people went out to it, but returned saying, “It is such a large basket that all the people in the village can’t bring it in.” Then the girl went up herself, and it became small so that she brought it home easily. As soon as she had gotten it into the house and had set it down, it became large once more. Then she began to unpack it, and the house was filled with all sorts of meats. They feasted on these, and the village people were satisfied and felt very happy. Their mother, however, took too much grease on top of everything else. On going to bed, she drank some very cold water which hardened the grease so that her stomach broke in two.

Nowadays it is a fortunate man that hears Mountain Dweller’s axe or sees where he has been chopping. The basket obtained from him at this time is called Mother-basket (Kakula), and is used by the Ganaxte’di as an emblem.


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Raven (Part 20)

Sawa’n, a shaman, warned his village to relocate due to spiritual guidance. Invited by land otters to heal a sick member of their high caste, he discerned an arrow causing the illness, curing it and gaining rare copper as payment. The land otters revealed powerful spirits, which Sawa’n later adopted. Returning home after fasting and transformation, he introduced these spirits to his village, elevating his shamanic legacy.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features land otters with spiritual significance and the shaman’s interactions with various spirits, highlighting the presence of supernatural entities.

Forbidden Knowledge: Sawa’n acquires esoteric knowledge from the land otters, including insights into different spirits and shamanic practices, which are typically hidden or restricted.

Transformation: The shaman undergoes a personal transformation through fasting and adopting new spiritual practices, leading to an elevated status within his community.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

In the town where this occurred, a man named Sawa’n became a shaman. He told the people to leave and go somewhere else because spirits were saying in him, “If you stay in this village, you will all die.” There was so much respect for shamans in those days that people obeyed everything that they told them to do.

By and by his spirit said to the shaman, “You will be asked to go somewhere, my master. My masters, the people of the village, do you go away with me?” And the village people kept saying to him, “Yes, we are going along with you.”

Then the spirit said, “The persons that are going to invite me from here are not human beings. They are already getting ready to come.”

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By and by the canoe came after him. He seemed to know that there was something about to happen, and said, “Somehow or other you people look strange. He put all of his things into small boxes ready to depart. Then he got in and they covered him with a mat until they reached their village, when he got up and saw some fine houses. The fronts were beautifully painted. Among these houses was one with a crowd of people in front which they tried to make him believe was that where the sick person lay. His rattle and belt, however, ran up on the shore ahead of him and entered the proper house, which was in another part of the town. These people were land otters, and they called him by name, “Sawa’n.” They said to him, “All the shamans among us have been doctoring him, and they can not do a thing. They can not see what is killing him. That is why we have asked you to come.”

Then the shaman thought within himself, “Who will sing my songs for me?” but the land otters spoke out, saying, “We can sing your songs. Don’t be worried.” Inside of this house there hung a breastplate made out of carved bones, such as a shaman used in his spiritual combats. The land otters saw that he wanted it and said, “We will pay you that for curing him.” Then the shaman began to perform. He could see that the land otter was made sick by an arrow point sticking in its side, but this was invisible to the land otters. After he had pulled it out, the sick otter, who belonged to the high-caste people, sat up immediately and asked for something to eat. The shaman kept the arrow point, however, because it was made of copper, and copper was very expensive in those days.

Then one of the land-otter shamans said to him, “I will show you something about my spirits.” And so he did. He saw some very strange things. When he was shown one kind of spirit, the land otter said, “You see that. That is Sickness (Nik). What he called Sickness was the spirit of a clam. These clams look to the spirits like human beings. That is why the spirits are so strong.” He also showed him the Spirit of the Sea (Deki’na yek), the Spirit of the Land (De’qna-yek), the Spirit from Above (Kiye’gi), and the Spirit from Below (Hayi’naq-yek). All these became the man’s spirits afterward.

Nowadays, when a man wants to become a shaman, he has to cut the tongue of a land otter and fast for eight days. You can tell a shaman who has been fasting a great deal because his eyes become very sharp.

After he had shown all of the spirits, they said, “We will take you to your town any time you want to go.” Then they took him to his own town. They had to cover him up again.

The people of Sawa’n’s village were always looking for him, and one day four men in a canoe saw something far out on the shore which looked very strange. A number of sea gulls were flying around it. Going closer, they saw the shaman lying there on a long sandy beach, the gulls around him. They did not know of any sandy bay at that point, and said that it was the shaman that brought it up there. They then took him into the canoe and brought him over. He was so thin that he appeared to have fasted a long time. After they got him home the spirits began mentioning their names, saying, “I am Spirit of the Sea; I am Spirit of the Land,” etc. Every time a spirit mentioned his name, the people would start its songs.


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Raven (Part 10)

A chief’s grandson becomes a skilled hunter and is chosen by spirits, founding the Luqana’ secret societies. These societies, with rituals and performances, gained influence among Tlingit and neighboring cultures, intertwining with witchcraft narratives. A story of wizards learning magic from a supernatural mouse details the origins of witchcraft, later spreading through Haida and Tlingit traditions, blending spiritual practices with local beliefs and societal norms.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change, becoming a conduit for spiritual practices that lead to the establishment of secret societies.

Forbidden Knowledge: The acquisition of magical abilities from a supernatural mouse represents the pursuit of hidden or restricted truths.

Ritual and Initiation: The formation of the Luqana’ secret societies involves ceremonial rites that mark transitions and the adoption of new societal roles.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

By and by this chief’s daughter had a little boy who proved to be very smart and became a great hunter. He used to hunt far up on the mountains for mountain goats and other animals. One time he fell from the top of a mountain and lost consciousness, and, when he came to, he saw many men standing about him in a circle. They had cedar-bark rings around their heads and necks. Then they said to him, “What kind of spirit do you want, the Raven Spirit or the Wolf Spirit?” and he said “The Wolf Spirit.” So they held white rocks over his head, and he became unconscious. That is how he got the spirit. Then he ran around screaming, naked except for an apron, while all of the Cliff Spirits and all of the Forest Spirits sang and pounded on sticks for him. They also tied up his hair like a wolf’s ears. This is the origin of the Luqana’, or secret societies, and the one this man first started is said to have been the Dog-eaters’ society.

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He sang a song, too, only employed nowadays by a high-caste person when he is initiated. It is called Cina’xlk, and goes this way, “I am above the world. I walk in high places. There is nobody else after me. I am alone.” Those who became luqana’s after this were not like him, because he said, “I am alone. There is nobody after me.” They only imitate him.

There are many kinds of luqana’s. Some are dog-eaters and some pretend to eat the arms of people. It is previously arranged between the luqana’ and his father what he is to do and whom he is to injure, and, after the spirit has come out, the father has to pay a great deal of money for damages. The luqana’s are always found at feasts, and high-caste people stand around them. The people who learned from this boy first are those in the direction of Victoria, and there they think that a person who has performed many times is very high. It is only very lately that we Alaskans have had luqana’s. Luqana’ is a Tsimshian word meaning yek. [Actually it is from the Kwakiutl word Lu’koala. Katishan calls it Tsimshian because the Tlingit received their secret societies through them.] When they perform up here, the southern Tlingit dance Tsimshian dances and the northern Tlingit Athapascan dances.

After this youth had come back to his people from the woods and had shown them all about the luqana’, he went to the Queen Charlotte islands and came to the greatest chief there. Then the people at that place said to him, “It is terrible the way things have been going on. We have wizards (nuksa’ti), who kill men in a sly way. There is one very high-caste person here who has taught himself to be a wizard. And they told him this man’s story.

He and his friend were very dissolute young men who wanted very much to be wizards, and the former begged his slave to tell him what to do. “If you want to become one very much,” said he, “go down there and sleep among the driftwood left by the tide. Then you will see what it is.” They did this, and a very nice looking woman came to them and taught them witchcraft. This was the mouse (kutsi’n). They thought that it was a fine thing. After a while the woman again appeared to them in a dream and said, “Would you like to be among the geese and brants?” They answered “Yes,” one saying, “I will be a goose;” the other, “I will be a brant.” At once they flew off in those forms. They thought that it was a fine thing to be wizards, and would spend all their nights going about that way, never coming in till morning. For that reason the town people began to suspect that something was wrong with them. Nowadays a person among the natives who sleeps much is said to be of no account, for it was through sleep that witchcraft started. They also say that a wizard has no respect for anything and never speaks to his neighbors.

Finally a certain man began to drink salt water and fast in order to discover the wizards. He also made a medicine. Then he dreamt about them, and went to them, telling them everything he knows. The two young men replied, “Don’t tell about us. If you keep it to yourself we will pay you ten slaves. We will let you win ten slaves from us in gambling.” And they did so.

This is the story that the luqana’ man told to his friends when he came home, and wherever he told it there began to be wizards. Therefore witchcraft came to Alaska through the sons of Aya’yi and through the Haida. They also learned from the Haida that witchcraft may be imparted by means of berries. When women are gathering these, they do not pick up the ones that are dropped accidentally, no matter how many they may be, because that is what witches do.

The shamans say it is this way: A man claims that he sees a large creek. It is witchcraft. A smaller creek flows into this. It is the lying creek. Another creek comes into it. It is the stealing creek. Still another creek comes into it. It is the profligates’ creek. All these are in witchcraft.


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The origin of the sun, moon, and stars

In these legends, cosmic phenomena are vividly explained through myth. The sun and moon originated from siblings involved in a tragic pursuit, with the stars born from flying sparks. Auroras are spirits guiding souls to a bountiful afterlife, while the sky is a frosty dome controlling weather through divine figures. Winds are personified spirits, each influencing the world with their breath and power.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Eleventh Annual Report, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story

Creation: The tale explains the emergence of celestial bodies—the sun, moon, and stars—detailing their origins and the dynamics between them.

Transformation: Central to the story is the metamorphosis of human figures into cosmic entities, illustrating a shift from mortal to celestial forms.

Forbidden Knowledge: The narrative begins with the revelation of a concealed truth, leading to significant consequences and the eventual transformation of the siblings.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


At a time when darkness covered the earth a girl was nightly visited by some one whose identity she could not discover. She determined to find out who it could be. She mixed some soot with oil and painted her breast with it.

The next time she discovered, to her horror, that her brother had a black circle of soot around his mouth. She upbraided him and he denied it. The father and mother were very angry and scolded the pair so severely that the son fled from their presence.

The daughter seized a brand from the fire and pursued him. He ran to the sky to avoid her, but she flew after him. The man changed into the moon and the girl who bore the torch became the sun.

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The sparks that flew from the brand became the stars. The sun is constantly pursuing the moon, which keeps in the darkness to avoid being discovered. When an eclipse occurs they are supposed to meet.

Auroras

Auroras are believed to be the torches held in the hands of spirits seeking the souls of those who have just died, to lead them over the abyss terminating the edge of the world. A narrow pathway leads across it to the land of brightness and plenty, where disease and pain are no more, and where food of all kinds is always ready in abundance. To this place none but the dead and the raven can go. When the spirits wish to communicate with the people of the earth they make a whistling noise and the earth people answer only in a whispering tone. The Eskimo say that they are able to call the aurora and converse with it. They send messages to the dead through these spirits.

The sky

The sky is supposed to be an immense dome, of hard material, reared over the earth, long from east to west and shorter from north to south. The edges of the land and sea are bounded by high, precipitous sides, shelving outward or sloping inward to prevent anything living on the earth from going to the region beyond. There is the source of light and heat. The dome of the sky is very cold, and at times covered with crystals of frost which fall in the form of snow or frost films to the earth, and then the sky becomes clear. The clouds are supposed to be large bags of water, controlled by two old women who run with them across the sky, and as the water escapes from the seams it falls in the form of rain to the earth. The thunder is their voice and the lightning is their torch. If a spark falls from this on anyone he dies and goes to the region above.

The winds

At each of the corners of the earth there dwells an immense but invincible spirit, whose head is many times larger than all the remainder of his body. When he breathes the wind blows and his breath is felt. Some breathe violent storms and others gentle zephyrs. The male spirits dwell at the north, northeast, northwest, and west. The females dwell at the remaining points, and each principal spirit has innumerable intermediate and less powerful attendants.


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The woman and the spirit of the singing house

A woman, eager to encounter a spirit despite Inuit warnings, entered the singing house in darkness. She summoned the spirit, questioning its form piece by piece. The spirit replied, revealing its presence. When she touched its head—boneless and hairless—she collapsed, lifeless. The tale underscores the peril of confronting the unknown and heeding cultural warnings.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Forbidden Knowledge: The woman’s determination to encounter the spirit, despite warnings, illustrates the peril of seeking hidden truths.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative centers on an encounter with a spirit, highlighting interactions between humans and otherworldly entities.

Divine Punishment: The woman’s disregard for cultural warnings leads to her demise, suggesting retribution from higher powers for her transgression.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Once upon a time a woman entered the singing house when it was quite dark. For a long time she had wished to see the spirit of the house, and though the Inuit had warned her of the impending danger she had insisted upon her undertaking.

She summoned the spirit, saying, “If you are in the house, come here.” As she could not see him, she cried, “No spirit is here; he will not come.” But the spirit, though yet invisible, said, “Here I am; there I am.” Then the woman asked. “Where are your feet; where are your shins; where are your thighs; where are your hips; where are your loins?”

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Every time the spirit answered, “Here they are; there they are.” And she asked further, “Where is your belly?” “Here it is.” answered the spirit. “Where is your breast; where are your shoulders; where is your neck; where is your head?” “Here it is; there it is;” but in touching the head the woman all of a sudden fell dead. It had no bones and no hair.


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Ititaujang

A young Inuit man, Ititaujang, struggles to marry an orphan girl who repeatedly rejects him due to his unattractive name. Heartbroken, he leaves his village and marries a goose-woman after stealing her boots. They have a child but she later abandons him, returning to her bird form. Ititaujang undertakes a perilous journey to reclaim her, facing magical encounters, but his actions lead to a tragic end.

Source: 
The Central Eskimo 
by Franz Boas 
[Bureau of American Ethnology] 
Sixth Annual Report 
Washington, 1888


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Ititaujang’s wife transforms from a goose into a woman upon wearing her boots, highlighting themes of change and metamorphosis.

Forbidden Knowledge: Ititaujang’s journey into the land of birds and his interactions there involve elements of hidden or restricted truths, as he navigates a world beyond human experience.

Tragic Flaw: Ititaujang’s persistence, despite repeated rejections and his eventual actions leading to a tragic end, reflect a character undone by his own weaknesses.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


A long, long time ago, a young man, whose name was Ititaujang, lived in a village with many of his friends. When he became grown he wished to take a wife and went to a hut in which he knew an orphan girl was living. However, as he was bashful and was afraid to speak to the young girl himself, he called her little brother, who was playing before the hut, and said, “Go to your sister and ask her if she will marry me.” The boy ran to his sister and delivered the message. The young girl sent him back and bade him ask the name of her suitor. When she heard that his name was Ititaujang she told him to go away and look for another wife, as she was not willing to marry a man with such an ugly name.

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[Ititaujang means “similar to the anus.” This tradition is curtailed, as some parts were considered inappropriate for this publication.] But Ititaujang did not submit and sent the boy once more to his sister. “Tell her that Nettirsuaqdjung is my other name,” said he. The boy, however, said upon entering, “Ititaujang is standing before the doorway and wants to marry you.” Again the sister said “I will not have a man with that ugly name.” When the boy returned to Ititaujang and repeated his sister’s speech, he sent him back once more and said, “Tell her that Nettirsuaqdjung is my other name.” Again the boy entered and said, “Ititaujang is standing before the doorway and wants to marry you.” The sister answered, “I will not have a man with that ugly name.” When the boy returned to Ititaujang and told him to go away, he was sent in the third time on the same commission, but to no better effect. Again the young girl declined his offer, and upon that Ititaujang went away in great anger. He did not care for any other girl of his tribe, but left the country altogether and wandered over hills and through valleys up the country many days and many nights.

At last he arrived in the land of the birds and saw a lakelet in which many geese were swimming. On the shore he saw a great number of boots; cautiously he crept nearer and stole as many as he could get hold of. A short time after the birds left the water and finding the boots gone became greatly alarmed and flew away. Only one of the flock remained behind, crying, “I want to have my boots; I want to have my boots.” Ititaujang came forth now and answered, “I will give you your boots if you will become my wife.” She objected, but when Ititaujang turned round to go away with the boots she agreed, though rather reluctantly.

Having put on the boots she was transformed into a woman and they wandered down to the seaside, where they settled in a large village. Here they lived together for some years and had a son. In time Ititaujang became a highly respected man, as he was by far the best whaler among the Inuit.

Once upon a time the Inuit had killed a whale and were busy cutting it up and carrying the meat and the blubber to their huts. Though Ititaujang was hard at work his wife stood lazily by. When he called her and asked her to help as the other women did she objected, crying. “My food is not from the sea; my food is from the land; I will not eat the meat of a whale; I will not help.”

Ititaujang answered. “Yon must eat of the whale; that will fill your stomach.” Then she began crying and exclaimed, “I will not eat it; I will not soil my nice white clothing.”

She descended to the beach, eagerly looking for birds’ feathers. Having found a few she put them between her fingers and between those of her child; both were transformed into geese and flew away.

When the Inuit saw this they called out, “Ititaujang, your wife is flying away.” Ititaujang became very sad; he cried for his wife and did not care for the abundance of meat and blubber, nor for the whales spouting near the shore. He followed his wife and ascended the land in search of her.

After having traveled for many weary months he came to a river. There he saw a man who was busy chopping chips from a piece of wood with a large hatchet. As soon as the chips fell off he polished them neatly and they were transformed into salmon, becoming so slippery that they glided from his hands and fell into the river, which they descended to a large lake near by. The name of the man was Eraluqdjung (the little salmon).

On approaching, Ititaujang was frightened almost to death, for he saw that the back of this man was altogether hollow and that he could look from behind right through his mouth. Cautiously he crept back and by a circuitous way approached him from the opposite direction.

When Eraluqdjung saw him coming he stopped chopping and asked, “Which way did you approach me?” Ititaujang, pointing in the direction he had come last and from which he could not see the hollow back of Eraluqdjung, answered. “It is there I have come from.” Eraluqdjung, on hearing this, said, “That is lucky for you. If you had come from the other side and had seen my back I should have immediately killed you with my hatchet.” Ititaujang was very glad that he had turned back and thus deceived the salmon maker. He asked him, “Have you not seen my wife, who has left me, coming this way?” Eraluqdjung had seen her and said, “Do you see yon little island in the large lake? There she lives now and has taken another husband.”

When Ititaujang heard this report he almost despaired, as he did not know how to reach the island; but Eraluqdjung kindly promised to help him. They descended to the beach; Eraluqdjung gave him the backbone of a salmon and said, “Now shut your eyes. The backbone will turn into a kayak and carry you safely to the island. But mind you do not open your eyes, else the boat will upset.”

Ititaujang promised to obey. He shut his eyes, the backbone became a kayak, and away he went over the lake. As he did not hear any splashing of water, he was anxious to see whether the boat moved on, and opened his eyes just a little. But he had scarcely taken a short glimpse when the kayak began to swing violently and he felt that it became a backbone again. He quickly shut his eyes, the boat went steadily on, and a short time after he was landed on the island.

There he saw the hut and his son playing on the beach near it. The boy on looking up saw Ititaujang and ran to his mother crying, “Mother, father is here and is coming to our hut.” The mother answered, “Go, play on; your father is far away and cannot find us.” The child obeyed: but as he saw Ititaujang approaching he reentered the hut and said, “Mother, father is here and is coming to our hut.” Again the mother sent him away, but he returned very soon, saying that Ititaujang was quite near.

Scarcely had the boy said so when Ititaujang opened the door. When the new husband saw him he told his wife to open a box which was in a corner of the hut. She did so, and many feathers flew out of it and stuck to them. The woman, her new husband, and the child were thus again transformed into geese. The hut disappeared; but when Ititaujang saw them about to fly away he got furious and cut open the belly of his wife before she could escape. Then many eggs fell down.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page