A man living on Karusuk

A man from Karusuk would daily travel 24 miles to Kangek to hunt auks, accompanied by an ingnersuak—a spirit companion tied to a shaman (angakok) from Tukak. Ingnersuak are said to be invisible companions of kayakers, occasionally seen from a distance. The spirit guarded and guided the man during his hunts, returning with him before resuming its journey home.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The ingnersuak is a spirit entity that interacts with the human world, embodying the theme of supernatural beings influencing mortal affairs.

Guardian Figures: The ingnersuak acts as a protector and guide for the hunter, ensuring his safety during the hunts, fitting the theme of guardian figures who guide or test the protagonist.

Sacred Spaces: The hunter’s journey between Karusuk and Kangek, accompanied by a spiritual being, suggests a connection to sacred or spiritually significant locations, aligning with the theme of sacred spaces.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

A man living on Karusuk (in the firth of Goothaab) every day used to repair to Kangek (about 24 miles distant) for the purpose of hunting auks. For his companion he had an ingnersuak, who at the same time was the tornak of an angakok, living farther up the firth at Tukak. It is said that even nowadays many kayakers have an ingnersuak for their companion, and every now and then they become visible. Sometimes a kayaker observing two distinct kayaks at a distance, on coming nearer will only meet with one, who on being questioned is not aware of any other having been with him. In such cases people believe it to have been an ingnersuak, on account of their being invisible, excepting from a great distance.

► Continue reading…

The said ingnersuak in the short winter days came to Karusuk, waited until he saw the man ready to start for Kangek, and then followed, and took care of him the whole day, and returned with him to Karusuk, from whence he went on to his home at Tukak.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Kanginguak

Kanginguak, a southern native, settled near Umanarsuak in South Greenland and had a son, Tunerak, famed for his rowing skills, overtaking falcons mid-flight. Tunerak ventured far into the sea, making Umanarsuak appear like a diving seal, and competed with renowned kayakers, but was killed by a rival. His father retrieved his body and sought an angakok, who successfully brought him back to life.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Resurrection: After Tunerak is killed by a rival kayaker, his father seeks out an angakok (a shaman) who successfully brings him back to life.

Quest: Tunerak’s ventures far into the sea, making Umanarsuak appear like a diving seal, and his competitions with renowned kayakers highlight his adventurous spirit and pursuit of excellence.

Supernatural Beings: The involvement of the angakok, a shaman with mystical abilities, underscores the interaction with supernatural elements in the narrative.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

Kanginguak was a native of the south, who set forth on a journey and took up his abode near Umanarsuak (Kin of Sael, a high island of South Greenland). He had a son named Tunerak, who was such an expert rower that he used to overtake the falcons in their flight, and killed them with a blow of his paddle-oar. He went out to sea so far as to make Umanarsuak appear like a seal diving up and down among the waves. He also tried matches with celebrated kayakers, but on one of these occasions he was killed by his rival. His father afterwards went to the place where he was buried, brought out his body again and carried it along with him, till he found an angakok, who restored it to life.

► Continue reading…

Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The means for getting children

A childless couple desperately sought a way to conceive. The husband traveled far and obtained magical dried fish from an old woman, one for a son and the other for a daughter. Struggling with hunger, he ate the “daughter” fish, which caused him to grow unnaturally large. A skilled old woman helped him, ultimately delivering a baby girl, marking an unusual turn in this folktale.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The story involves an old woman who provides magical dried fish with the power to grant children, introducing a supernatural element.

Forbidden Knowledge: The husband, despite being instructed to give the fish to his wife, consumes one himself out of desperation, leading to unexpected consequences.

Transformation: After eating the fish meant for a daughter, the husband undergoes a physical transformation, growing unnaturally large, which culminates in the birth of a baby girl.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Abridged version of the story.

A married couple had in vain been in hope of getting children. At length the man set out in search of some means to attain their desire. The first summer he travelled as far as he could get to the north, and the next as far as possible to the south, before he succeeded in finding an old woman who promised to help him. From the bottom of her bag she produced two small dried fishes, a male and a female, of which he was to give his wife the former to eat if he wanted a son, and the latter in case they preferred a daughter. He received the fishes, and started on his way home; but having to travel very far, and not always being able to get any victuals, he once in a great strain for something to eat began to consider, “What is the use of keeping this spawner? a son is what we desire;” on which he swallowed the one little fish.

► Continue reading…

After a while he began to feel very ill at ease, at the same time growing bigger and bigger, till at length he could hardly manage to slip down in his kayak. A skilful old woman, who lived at a place where he happened to land, soon suspected what was the matter with him, and hit on a charm to deliver him of what was encumbering his inside, which soon proved to be a fine little daughter. (It is doubtful whether the rest of the tale is of genuine Eskimo origin.)


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

An angakok flight

A renowned angakok performed a dramatic conjuration, twisting a seal-skin thong around himself and soaring through the house, lifting the roof to escape. In his journeys, he encountered magical women guarded by an enchanted pillar, was nearly killed by inlanders during a brutal game, and finally found his long-lost sister, who gave him a reindeer-skin token to prove his adventures.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The angakok interacts with magical women guarded by an enchanted pillar and faces inlanders with extraordinary abilities, highlighting encounters with otherworldly entities.

Journey to the Otherworld: The angakok’s flights to mystical inland realms, including a house inhabited solely by women and a reunion with his sister in a distant land, exemplify travels beyond the ordinary human experience.

Sacred Objects: The reindeer-skin token given by his sister serves as a powerful artifact, symbolizing the authenticity of his supernatural adventures and his connection to her.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


A great angakok, being once called upon to perform a conjuration, took a thong of seal-skin, and having in one end cut a hole for his toe, he twisted it round his body, and made fast the other end to his head. When the lamps had been all extinguished, he was lifted up, and soaring about the house he made the roof lift and give way to him. Having escaped through the opening he flew to the inland, and came to a house inhabited only by women, but as soon as he tried to approach any of them the house-pillar (their enchanted husband) began to emit sparks of fire and lean towards him.

► Continue reading…

The next time he flew to the inland he was seized hold of by the inlanders, who essayed to play at ball with him, hurling him backwards and forwards between them till he was nearly dead, when he called his tornak, who quickly rescued him. The third time he came to his sister, who had disappeared many years before, but whom he now found married to an inlander; she gave him a piece of reindeer-skin as a token to take home with him in order to convince people of his really having been with her.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Moon

Kanak, fleeing humanity, ascends to the moon, encountering its spirit guardian. Guided through perilous challenges, including evading a sinister hag, Kanak learns celestial secrets, such as how snow forms on Earth. The moon-man restores Kanak’s health and aids his safe return to Earth, aided by his grandmother’s spirit. Kanak emerges transformed, becoming a renowned angakok (shaman) through this mystical journey.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Journey to the Otherworld: Kanak’s ascent to the moon represents a voyage to a realm beyond human experience, encountering supernatural beings and challenges.

Transformation: Through his celestial journey and the guidance of the moon-man, Kanak undergoes a profound change, returning to Earth as a renowned angakok (shaman).

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features interactions with otherworldly entities, including the moon’s spirit guardian and a sinister hag, integral to Kanak’s adventure.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Of the following tales only the principal parts have been selected, and are given here in a very fragmentary form.

Kanak, on fleeing from mankind, felt himself lifted up from the ground, and following the way of the dead. At length he lost his senses, and on awakening found himself in front of the house where the spirit of the moon resided. This man of the moon assisted him to get inside, which was a perilous undertaking, the entrance being very large, and guarded by a terrible dog. The moon-man having then breathed upon Kanak in order to ease the pain that racked his limbs, and having restored him to health, spoke thus: “By the way thou camest no man ever returned; this is the way thou must take,” — upon which he opened a door, and pointed out to him a hole in the floor, from which he could overlook the surface of the earth, with all the dwelling-places of man. He regaled him with eating, which was served and brought in by a woman, whose back was like that of a skeleton.

► Continue reading…

Kanak was getting afraid on perceiving that, on which the moon-man said, “Why, that’s nothing; but lo! soon the old woman will appear who takes out the entrails of every one she can tempt to laugh. If thou canst not withhold thy smiles, thou only needst to rub thy leg underneath the knee with the nail of thy little finger.” Soon after the old hag entered dancing and whirling about, licking her own back, and putting on the most ridiculous gestures; but when Kanak rubbed his leg with the nail of his little finger, she gave a sudden start, at which the moon-man seized her, and threw her down in the entrance. She went off, but afterwards a voice was heard, “She has left her knife and her platter, and if she does not get both, she says she will overthrow the pillars of heaven.” The moon-man having thrown the knife and platter down the entrance, again opened the hatch in the floor, and blowing through a great pipe, he showed Kanak how he made it snow upon the earth. Lastly, he said to him, “Now it is time to leave me, but do not be the least afraid, lest thou never shalt come alive.” He then pushed him down through the opening, on which Kanak swooned; and on recovering, he heard the voice of his grandmother, whose spirit had followed and taken care of him; and at length he reached the earth’s surface, arose and went to his home, after which he grew a celebrated angakok.

A barren wife, who was treated badly by her husband, went off one winter night and met with the moon-man, who came driving in his sledge, and took her along with him to his home. Many days after in spring, she again appeared, and went to live with her husband. Ere long she perceived that she was with child, and gave birth to a son, who when he grew up was taken away by the moon-man.

Manguarak, unheeding the warnings of his father, caught a white whale which, having a black spot on one side, was known to belong to the animals of chase set apart for the spirit of the moon. On a fine winter night the moon-man was heard to call him outside and challenge him to fight. When he came down upon the ice, the moon-man said, “Well, we will presently begin, but first let us name all the animals of chase we have caught during our lifetime.” They then, each in his turn, named the different sorts of birds, seals, and whales they had chased; and beginning with the fishes, Manguarak went on to tell how he once assisted at a halibut-fishing, when they happened to haul up a kerak (Anarrichas lupus). On hearing this, the moon-man exclaimed, “What art thou saying, man? Now just wait, and listen to me.” He then went on to tell how, when a child, and still living among mankind, he had once seen some people haul up a fish of that same kind, at which he was so terrified that he had never since tried to catch that fish. “And now,” he continued, “that I know thou hast caught an animal which I never ventured to pursue, I will do thee no harm. I begin, in fact, rather to like thee; so come along with me and see my place.” Manguarak accordingly went up to ask his father’s permission, which having gained, he returned to the ice, where he found the moon-man waiting with a sledge drawn only by a single dog. When he had taken his place on the sledge, away they drove at a great pace, and gradually rising from the ground, they seemed to fly through the air. At midnight they came to a high land, upon which they still travelled on. They went through a valley covered with snow, and had to pass by a dark-looking cliff, inside of which lived the old hag who was wont to cut out the entrails of people who could not forbear laughing. As to the rest of the adventures of Manguarak, they are much the same as those encountered by Kanak.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Kagsuk

The legend of Kagsuk tells of a powerful, invincible man and his son, known for their strength and violence. After a family conflict, Kagsuk’s son fled to his father’s home, sparking Kagsuk’s vengeful massacre of a neighboring settlement. Fearful of retribution, Kagsuk lived cautiously. However, his tyranny ended when two old magicians used spells to bypass his defenses, killing him and his household, sparing only his absent son.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: Kagsuk’s violent retaliation against his son’s in-laws and his subsequent downfall highlight the destructive cycle of vengeance and the eventual restoration of justice.

Supernatural Beings: The intervention of the two old magicians, who use their mystical powers to overcome Kagsuk, underscores the influence of supernatural entities in human affairs.

Tragic Flaw: Kagsuk’s hubris and reliance on his perceived invincibility lead to his demise, illustrating how a character’s inherent weaknesses can result in their downfall.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


The story here given as having happened in the districts of Holsteinsborg and Sukkertoppen, in Greenland, is perhaps a variant of an older tale, only localised in this way. We give it here in an abridged form.

It is said that Kagsuk once had his wintering-place on the Karsit islands, outside of Amerdlok (Holsteinsborg), and that his son married the only sister of some men living at Satok, near Maneetsok (Sukkertoppen). Kagsuk, as well as his son, were powerful and strong men; the former was also a man-slayer, invincible to his enemies. Once, when the son had been out during the day with his brothers-in-law, at evening, when it was growing dark, he had some talk with his wife that ended in a quarrel. Her brothers, fearing his strength, at first kept silence; but soon after, when he gave her a kick, they all went up to him and seized him in order to protect their sister. He tried to appease their wrath, but in vain, and at last they struck him with a knife; but every time he was wounded he only rubbed the place with his hand, and directly it healed, after which he knocked them all down, one after another.

► Continue reading…

From this time, however, he did not trust his brothers-in-law; and once, at dark night, he escaped from the house, leaving his kayak behind, and taking his way across the fast ice to the north, where he stayed a while with some other people, and at length came to the house of his father. When Kagsuk came to know how his son had been treated he got into a great rage. In vain the son tried to persuade him to delay his revenge. “If they have struck thee with a knife,” he replied, “we will set out and destroy the people of Satok this very night.” And off they went the same day for Satok, and slew the whole of them, only sparing a boy and a girl. On returning to Karsit, Kagsuk became a still more desperate murderer. The people of Amerdlok, on becoming aware of this, did not venture themselves far away from the shore. Kagsuk and his son, being both very suspicious, agreed on the following mode of life: If the weather was fine, the son went out kayaking alone, and when the father went out, the son remained at home, unless it happened to blow very hard, in which case, and then only, they went out together. One winter, when the days were beginning to lengthen, two kayakers from Amerdlok, while out seal-hunting, were overtaken by a snowstorm, and could not make out their own land. Bewildered, they came to Kagsuk’s house; at seeing which they got very frightened, lest he would kill them. As soon as they saw him come out of his house, and before he could utter a word, they said, “Chance brought us hither, and no intention of visiting you. We lost our way on account of the snow, and could not advance against the storm.” Kagsuk asked them to come on shore, adding that, as soon as the weather abated, they might set off for home. On hearing this they were reassured, and entered the house, which was very hot. Kagsuk talked a great deal the whole day; but in the evening, when it was still blowing a gale and snowing as fast as ever, he suddenly became silent. At length he inquired, “Which kayak is he using today?” The housemates answered, “The narrow one.” Kagsuk then remarked, “I was rather uneasy about him; but if he has taken that kayak I have no fear.” Later in the evening there was a cry that he had arrived, tugging a walrus; and when the people whose business it was to haul it up on shore had gone out, Kagsuk said, “They don’t intend to stop, but having lost their way, chanced to come in here much against their will.” The guests, looking round, then first discovered that he was speaking to his son, who appeared in the entrance, and already had bent his bow and was aiming at them, but now drew back, and directly after entered, asking if the guests had been offered something to eat. On hearing that they had as yet had nothing, he ordered different dishes to be set before them, saying he would share the repast with them. They afterwards went to rest, and slept quietly until Kagsuk roused them up, saying that now the weather was fine, they might as well start for their home. At their departure he ordered their kayaks to be filled with provisions, but at the same time added, “Take care that none of your people come hither to visit us, lest we should take their lives.” They then pushed off, and arrived safely at their home. But when the people of Amerdlok saw the stores they had brought with them, they were all keen to visit Kagsuk; and notwithstanding their being repeatedly warned by those two chance visitors of what Kagsuk had threatened, several among them would not desist from trying their chance. They went accordingly, but never returned. Among the kayakers lost in this way were the sons of two old men, who were very clever in magic spells. They prepared bows of an arm’s length, and having finished these, they said to their place-fellows, “Now we will set out to punish Kagsuk: while ye approach his house from the sea-side, we will come on from behind.” Kagsuk had for his amulet a toogdlik (the Great Northern Diver — Colymbus glacialis) perched on the roof of his house, and giving him notice of every impending danger. One day on hearing its cry he went out, and observing the kayakers approaching, he said, “All right; I see you.” But at the same moment the two old men, having escaped observation by means of magic spells, came stealing on from behind and shot him dead on the spot. The kayakers, coming on shore, killed all his housemates, with the exception of his son, who happened not to be at home, and afterwards fled to the north.

Some narrators have prolonged the story of Kagsagsuk (No. 1) by making him meet with Kagsuk in the far north, the house of the latter being situated on a wide plain, the entrance to it being provided with a string leading into the inner room, and all along hung with a row of pieces of walrus-teeth, for the purpose of announcing the entrance of every stranger by the rattling sound.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

A visit to the giants

The story of Inoosarsuk, an orphan mistreated by his foster-father, unfolds with his journey of hardship, adventure, and eventual transformation. Forced to take his foster-father’s kayak against warnings, Inoosarsuk flees after an accident and encounters supernatural beings, cannibals, and a benevolent giant who helps him grow into a powerful figure. Returning home for revenge, he finds only ruins and ultimately settles in Akilinek.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Inoosarsuk undergoes significant changes, both physically and emotionally, as he encounters supernatural beings and overcomes various challenges.

Supernatural Beings: The narrative features encounters with giants, cannibals, and otherworldly entities that play crucial roles in Inoosarsuk’s journey.

Quest: Inoosarsuk’s journey is marked by a series of adventures and challenges, driven by his desire to escape mistreatment and seek a better life.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


The orphan boy Inoosarsuk was greatly loved by his foster-mother, but not by his foster-father. One day, when the father was out on a seal-hunt, the mother told Inoosarsuk she was tired of seal-flesh, and ordered him out in her husband’s other kayak to catch some frog-fish. He remonstrated, saying that his father had forbidden him to take the kayak; but still she went on desiring him to go, at the same time assuring him she would clean and put it back all right in its place.

Notwithstanding, the father coming home observed that it had been used, and beat Inoosarsuk till he could not move for pain.

► Continue reading…

Another day his mother went on persuading him in the same way to take the kayak in order to go out and get her some quannek (the eatable stalk of Angelica archangelica), growing near the shore, a little up the firth. But when he had ascended the hills in order to fetch her some, and came back to the beach, he found, to his great alarm, that the tide had carried away the half-jacket belonging to his foster-father’s kayak. On approaching home he got so frightened at the thought of his foster-father that he passed it by and turned right out to sea. Having rowed beyond the outermost islands he suddenly remembered his two amulets, a quannek and an old whetstone; and jumping out on a flake of drift-ice, he planted one of his newly-gathered stalks, calling out, “Thus shalt thou remain standing erect,” — an invocation to secure him calm weather. Like Giviok, he passed by the ocean-lice for Akilinek, and having first encountered the cannibals, he afterwards fell in with the women who captured fishes by putting bladders to them at low tide. From the cannibals’ chimney a black smoke arose in the air, but from that of the latter a white smoke was seen. Among these he was very kindly treated, but still he at last grew tired of his sojourn; and one day pretending to row a little in the neighbourhood, he took himself far off, and fled to the south. At length he arrived at a wide firth; but thinking it too long to enter, he resolved merely to cross the inlet to the opposite shore. When half-way across he saw what he fancied was a rock; but on coming closer he found it to be an enormously big kayaker, who took hold of him and lifted him up quite easily, kayak and all, in one hand, and put him down before himself on his own vessel, intending to take him home as an amulet for his little daughter. When they approached the homestead of the giant, something like a big iceberg was standing in front of the house; on closer inspection it proved to be an enormous gull, which the giant’s daughter was in the act of catching. Inoosarsuk was now brought up to the house and put upon a shelf near the window. During the night he took a fancy to some very nice-looking eatables lying behind the lamp. He managed to slide down on the side ledge, but finding it quite filled up by the giant’s sleeping daughter, without any room left where to put down his foot, he had no choice left but to step along her one leg; unfortunately he lost his footing and fell down. The giant’s daughter on being awakened in this way, and unconsciously grasping him, had nearly eaten him up, but luckily remembered that he was her little amulet. The giant seeing Inoosarsuk’s dismay and utter dejection, at length put him down on the floor, and covered him up with his large cloak, saying, “Thou shalt grow as big as that, as big as that.” He forthwith commenced to grow, and was soon as tall as the daughter, after which the giant furnished him with a kayak of suitable size. He now remembered his foster-parents; and longing to take revenge for the many blows he had formerly got, he crossed the ocean, and soon found the place where they had formerly lived. But the house was laid waste, and the old people buried beneath its ruins. He then returned to pass the rest of his days at Akilinek.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Atalianguak

Atalianguak, a skilled seal-hunter, encounters a mysterious woman who becomes his wife. Living with his cousins, he discovers she is not an ordinary woman after noticing her fox-like traits. She flees, and he follows her to a fox-hole where enchanted creatures lull him into a deep sleep. Awakening much later, surrounded by insects, he abandons any further pursuit of marriage or relationships.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Atalianguak’s wife reveals her true nature as a fox-like creature, highlighting interactions between humans and mystical entities.

Transformation: The story features the wife’s metamorphosis from a human appearance to her true fox form, emphasizing themes of change and revelation.

Forbidden Knowledge: Atalianguak’s pursuit of his wife’s true identity leads him to a mystical fox-hole, where he encounters enchanted creatures that lull him into a deep sleep, suggesting the dangers of uncovering hidden truths.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Atalianguak was an excellent seal-hunter, and lived as a bachelor in a large house, together with several cousins. At spring-time he used to go out all by himself in his boat in order to fish angmagsat (Capelins). One evening when he returned to his tent, having been out kayaking, he was much surprised at seeing a pretty little woman standing outside of it. She wore a pair of white boots, and her hair-tuft was newly dressed. Atalianguak ran quickly up beside her, and taking hold of her hand brought her into the tent, and afterwards married her. When the fishing season came to an end he repaired homewards in his boat, his wife rowing, while he himself took the helm.

► Continue reading…

In autumn he again settled down in the house of his cousins. One evening just as his wife had risen from her seat on the ledge to go outside, one of the other people, whom she happened to pass by, remarked, “What a very peculiar smell I perceived;” but his housemates told him to take great care not to offend her, as they had observed that she was not a woman of the common kind. The same thing, however, happened again; this time the little woman hearing them speak of a strange smell rushed quickly out, and the moment she passed the doorway the people observed a fox-tail dangling at her back. Atalianguak pursued her to the border of a lake. In a fox-hole close by he noticed a light, and peeping in he saw his wife sitting on a ledge. He called out, “I feel so cold, let me come in.” “Well, come.” “But in what way am I to enter?” “Thou hast only to breathe upon the entrance and thou wilt easily get in.” Thus be entered, and sitting down beside his wife, he exclaimed, “It is dreadfully cold — do make me warm.” At the same time be saw one of the walls covered with flies, dirt-flies, beetles, and all kinds of reptiles. She now raised up her head and ordered them to lull Atalianguak to sleep, and presently they all began singing, “Atalianguak, sleep, sleep; at spring we will rouse thee again:” and he slept for ever so long. At last he awoke of his own accord, and when he rose and went outside the sun was high in the sky, while the cave itself swarmed with flies and reptiles. He went to make water, and forthwith it turned to a whole river. From that time he gave up all thought of womanhood.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Avatarsuak, who was baptised Nathan

Avatarsuak, raised by his wise grandfather, was taught compassion and respect. After his grandfather’s death, he was falsely accused of killing traders, only to encounter a sorcerous tupilak. With resilience and aid from women, he overcame the creature. Later, surviving treacherous icebergs with his grandparents’ spiritual guidance, he visited an otherworldly community, recovering strength and wisdom. This journey marked his transformation into a powerful, untouchable wise man.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Avatarsuak undergoes significant personal growth, evolving from a young man falsely accused and confronting supernatural challenges to becoming a powerful and wise figure.

Supernatural Beings: The encounter with the tupilak, a creature born of sorcery, highlights interactions with otherworldly entities within the narrative.

Underworld Journey: Avatarsuak’s venture into an otherworldly community, guided by spiritual forces, symbolizes a journey into realms beyond the ordinary, leading to his eventual transformation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


It is said that his grandfather, being likewise called Avatarsuak, was a wise man. It was he who took charge of his younger namesake, whose own father had been early called away from home. The grandfather admonished him not to harm the meanest dog, and never to be uncivil towards old people, not even on being reproved by them. When he came to possess a kayak of his own he remarked that his grandfather, when pushing him off the beach, was always heard to pronounce some strange words, at the same time uncovering his head by pulling the hood back behind the ears. But though the youth listened carefully, he could not make out the meaning of the words.

► Continue reading…

About the time when he first commenced seal-catching his grandfather died, and being left alone he took up his winter quarters at a place where the Southlanders had to pass by when on their trading excursions to the European settlement at Pamiut (Fredrikshaab). At length two kayakers on their voyage to this place passed by his residence, whom he expected for ever so long to see return, but in vain. At length he learned from the south that both were missing, and at the same time that he was suspected of having killed them. Some time after, being in want of a skin for a hunting-bladder, he went off in search of a firth-seal. It was fine weather, and so calm that the breathing of the larger seals was plainly audible. As for the small firth-seals, however, he saw none, and was getting farther and farther into the bay. Suddenly something emerged from the water, coming up close behind him, and beating the top of his kayak, and lo! it was nothing less than a tupilak (monster made by sorcery). It accosted him, saying, “How lucky I met thee thus alone, as I am longing for some entrails!” Stupefied with awe, he felt the creature creeping up on the top of the kayak behind him, constantly repeating, “I shall soon make a feast on thy entrails;” at the same time pressing down the stern of the kayak so deep as to make the prow rise in the air. Never before had he, who was wont to carry spotted seals, had such a weight on board. Feeling his strength giving way, and knowing nothing better, he tried to capsize his kayak to the left, but was greatly perplexed to find his oar striking against a hard substance below, though out in deep water. At this he got up; but in attempting to turn his kayak to the right, he again hit something hard, on which he slowly righted himself, and rowed away, at the same time perceiving that he was regaining his strength. But though he pulled homewards with all his strength, he found it impossible to make his kayak go straight. It kept turning round, carrying him towards uninhabited places. The tupilak now cried, “Thou hateful creature, I see I have made a mistake, and climbed up to one of uncommon kind” (viz., a man endowed with a certain degree of angakok power); and he noticed it struggling hard to get down, but without being able to detach itself. Thus he went on pulling away to the sunny side of the firth. When they were quite close to the beach, the tupilak said, “I see I shall not get through with thee, and I think I shall be made thy prize.” Just then the man on looking round discovered a boat occupied by women, who had been farther up the firth getting angmagsat (capelins). He called out to them, “I have got something on my kayak that is not a seal; put ashore yonder and come round this way quickly.” When they had done as he told them, he went on saying, “Don’t attack it in front, as it might be dangerous to you.” The foremost among them on seeing the beast fled in terror. The kayaker again began to lose strength, but at length his repeated calls caused the women to come back, bringing with them oars, intending to use them as levers, the beast sticking fast, as if glued to the kayak. At length it gave way, and a cracking noise was heard, whereupon he was able to get out and look at the monster, which proved to be the size of a large firth-seal. Turning to the oldest of the women he said, “I do not care to touch it; ye cut it up; I shall repay you hereafter.” In expectation of the reward she at once fell to and cut open the tupilak, which she found stuffed with all kinds of bones, such as of birds, walruses, and seals. They had it entirely destroyed by sinking part of it in the sea, and hiding the rest of it in some old tombs. This done, he prepared to row home, but first said to the women, “Thanks to you and your roaming thus about, without which I wonder how I had fared. I will take care to repay you; I am not likely to forget you.” At home he told his adventure, and all now felt sure that it must have been the tupilak which had formerly killed the two traders. After this all travellers were unmolested, and the women were well paid by Avatarsuak.

Some time now elapsed without anything remarkable happening. Towards spring, however, he found himself in want of several necessaries, such as lead, powder, and tobacco, and set out for the European settlement at Pamiut. Having finished his business there, and rested during the night, he turned homewards, rather uneasy about a quantity of drift-ice which had accumulated at the mouth of a firth he had to cross. Before he reached the spot, the land wind set in, and came storming down upon him, and the sky looked black and threatening. Still he tried to cross the firth, winding his way through the small passages between the broken ice. At length, however, he found himself almost entirely stopped, and at the same time saw a large iceberg drifting down upon him. He tried to escape, but presently heard the roar of its calving (breaking) right alongside him, and pressing him deep under the waters. However, he rose on the other side of the broken piece, and again sped along, but on the shady side of the firth he was once more overturned by a much larger iceberg, and this time he quite lost his senses. How long he was in this state of stupor is not known; but on reviving he noticed the strings of his kayak-jacket rattling about, and smiting his back with the quick motion, while he was pushed on towards the land beneath the waves. He had no kayak, but found himself sitting down, the loose bottom skin of his kayak fastened round him, and having his kayak-stick for an oar, and with one leg somewhat bent. In front he saw some one in a large hood rushing on and cleaving the waters for him, and behind he heard some one talking, but without being able to make out the words. These companions proved to be his grandparents protecting their grandson. When they came nearer to the islets he felt exceedingly thirsty; and presently discovering an iceberg with a fine spring flowing from it he wanted to go and quench his thirst; but at that moment he heard a warning voice behind him saying, “Dear grandson, do not drink of the fountain designed for those perishing at sea; if thou drinkest thou wilt never return.” At length he was carried far towards the head of the firth, and saw light from the windows of a very large house. Presently a woman in a white jacket came out of the doorway, then another, and at last a man in a reindeer cloak, followed by others, all being dogs in shape of men, and running down on the beach to him. When he entered the house there were people sitting together at its southern end, keeping watch over a dying brother. Having got inside he fell down beside the first lamp, but still could hear one of the men say, “An anghiniartok has come among us;” at that instant, on being handled by them, and touched upon his bare skin, he lost all consciousness, but soon after revived, hearing a sweet tune of a song from his childhood. At the very moment he revived the sick man breathed his last. The people of the house put a new skin underneath him, and let him remain perfectly quiet in his own clothes for five succeeding days, after which he began to stir about a little, and long to get home, but he had no kayak. One day, however, a woman went down along the beach to gather the red sea-weed, and returned saying, “Only fancy! I have found a complete kayak drifted ashore to us.” When they had gathered on the beach, and duly inspected it, they made it out to be the kayak of their anghiniartok, in perfect order, and lying just above high-water mark, and well closed by the half-jacket. On opening this they also found his goods, not a single implement amissing. The next day he returned; and from that time upwards he became still more of a wise man, and no witchcraft could ever work upon him.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Arnarsarsuak, the kivigtok woman

Arnarsarsuak, once a courted beauty, fled to the wilderness after overhearing her sisters-in-law mock her unborn child. She gave birth to a child and a mythical creature, becoming an outcast. Later, she rejoined a pair of orphans and married one, bearing human children and bear cubs. Her family thrived, blending human and animal bonds, and found acceptance in a settlement where her sons married, securing happiness and legacy.

Source: 
Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo 
by Henry Rink 
[William Blackwood and Sons] 
Edinburgh and London, 1875


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Arnarsarsuak undergoes significant changes, both in her societal status and through the birth of her unique offspring, blending human and animal characteristics.

Community and Isolation: Initially part of her community, Arnarsarsuak becomes an outcast due to her circumstances, living in isolation before eventually reintegrating into society with her new family.

Supernatural Beings: The birth of a mythical creature and bear cubs to Arnarsarsuak introduces elements of the supernatural, highlighting interactions between humans and otherworldly entities.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Arnarsarsuak was a pretty girl, much courted by the best seal-hunters of the neighbourhood. Her brothers being unwilling to let her get married, she at length took up with a fellow and lived with him as his concubine. Before long she was with child, but notwithstanding, her brothers still continued loving her dearly. One day she had been out to fetch water, and at the very moment she was about to enter she chanced to hear her sisters-in-law within talking about her, saying to each other, “I wonder who ever will care to be troubled with the charge of that wretch Arnarsarsuak is going to give birth to.” On hearing these words, she at once put down her pails in the passage, and ran off far to the inland, away from humankind.

► Continue reading…

During her flight she perceived that the time had come when she should be delivered; she fell into a deep swoon, and on recovering found she had given birth to a kingulerak [an anghiak who remained attached to the mother on account of her being kivigtok, until she had revenged herself]. Formerly, in the days of her prosperity, she had been kind and charitable to two orphan children, a boy and a girl, who lived among them. Many years after, when Arnarsarsuak’s brothers were all dead, the two orphans took up their abode at a solitary place out on some far away islands. When the brother was following his trade in his kayak the sister felt miserably lonely; to make up for which, however, when he again returned she felt as if the house were full of visitors. One evening when they were sitting chatting together, the brother suddenly said, “I think I shall try to recall the song that Arnarsarsuak used to sing.” But the sister advised him rather to desist, saying, “Remember that Arnarsarsuak now belongs to those of uncommon kind, having fled from mankind during her pregnancy. I have heard that such people have the gift of hearing their own songs a long way off.” However, the brother would not give up his intention; but no sooner had he commenced singing than a voice was heard outside, “On hearing my song I could not resist coming, and here I am.” The brother and sister looked at each other in great alarm, knowing that their house was far away from any one. However, they soon recognised the voice to be Arnarsarsuak’s, on which the sister resumed, “Did not I tell thee she would be sure to hear thee singing? now go and answer, thou being the best talker of us.” The brother, however, did not stir; and the voice was again heard, “Ye need not be afraid of me; I only want to get inside.” Seeing her brother could find no words, the sister said, “Well, come in;” and presently a sound was heard of something creeping along the passage, while the two shrank back on the ledge in silence, with a sure foreboding that the next moment they would be frightened to death. The sound rapidly approached; they only ventured a timid glance towards the entrance, and immediately after Arnarsarsuak entered, prettier than ever, and said, “I was lately far from this place, in the interior, whence I was suddenly lured by some voice calling me hither.” The sister now took courage to say, “It was only for a pastime he tried to sing thy lay.” Arnarsarsuak continued, “Ye know why I fled; it was because I heard my sisters-in-law observing that no one would be found willing to provide for my poor offspring. On that day I ran far off into the interior, when I was soon to give birth to a kingulerak, which ever since adhered to my body till a few days ago. In my present state ye have nothing to fear from me, and I would be very glad to come and stay with you.” Seeing that they had no choice, and could not get rid of her, they allowed her room on the farthest end of the ledge, and themselves lay down, leaving a wide space between them; still they were quite unable to fall asleep. The following day the brother wanted to go out hunting; his sister, however, persuaded him to stay at home on account of her new housemate, whom they still considered rather a doubtful personage. On the ensuing day he went out kayaking, but kept so near to the house as not to lose sight of them for any length of time. In the evening, however, he returned, bringing with him two seals, and the sister at once ran down as usual to flense and cut up the animals, but Arnarsarsuak would not allow it, taking all the work on herself; and having quickly flensed both seals, she made up a fire, and while she did the cooking she sewed at the same time. As time went by, and their fears subsided, the brother resolved to marry her; but when she came to be pregnant the sister began to fear she would bear no human offspring, and in that case she said, “Whither am I to flee? seeing we live on an island, I can only rush down to the sea.” When her time had come, the brother as well as the sister determined to run away from the house; but when the brother turned back to have a last look through the window, his wife turned towards him, saying, “It is all over, and the birth has taken place. Do not fear, but come in to me.” On hearing this he hastened to bring his sister back. When they returned, Arnarsarsuak sat smiling kindly on them, and said, “Behold the object of your fears, my two babes.” She then showed them a little bear cub and a real child. Both were nursed together, and when the bear had begun to go about by himself she again bore a child and another little bear.

In due time the father gave his boys kayaks, and the bears of their own account went out for provender; and at length the father could afford to take things easy, and rest from work. Subsequently he proposed that they should all set out together in search of other people, thinking that the children ought not to live always at such a desolate place. Accordingly they started northwards, the sons following in their kayaks, while the bears kept swimming alongside the boat. Travelling on thus, they at length came in sight of a well-peopled place; on this the bears stuck closer to the boat, and out of bashfulness only papped their muzzles above water. The father remarked, “Don’t be ashamed; remember ye also are of human extraction.” However, on landing a little south of the settlement they were received by a number of people, who on seeing two large bears ran off for their weapons. But on the father calling to them, “What are you thinking of? they also are my children,” they desisted. The new-comers took up their winter quarters at this place, where the sons both got married, and all lived happy together. When the weather was too bad for the men to go out hunting, the bears went off in their stead. After wintering there they again broke up for their old home, and were joined by several people of the place, who accompanied them thither, where their bones now rest.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page