The Ai´wan Shamans

This is the tale of a man cast adrift on Arctic ice, rescued by walrus spirits, and transformed into a walrus to evade capture by enemy tribes. Amid cycles of war, revenge, and diplomacy between coastal peoples, shamans wielded extraordinary powers, engaging in cosmic confrontations. Ultimately, even “Children’s Death” repents after mystical encounters, signaling hope for harmony and renewal.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a physical change, becoming a walrus to escape his enemies.

Supernatural Beings: The story features interactions with walrus spirits and shamans possessing extraordinary powers.

Revenge and Justice: The narrative includes cycles of war and retribution between coastal peoples.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Rịke´wġi, A Maritime Chukchee man, at Mariinsky Post, October, 1900.

Once in olden times, the Ai´wan and the people of St. Lawrence Island were at war. One man from this shore met with misfortune through the wind. While on the icefields he was carried away and spent two months on the icefields. One day there was a fog, and no land was to be seen. Then he heard the roaring of walrus. Still he remained with head drawn back into his coat. Then he was visited by another man, by a shaman, who found him sleeping on [the surface of] the ice and awakened him, “Oh, how wonderful, you are here?” The other one looked up and, indeed, he wept aloud. The shaman said, “Do not weep! A settlement, though of St. Lawrence people, is quite near.”

Then, suddenly, they saw it. They came ashore. A number of houses were there. The people were clad in bird-skin clothes. Those of St. Lawrence Island are also Ai´wan, their language being the same.

► Continue reading…

They took hold of the strangers, they took captive those two men. They bound the shaman, the other one they killed with a drill, having perforated his head at the crown. After that they set free the shaman, intending to keep him as a slave.

He passed there only one night.

When they were about to go to sleep, he went out and shouted toward the sea, calling the walrus spirit. Immediately from afar came the walrus. Oh, oh, the walrus came. Indeed, they were (as numerous) as sand. He walked along over their heads and went away. Then also the walrus which he had passed would come up in front. An old male walrus said, “Oh, now we are nearing the land. Your people are eager to pursue us. Oh, therefore some of us are going away. It seems that your people are bad.” Oh, he said to two walrus, two year old ones, “Let us carry away our guest.” By one of them he was made to sit on its body, and it dashed on, plunging along. The old walrus, the one that was most clever, followed it (like a leader). When one walrus got tired, he was made to sit on the other one.

When night came, they found a floe of sea-ice. The old walrus said, “Oh, all the people are tired. Let the people go to sleep.” They put the man on [the surface of] the sea-ice. The old walrus said to the man, “Oh, you may sleep on [the surface of] the sea-ice. We will sleep by your side on the water.” They inflated the crops on their throats and floated on the water like bladders. In due time the old walrus awoke. “Now let the people go along. Oh, my! you must be hungry.” — “Oh yes!” said the man. It was still dark. The old walrus dived to the bottom of the sea and saw something like the [motionless star] Polar Star. He bent over it and it proved to be a shellfish. The little man was fed with those shellfish. They were quite warm and even hot. Probably the walrus cook them secretly, therefore they may have been hot.

They set off and moved on till midnight. The old walrus said, “It seems we are nearing land.” They moved on, and before the land was near, the dawn came. “Oh, you must be hungry again.” — “Oh yes!” The walrus again plunged down. This time he brought some shellfish of oblong shape. He ate again. “Now we are going to leave you. As soon as we shall see a floe of sea-ice, though a small one, we shall leave you on it.” Then they saw one. “Well, your people will be here this [dawn] morning. We are beginning to feel afraid.” They put him on the ice. “Oh, what are you doing, you are leaving me alone.” — “It is quite certain, that they will come.”

Then he was told by the walrus, “When you are overtaken by sleep, roar like a walrus, when you are going to sleep.” Then the walrus dashed on, plunging on the way. They went away, very far to the open sea. Soon after that he began to be overtaken by sleep. So he roared like a walrus and immediately turned into one.

When the dawn of the day came, some people approached in a boat and began to move along towards him. Before they were too near, he awoke. Just when the bowman was going to throw the harpoon, he said, “Oh, what are you going to do unto me?” — “Oh, dear! Is it not wonderful? You have become a walrus, and we came near killing you. Oh, whence did you come back?” — “Truly, it is bad. We come from a settlement of men. My companion, however, is not with me. Those people are wrong-doers. They drilled through his head and killed him.” He entered the house. “Oh, what news?” — “Truly, it is pitiful. Evil-doers are those people.”

The summer came. They went to war, the men of Uñi´sak, and probably from every neighboring settlement a number of boats assembled. Then a large company of boats set off. All boats were overloaded (with warriors). Before they were too near, they saw a cluster of houses of the St. Lawrence people standing on the seashore. In the rear of the houses was a bay of St. Lawrence Island; there actually a large part of the boatsmen went ashore. They walked along in the fog from the rear, just out of sight of the islanders. Then an old man, one of the crew said, “Oh, howl like wolves!” They had not been seen by the St. Lawrence people and they were not expected by them. Now, when they uttered their howls, another old man, one from St. Lawrence Island, said, “Oh, now they are coming.” The young men said, “But we are on an island.” — “Give answer to them!” So they roared like walrus. Then the old man, one of the boat’s crew, said again, “Oh, where are you? Now they have become our quarry.”

The larger part, those who had landed in the rear (of the houses), were still unknown to the St. Lawrence people. Those from St. Lawrence island hid by the seashore. But those from the boats attacked them from the rear and a slaughter ensued. The St. Lawrence women were already strangling themselves from mere fright. The others, at the same time, were mincing a large quantity of walrus blubber with their kitchen-knives, (preparing a meal for the victors). It was a great slaughter. Many St. Lawrence women were put on board the boats and brought over here.

Some years passed. The fourth year, the St. Lawrence people went to war. They landed in the night-time and found the people sleeping. So they started to murder them, thrusting their spears from outside under the outer tent-cover, all around the sleeping-room, and stabbing the sleepers. A small orphan child hid himself somewhere near the house, while they were still killing some of the sleepers, and before they had time to go to another house. He awakened all the neighbors. They rushed out. Then those from St. Lawrence Island fled to the open sea. Two men staid behind on the ice-floe.

They lived on the ice-floe. Before the strong winds of autumn begin to blow, they came to steal some meat and so were taken captive. “Oh, we will not kill you.” They, however, struggled on, not heeding these words. The next night, they stole some warm clothes and departed again. They went away together over the sea-ice, they walked along over the newly-frozen sea. The ice was salt and yielded under every step.

Then they came to the shore. A St. Lawrence old man asked them, “Well, what kind of men are the land-people?” — “Oh, they are deucedly good.” — “Oh, Oh,” said the St. Lawrence old man, “Now let the (two) people become friendly to each other.”

Summer came again. “Oh well, now let the people set off.” Then the people of St. Lawrence Island came over here. They brought a quantity of p. 14 wooden vessels, walrus hides, everything they had. They landed and the people became friends. So they distributed their vessels among our people. An old man from this side said, “Indeed, what will you give as return presents?” The visitors were clothed in bird skins. “What kind of skins are these?” — “Reindeer-skins.” — “And what is a reindeer?” Then they showed them the reindeer-muzzles. They examined them. They said, “Oh, thus they are; like the holes in a boat cover, (namely in the walrus-hide cover, all along the border). [The skin of a reindeer-head with its eye-holes and nostrils resembles in a way the walrus-hide covering of the skin-boat, with its holes around the edge. The resemblance lies in the appearance of the holes.] Now then, eat some of the meat!” They cooked fat meat. “Oh, just like blubber!” They ate of it. “Oh, oh, quite exquisite!”

After that they went away. One man was left. He was a shaman, and he was treated just like the former one (i. e. he was bound). When winter came, they set him free. The shaman had a sledge. So he departed in the night-time. He was hauling the sledge loaded with walrus-blubber. He moved on until he felt tired. It was full moon. At that time he was overtaken by another shaman, one from the western country. That shaman also was hauling a sledge. The former heard only a noise above; that western shaman was flying along. On both sides he had long knives, which he used as wings. The other shaman who was hauling the sledge was startled and fled. When he was approached by the other one, just on his arrival, he also fled up with his sledge. Still, the other one was about to overtake him. Before he could catch up with him, (the other one) dived under ground, only the sledge remained there on the ground. Oh, the other one was unable to pursue him, the western shaman.

Then he sat down. “Oh, oh, oh; indeed; indeed! Not without reason was he talked about. Really I am much interested in seeing you.” It seems that shaman was called Ke´mneku. [This passage is not clear. The narrator did not know exactly what each shaman did.] “No shaman from any country whatsoever can vanquish me.” Then Ke´mneku spoke to the ground downward. “Nevertheless you have frightened me. I thought you were a ke´lẹ. Now come here.” He appeared. “Give me your necklace. Let me give you this knife in exchange.” — “No, I do not want to give it to you.” — “Then I shall not be believed. Please, do give it to me.” — “No, I won’t.” — “Then I will give you this big knife. Please, give me your necklace.”

Then they exchanged their (assistant) spirits. And the other one gave him the necklace. He gave him the knife. The western shaman said to the other one, “Now then, move about with the knives.” All at once the other one moved upwards in this manner. Then Ke´mneku said, after they had exchanged even their bodies, “Well, now put on the necklace; go away and fly up, just as I did. You will fly up, then sink down to the ground and plunge in.” The other one flew up. Then, slowly moving he fell down, plunged into the ground, but (when he was in as far as) the middle of his body, he stuck fast. “Oh, I have been unable to do it. Give me your wrist-bands!” — “I will not give them to you.” — “Then I will give you the tassel from my back. It is my tail, my guide in motion.”

Then he consented. The western shaman said to him, after the tassel had been given [then he said to him], “Well now, fly up just as I did.” He [himself] flew up and just went up clattering. The shaman from St. Lawrence Island said to the other one, “Well, now it is your turn.” He gave him the wrist-bands. “You will fly up, then you will fall down again and plunge into the ground.” Then the western shaman flew up. Slowly moving he fell down. Then he plunged into the ground and was submerged as in water. After a while he re-appeared. He said, “Oh, oh, indeed; Ke´mneku is talked about. How is it now? I am unable (to pursue him). Still before this in my own mind I thought I could hardly be pursued by anyone. Oh, oh, truly; Ke´mneku has been talked about. How is it now? You have vanquished me. Oh, let us go away!” Then the western shaman flew up. They were travelling at night. In one night they travelled flying through every land. Ke´mneku said. “I am going away.”

The western shaman came home. He said to his companions, “I saw a shaman from St. Lawrence Island. I was unable to follow him.” — “You lie.” — “Indeed, it is true.” — “Well then, what kind (of a shaman) was he?” He showed the necklace. “This is his necklace.” — “You lie. You have stolen it somewhere.” — “Indeed, no!” — “Well then, what kind (of a shaman) was he?” Then he flew up with easy motion, then fell back to the ground and plunged in, as though it had been water. “Oh, really, you have acquired new shamanistic powers.”

His father said to him, “Well now, let us see, whether he has really acquired new shamanistic powers. Go on, look for Children’s-Death.” He flew away night after night and travelled among all kinds of beings. Nothing. He came back to the house. By his father he was told, “What is the matter with you? You cause delay. Oh, surely he lied (to the people).” He departed again. This time he went underground. Then he came back and said, “I have been unable to do it.” By his father he was told, “Oho, what is the matter with you?” By his son, the western shaman, (the father) was told, “Oh, but I could not find him among any kind of beings.”

After that he went to the Being-of-Darkness. Then at last he saw a man; a mere mouth. This was Children’s-Death. By the Darkness he was questioned, “What do you want?” — “By my father I have been sent. I was told, ‘Go and look for Children’s-Death.'” — “Oh, oh, and for what purpose?” — “Only to show him to the people.” — “Well, surely, he is in my neighbor’s house.” He went there. There was an old man who dwelled in those regions, a mere mouth, smeared all around with dried blood. The shaman entered. “Oh, at last I see you.” The other one questioned him. (He replied,) “By my father you are bidden to come.” — “And for what purpose?” — “He said thus, ‘I want to see the old woman yonder.'” [At first Children’s-Death is called a man, now a woman.] She refused to go. “For what purpose?” — “They only want to see you. My father said, ‘Go and look for Children’s-Death.'” — “Oh, but I refuse.” — “Please come! It seems they will not believe me.”

Then she consented . She said to him, “Sit down on my body.” Then she flew up with him. A great noise spread around. It was very loud. And the whole world clattered and resounded. His father said, “Oh, what is the matter again? The world is full of noise. It appears that really he has acquired new shamanistic powers.” In coming he let her plunge underground, and after that appear in the outer tent. “What luck?” — “It seems that this time I brought Children’s-Death.” — “Now bring her here. I want to see her.” She was as large as a tree. Still she decreased in size very quickly; and he put her on the palm of his hand before he showed her to them, so small had she come to be. Before she dwindled away, he spat on her, and she grew again. Then, on becoming thus, she decreased again in size. He made her plunge underground, then he made her appear. Then he took her in the other hand, and she became as large as before.

“Oh, that is you! You are the source of sorrow among every kind of beings, to those that have children. To whomsoever a child is born, it dies suddenly, and you are the cause of it. You are Children’s-Death. Now we will bind you.” They tied her with thongs, but she broke them all. Then they tied her with a grass-blade. She was struggling the whole night, but the grass-blade proved to be tough, (it could) not be broken by her. The whole night through there was clamor and weeping. Then they said to her, “Will you do evil the same as before?” — “Oh, no! not now; not from now on. I will cease doing so.” — “Oh, but it seems to us, you will do evil again. You are bad, you are the source of trouble. You kill new-born children.” — “Oh, no! I have been made to obey by the angry ones (evil-minded conjurers). From now on, I shall not obey them. I repent having done so (heretofore). Oh, indeed! Set me free.” — “But it seems you will do evil again. Well, we will set you free.” — “From now on, I will turn to the Life-Giving-Being. Now the new-born child shall grow up, it shall die only in its old age.” Then they set her free.

She departed. Darkness asked her, “Well, how were you treated by the human beings?” — “Oh, I have been cruelly treated by them. Now I repent. Whatsoever I may be ordered to do by the angry ones, from now on I shall not obey them.” Darkness said, “That is your way. Though you say now, ‘I shall not obey the angry ones,’ still you lie. It seems, when you will be hungry again, you will comply again with their requests.” Nevertheless, when the angry ones spoke again, she paid no attention to them. Oh, but are the children dying only owing to the angry ones?

Again the (shaman’s) father sent him, “Go and look for Death, by whom people are killed.” Then again he sought among all kinds of beings, but could not find him. “What luck?” — “Oh, nothing.” — “Oho, I thought you were a shaman!” He departed again, this time underground. Again he could not find Death, and came back. “What luck?” — “Oh, I could not find him.” — “Oh, but what is the matter with you?” That was a wonderful father. Then he travelled along the crevices in the ground, and saw Iu´metun. [Iu´metun is a spirit of nightmare, living in the open country and hiding in the crevices of the ground. He is much dreaded by the Chukchee.] Iu´metun was black like coal, and had only three fingers on each hand. “Oh, that is you. You are the source of death.” Iu´metun said, “What do you want?” — “I have come to visit you.” — “Oh, now you are meddling again with my affairs. No live being has ever been able to see me, and now you have seen me. I was not, however, to be seen by anybody.” — “My father bids you come.” — “Where to and for what purpose?” — “They only want to see you.” They departed. “What luck?” — “Yes, now I have brought him.” — “Well, bring him here.”

Then he showed him to them. He was no larger than a reindeer-fly. “Ah, here you are! You are Iu´metun. You kill everybody without illness. We say, ‘How wonderful, what has killed him?’ And it is you.” — “No, I am not the one.” — “Indeed, you are the one. If you are not the one, then, indeed, I cannot become black. But if you are really Iu´metun, I shall become black from you.” — “No, truly, I am not the one. Set me free.” Indeed, he renounced his own body. “Now we will bind you.” Meanwhile he was induced to touch the man’s skin. All at once the place where he had been touched reddened, and then became black. “What now, then? Indeed, you are Iu´metun.” — “Oh, truly I am not he.” — “Yes, you are. You are evil, you are a source of trouble. Why do you meddle with the affairs of man?” — “Oh, the Ground-Beings (evil spirits) tell me to do so.”

“Also, when a man is alone in the open country, you meddle with him. Oh, we will tie you up.” — “Oh, set me free! From now on treat the clefts of the ground with offerings. And when a shaman accuses me as the cause of suffering of a man, that shaman shall be able to cure him. Every source of illness of man shall be seen by the shamans, and even by merely breathing on the skin, they shall set (the sick) right. Also when a ransom is paid to the spirits, a single bead shall be used by the shaman as a sufficient payment. But when in a serious illness a reindeer is presented as ransom, let it be a buck, well broken, because if it struggles, it is not good for the suffering body. Also by incantations suffering shall be alleviated.” Then the old man said to him, “You lie.” — “No, I do not. I was not a murderer of my own free will; the Ground-Beings told me so. Set me free. Now, even when an orphan-child wanders alone in the open country, I shall not meddle with him. Indeed, also an orphan-child shall be able to sleep safely in the open country.” — “But surely, you deceive us.” — “No, indeed! Set me free. Now I shall turn to the Merciful-Being, and I will help every orphan-child. I have been induced to do wrong by the Ground-Beings. From now on, let the Ground-Beings be placated by offerings. Let a dog be killed, let it be stabbed (with an iron knife). Also let blood be sprinkled on the ground. Sausages let also be [stabbed] offered. The Sea-Beings also must be made friendly, When the people are unable to find game, something small may be used, a small root of Polygonum viviparum. It must be thrown into the sea. Then sea-game shall appear again, and all kinds of sea-game shall be taken. Also a man who has trouble with his young children may call as a shaman a little old beggar-woman. [Among the Pacific Chukchee, čata´m-yêɛ´čhịn means “beggar-woman,” though both words signify “moon.” Some tale must underlie this term, but I have been unable to secure it.] Then the child’s clothes must be pinned in some unusual manner. Let them be quite friendly to the conjurer. And when the conjurer comes, let them give her some small presents. She may take home some sausage. A part of it has to be thrown to the Incantation-Beings. Then the child shall cease to suffer. Oh, set me free! They set him free. Unfortunately he proved a liar.

The end.


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The Old Man of the Volcano

An Aleut man abandons his family for another woman, prompting his wife to transform into an eagle and kill him. Their son, aided by magical gifts, braves a perilous river journey and encounters supernatural foes, including a fiery volcano spirit. Through wit and resilience, he survives, ends the threats, and marries a village chief’s daughter, securing peace for his people.

Source
Eskimo and Aleut Stories from Alaska
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 22, No. 83, Jan. – Mar., 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist’s mother transforms into an eagle to confront her unfaithful husband.

Quest: The son embarks on a perilous journey upriver, facing various supernatural challenges.

Supernatural Beings: Encounters with entities like the fiery volcano spirit and other mystical adversaries.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Told as a Nushigak story by a native of Karluk

On the eastern side of a river was situated a populous village; on the western bank there was but one barabara in which lived an old couple with their son. The old people were feeble, and did not think they had long to live; they therefore asked their son to go over to the village and get married. He did as he was bidden, crossed over, married, and came back with a wife. Not long after this event the father and mother died, leaving the young couple alone. At the end of the first year of the marriage a daughter was born, who, after being bathed two or three times, began to talk. Another year passed, and a little boy came to the family. As the children grew up the father became very fond of them, particularly of the boy, who very often went down to the beach to meet him as he returned from his work.

► Continue reading…

For in order to provide for his little family, the father went out daily in his boat to hunt for sea animals and birds, and always came back well loaded.

But one day the man came home with little game and looking very sad. His wife asked the cause of his unhappiness, and he answered roughly that seals were scarce. From that day on, the poor woman could not depend with any regularity on his home-coming. Sometimes he would not put in an appearance until late in the night, and frequently he stayed away two or three days together. He brought so little game that the family had barely enough to live on. When at home, he was dejected and could hardly be made to talk. His wife’s questions were generally cut short by brutal answers.

Things kept going from bad to worse, and the climax was reached when the man disappeared altogether. Days and weeks passed without bringing any tidings of his whereabouts. In looking over a basket filled with various objects, the woman came across the head and claws of an eagle which had been given her when she was a girl. These she shook and worked on until she made a large eagle’s skin, which she put on herself and flew away to find her husband, who, she feared, was starving or lying ill somewhere. She flew a long time, and came to the outskirts of a large village, alighting near a barabara alongside of which bubbled a spring to which the women came for water. From where she was, the eagle could see a bidarka with her husband in it coming towards the shore. At the same time her attention was drawn to a young woman running to the spring to fetch some water, and, after leaving it in the hut, hurrying down to the beach to greet her faithless husband. Following her rival, the eagle swooped down on the man, and, snatching him in her claws, flew with him into the clouds, from whence she dropped him into the sea.

From this tragedy the eagle flew home to her children, whom she found safe. To the boy she gave a feather and a pebble to eat, which he did. Up to this time all those who had gone up the river failed to return, no one knowing just what had become of them. The boy, when he grew up, told his mother that he had made up his mind to go upstream. She tried in vain to dissuade him from his enterprise by pointing out the dangers and citing cases of strong and brave hunters who had lost their lives in the undertaking. Seeing that he was determined, she yielded, and gave him to take with him a needle and this advice: “If you are in trouble, think of the feather; should no help come from that, remember the pebble; and if very hard pressed, make use of the needle.” The next morning he got into his boat and paddled upstream until he came to a cave into which the tide was setting with such force that he was unable to keep out of it. In the cave he felt a current of warm air and saw a smooth beach, on which he pulled up his bidarka. Pretty soon afterwards he became aware of some one approaching, and great was the boy’s fright when he saw near him a large old man breathing fire. There was, however, no harm done him, except that the old man asked him to follow. They marched into the interior, passing through dark and hot places, gradually ascending to lighter and cooler atmosphere, until they stood on the summit of a mountain whose sides sheered straight down into the sea. “If you wish to live with me,” said the old man, “you must jump off this bluff;” and with this he gave him a push, and the boy felt himself going down, down. He thought of his mother’s advice about the feather, and by doing so became a feather and was carried by the wind back to the top of the mountain. There he resumed his human shape, and went back to his boat and proceeded in his ascent of the river, coming to a bay partly inclosed by steep black walls. In the distance, at the head of the bay, a barabara was visible, and thither the boy pulled and landed. He went in and found a very stout old woman and a young girl, who began to weep when she saw him.

“Why do you weep?” said the old woman. “Who is dead or drowning at sea?” — “I am not drowned. I died neither on land nor on sea,” answered the boy. “If you are alive, come in; but if dead, stay out.” — “I am alive,” he replied, and went in.

When a few questions had been asked and answered, the old woman proposed that the young couple should marry, which was done. The young wife did not love her husband, and begged the old woman to have him killed for fresh meat, but the latter put her off by saying that he was not fat enough. At last the old woman consented to have him killed, and for this purpose told him to go to the top of the hill, to the home of her brother, and there take a bath. He suspected treachery, and was on the lookout.

At the top of the hill a stout old man waited for him to take him to the bath-house, and urged him to hurry with his bathing, for he had a hot roasted codfish waiting for him. When the boy went in, the old man closed up all openings and poured hot oil on the heated rocks in order to smother him; but the boy changed himself into a pebble, and remained so until the door was opened and fresh air blew in. On seeing him come out unharmed, the old man exclaimed, “Ah, you are different from the others!” After having eaten his roasted fish, the old man proposed to the young one to take a run along the edge of the cliffs. This proposition was accepted on condition that the old man take the lead. They started off; and when they reached a steep and dangerous place, the boy shoved his companion off, and he disappeared out of sight. From here he returned home, where he found his wife sitting near the fire and the old woman soundly asleep. His wife he called outside and shot her with the needle his mother gave him, and then he shot the old woman with the same weapon.

Having had enough adventure, he started down the stream to where his mother was; and to her and others he related all that had happened to him. The chief of the village was so delighted that he gave him his daughter in marriage. After that time no harm came to those who went upstream; but they must not approach the cave at flood-tide, for they will be drawn in.

Each volcano has a master. He breathes fire, and he it was who met the boy in the cave. This old man of the volcano does not like rivals, and kills all who come in his way.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The white-faced bear

An Aleut hunter’s relentless pursuit of bears defies warnings, leading him to confront a fearsome white-faced bear with human origins, cursed by a shaman. Though spared initially, the hunter breaks his promise, joining a hunt against the bear. Recognized despite his disguise, the bear enacts a brutal revenge, destroying the hunter, his allies, and the shaman, before returning to solitude.

Source
A Kadiak Island Story
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 20, No. 79, Oct. – Dec., 1907


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The transformed bear seeks vengeance against those who wronged him, as well as against a hunter who breaks his promise, illustrating the pursuit of retribution and the restoration of personal justice.

Tragic Flaw: The hunter’s hubris and relentless pursuit of bears, despite warnings, lead to his downfall, demonstrating how personal weaknesses can result in tragedy.

Supernatural Beings: The involvement of a shaman and the transformation of a human into a bear introduce elements of the supernatural, emphasizing interactions with mystical forces.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


In a village there lived a mighty bear-hunter. For three years he had been constantly hunting and had killed so many bears that his friend tried to persuade him to stop, fearing he would get himself into trouble. For, said his friend, if he persisted in hunting one more year he would come across a very large bear who might kill him. The hunter, however, made light of this advice and said that he would attack every bear he came across. A few days later he went out hunting and saw a bear with two cubs. He decided that this could not be the bear of which his friend had spoken and he attacked the mother and, after some difficulty, killed her. The little ones in the mean time ran away.

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On the hunter’s return home, his friend questioned him of the doings of the day, and when told of the adventure, attempted once more to get him to give up hunting, but without success.

Not many days later, while on the way to the hunting-ground, he met a stranger who, in the course of conversation, told him that near his village there were a great many bears. “Many of them,” continued the stranger, “did our hunters kill, but there is one who is invincible, and who has taken the life of many of our men. Each time that he kills a man he tears him, and examines him carefully, as if in search for some marks on the body. He is unlike other bears, in that his head and feet are white.” Here they parted. The stranger continued his way, while the hunter proceeded to the hunting-ground. On his way he stopped near a fish creek, hoping to find game there. He waited all night without seeing any, and in the morning went on farther. First he walked up a high hill, then down until he came to a small bluff. Below was a level tundra on which many bears were to be seen. Not judging it wise to attack so many at once, he concluded to wait until they separated. Among the number he noticed one whose head and feet were white. The words of the stranger then came back to him, and he decided that this must be the dreadful bear of which he had spoken; and so he (the hunter) made up his mind to keep an eye on him, and kill him the first favorable opportunity that offered itself.

The history of the white-faced bear is as follows. At one time he was a human being and a very successful bear-hunter. In fact, too successful for his own good; for he aroused the envy of his friends, who plotted to kill him. They went to a shaman (medicine-man) who lived in the woods and begged him to transform the man into a beast. He advised them to kill the bear and secure the skin up to the joints. This was to be tanned and placed under his pillow, and when he had slept on it he would become a bear. After the skin had been prepared, the shaman with some of the hunters started for the man’s hut, The skin was put under his pillow, then all hid to see the result. In due time he came and went to sleep, but on awaking found himself a bear. The shaman told his companions that the only way to distinguish him from his companions would be by his head and feet, which were white.

Towards evening all the bears that had been on the tundra began to separate except the white-faced bear. He was about the last to move, and, when he did get up, he shook himself three times and acted in every way as if he were deeply enraged. His next move was towards the bluff, where the hunter sat perfectly quiet, hoping he would not be noticed. But the bear approached him, and when face to face asked: — “What are you doing here?”

“I came out to hunt.”

“Is it not enough that you have killed all my family, and just recently you have killed my wife, that you now come to take my life? Had you injured my children the other day, I would now tear you to pieces. I will, however, spare your life this time on the promise that you will hunt bears no more. All the bears you saw to-day are the children of my brothers. Should I ever run across you hunting, I wall tear you to pieces.”

Too glad to get off so easily, the hunter started straight for home, not even hunting on the way. His friend met him and inquired what luck he had, especially, whether he had come across a white-faced bear. When he had replied in the affirmative, the friend cautioned him against attacking. For a whole week the hunter remained at home, and then decided to go again, and begged his friend to go with him, but the latter refused on the plea that he was no bear-hunter and would not know what to do. Six others were, however, persuaded to go along. During two days they hunted at various places without finding anything to kill. On the third day the hunter conducted them to the creek where he had been before, and there they passed the night. In the morning he led them to the bluff, from where many bears were to be seen — but the white-faced bear was not noticeable among them. Thus encouraged the hunter told his companions to follow him. As they advanced one of the men exclaimed,” Look at that strange-looking beast. His face and paws are white.” When the hunter caught sight of him, he ordered his fellows to go back as quietly and as swiftly as they could, as that particular bear had a bad reputation. They went around another mountain where more bears were seen. Here they attacked and killed seven, one for each.

Loaded with their spoil they started homeward. They had advanced but a short distance when they heard a noise behind them, and, on looking around, saw the white-faced bear hurrying after them. As he came closer the hunter aimed, and as he was on the point of shooting his bowstring broke. The others shot, but without producing any effect.

“Why do you shoot at me?” said the bear to the friends of the hunter;

“I never harmed you. This man (pointing to the hunter) has killed my wife and nearly all my family. I warned him that, if I ever found him hunting, I would tear him, and this I shall now do. You may go. I will not harm you.”

Glad to be left alive, the six men hurried away as fast as they could, while the bear turned to the hunter and said: — “You have killed all my family, and I had you in my power and I let you off on the promise that you would never hunt bear any more, and here you are back again. This time I will do to you as you did to mine.”

The man pleaded to be allowed to live one night more, so that he could go home. At first the bear refused, but he finally consented, even to spare his life altogether, if he would tell him who transformed him into a beast. To this the hunter agreed, and it was arranged that on the following evening the two should meet at a certain place and proceed together to the home of the shaman.

On reaching home, the hunter found his six companions there talking excitedly of the day’s events. They were not a little surprised to see him. He told them that he was going back tomorrow, and asked their company. They positively refused, and even attempted to dissuade him from the undertaking; but he kept his word and met the bear at the fish creek as had been previously planned. The two walked a long time until they reached a village in the midst of a forest. A light shone from every barrabara except one, the home of the shaman.

“This is the place,” said the man.

“I will remain here,” ordered the bear, “and you go in and tell him that there is a man outside wishing to speak to him.”

The man set about carrying out the order, but found the skin-door tied; and therefore reported to the bear that the shaman was out. The bear contradicted his statement and sent him back again with instructions to cut the door and walk in. He did so; and on entering heard some one say: “Who is that that dares come in here?”

“It is I,” said the hunter.

“What do you wish?”

“There is a man outside who wishes to speak to you.”

If the shaman had not been sleepy he would have suspected something wrong and would not have gone out, but under the circumstances his mind was not very clear, and he fell into the trap. When the two men came near the bear the old man was very much frightened and was about to withdraw, had not the bear blocked his way, and said: “For a number of years you have tortured me and made my life a burden by keeping me in this condition. I now demand that you give me back my human form immediately, otherwise I shall tear you to pieces.” The shaman promised to do as he was asked if he would follow him into his hut. Before going in the bear told the hunter to meet him in that neighborhood the next day. All night the shaman worked hard with the bear, and by morning succeeded in getting the skin off, so that in place of the bear a human being appeared. The shaman asked for the bear’s skin, which the man gave him, except that of the face and paws, which he cut off and kept. In taking leave, the man-bear told him never to transform any one again for, if he did he would surely come back and kill him.

As agreed upon, the bear-man met the hunter and cautioned him against going out to hunt bear. Among other things he said: “You may hear of people gathering together to hunt and kill me, for I may become a bear once more; but join not with them. If I find you in their company, I shall kill you.”

With this understanding they parted; and for the three or four weeks following the hunter remained at home, apparently intending to keep his promise. But one day he met two young men from a far-off village who had come to beg assistance. They said that about their village there were a great many bears, of whom many had been killed by the hunters. But there was one bear, whose head and feet were white, whom the hunters could not destroy, although all the hunters of the village had attacked him at once. Realizing their helplessness, it was decided to ask aid from the other villages. This bit of news excited the hunter very much. He knew at once who the bear in question was, and was therefore eager to hunt him; yet at the same time fear restrained him from any hasty action. He finally hit on the plan of changing his clothes and painting his face so that his former foe would not know him. In this disguise he arrived at the village, where he saw a great many hunters making ready for the grand hunt. Some were making new bows and arrows, others were repairing the old ones, and all were excitedly talking about the bear. The morning after his coming a large crowd of men, including the hunter, set out on the trail of the bear, whom they found without much difficulty. On seeing them approach, the bear raised himself, then shook himself, his hair stood up straight, giving the impression of great anger. This whole performance he repeated a second time, frightening very much the hunters, who said, “We are all in great danger and cannot escape; but must stay here and fight.”

These actions over, the bear made a jump, stopping before the hunter, whom he accused of perfidy and ungratefulness, tore him in pieces, pawed out a hole and covered him up. The others were terrified more than ever on hearing the bear talk, and at the same time were too excited to do anything. Before they could collect themselves he turned on them, accusing them of attacking him without cause, and proceeded to revenge himself. He chased them back to the village, tearing them up as he went along, not resting until he had them all, including the old shaman. This done he turned back to the woods and fields to rest undisturbed.


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The Grouse-Girl

Two men, an old lame man and a young handsome one, live in isolation, hunting daily. A persistent grouse transforms into a beautiful woman, becoming the old man’s wife after being rejected by the younger. Consumed by jealousy, the younger man kills his partner but is scorned by the woman, who reclaims her grouse form and abandons him to loneliness.

Source
Tales from Kodiak Island
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 16, No. 61, Apr. – Jun., 1903


► Themes of the story

Love and Betrayal: The younger man’s jealousy leads him to betray and murder his partner, underscoring the destructive power of envy.

Supernatural Beings: The woman’s ability to shift between grouse and human form introduces elements of the supernatural.

Tragic Flaw: The younger man’s envy and impulsiveness result in his ultimate isolation and despair.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


These tales were obtained by the author at Unga Island, Alaska, during a three years’ residence. They were told in the Russian language by Mrs. Reed, Nicoli Medvednikoff, Corneil Panamaroff, all natives of the island of Kodiak where they had heard them, and translated some literally, others more freely. The natives of Kodiak speak Russian almost as freely as they do their mother tongue. They call themselves “Aleuts,” and wherever that word is used, it refers to them, and not to the real Aleuts to the west. The author has but lately returned from Alaska.

Two men, the older lame and unattractive, the younger sound and handsome, lived by themselves in a barrabara, far from other human beings. When they arose in the morning, they drank some oil — to keep hunger away the rest of the day — and then went out hunting; one to the hills, and the other to the beach. In the evening one returned with seal meat, while his partner brought bear meat. Many years they lived in this manner without seeing or even knowing that other people existed.

After the usual breakfast one morning, the older man went to the beach to hunt, and the younger man to the hills, and in the evening both returned loaded with seal and bear meat respectively. By rubbing together two sticks of wood, they soon had a fire over which they cooked some meat, and, after eating, put on their parkas and sat outside on the barrabara, with their faces toward the sea. While sitting there, a grouse appeared and lit on the barrabara, near the younger man, and commenced pecking. “Why does the grouse come here?” the man asked, and pushed her away. She flew up, but returned a moment later to the place occupied before. Seeing her there again, the handsome fellow said to the other one: “What is the matter with the bird? Her home is on the hills, and yet she is bothering here.”

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He drove her off, but she, not discouraged, came back to him.

“What does she want?” he exclaimed impatiently, and forced her away rather roughly.

When she descended the fourth time, it was by the side of the lame man who took her in his hand, began stroking her, and finally decided to keep her as his pet. Before retiring, the lame man made a nest for the bird near him, and then all turned in for the night.

The next morning the men went hunting as usual. As they approached the barrabara in the evening, they were greatly surprised to see smoke coming out of it, and on entering to find it clean, a warm supper waiting for them, and a pair of new torbarsar (shoes made of sealskin) garters hanging over the lame man’s bed. “Somebody has been here today,” said the younger man; and although they looked outside and inside, they found no one. The grouse was on her nest, her head hidden under her drooping wings, and looked altogether tired. Perceiving her condition, the lame man remarked: “The bird has had nothing to eat or drink the whole day; she must be both hungry and thirsty.”

This little excitement did not prevent them from enjoying their supper, nor did it disturb their sound sleep during the night; and the next morning they proceeded with their daily occupation. As the evening before, they found their home in order, the meat cooked, and a pair of new torbarsars hanging where the garters hung the day previous. The grouse was on her nest, her head under the drooping wings, but no one else was to be found, although they searched a long time. After eating their supper, the older man fed and played with the grouse, and then they all went to sleep.

On account of the stormy weather, the several days following the men remained at home. During that time the bird tried once more to gain the good grace of the handsome man, but he treated her roughly, and would not let her come near him, and she avoided him after this. The first favorable day the two men went in different directions to hunt. As soon as the younger man was out of sight, the lame man squatted down, saying: “I will watch to-day and see who cleans and cooks for us, and makes torbarsars for me.” Slowly and cautiously he crawled back quite close to the barrabara, and waited. The morning passed without giving him a clue, but towards evening he saw smoke coming out of the smoke hole. He crept still closer, and heard footsteps within. While he lay there, guessing who it might be, a young and beautiful girl stepped out. Her face was white, hair and eyebrows black, the parka was of white grouse feathers, and the leggings of the fur seal torbarsars were white with various trimmings. He gazed at her, and when she went in, he followed her, watched her a moment at her work, and then seized her.

“Ai-Ai-Y-a-h!” she exclaimed. “You scared me. Let me go.” Instead he drew her fondly to him, and when he did so, her face reddened with blushes.

“I will not let you go,” he said; but when he noticed a grouse skin on the nest, he freed her, and although she begged to have the skin back, he took it outside, and hid it.

The handsome man was both scared and amazed, but he asked no questions. Since it was customary for a newly married man to stay at home with his wife for a certain time, it was a long time before the old man went out hunting again. When he did so, he always returned before his partner, and generally found a pair of torbarsars or some other present waiting for him; but the younger man found nothing.

Though the younger man asked no questions, and knew not who the girl was and where she came from, he did a great deal of thinking. It puzzled him to know why the girl preferred a lame, old man to him a young, handsome man. She did not like him, he knew, for she never made anything for him, while the lame man had presents forced on him. He finally decided to take matters in his own hands, and make the girl his wife. One night, when the married couple were asleep, he arose and killed the lame man. Going back to his bed, he called to the girl to leave her dead husband, and be his wife. This she refused to do. “You cannot go away from here,” he said; “you will have to be my wife.”

“I will never be your wife,” she answered; and getting up, she searched for the grouse skin among her husband’s things, and found it in his tool bag. This she hid under her parka. When he called her again, saying, “Come, you are my wife,” she replied: “I came here to be your wife, but you did not take me. Three times I came to you, and three times you chased me away. The last time you hurt me. I will not be your wife now.” While speaking, she pulled out the grouse skin, shook it three times, and, when she had finished, pulled it on herself, and flew out through the smoke hole, leaving the young, sound, and handsome man wifeless and partnerless.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page