The Snow Man

An Indian hunter endures a thawing winter’s slush and angrily blames the North Man. He meets the supernatural Snow Man, then spends spring and summer storing wood and animal grease. When the next winter’s cold arrives, he relies on his provisions and outlasts the Snow Man, who concedes defeat and restores balanced winters thereafter. The tale explains why winters aren’t extreme.

Source: 
Some Naskapi Myths 
from Little Whale River 
by Frank G. Speck 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.28, No.107, pp. 70-77
January-March, 1915


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The story explains why winters become balanced rather than too extreme.

Supernatural Beings: The Snow Man is a mystical figure who directly interacts with the hunter.

Conflict with Nature: The hunter struggles against harsh, unpredictable winter conditions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


An Indian was travelling in the winter-time; and the snow was soft and slushy, as the weather had grown warm. He was wading through the slush on his journey. The walking was so bad that he grew angrier as he proceeded. At last he came to a lake, and found that it was covered with water on the ice, and he had to wade through it. As he got wetter, he grew still angrier; and he exclaimed at last, “Why does the North Man do this? Why doesn’t he send good winter weather?”

At last he came to a portage at the other end of the lake. As he started on the portage, he saw a man all in white standing before him. At first he did not know who it could be; but as he came closer, he discovered that it was a Snow Man.

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He had been feeling very angry as he came along, and the Snow Man saw how cross he looked. When the hunter came close, the Snow Man said, “What is the matter?” Then the hunter replied, “Such terrible slush and melting weather! The North Man is no good.” Then the Snow Man said, “I can’t do anything for you now; but some time I will try to help you.” — “All right,” said the hunter. The Snow Man disappeared, and the hunter went on with his journey.

The spring came, and warm weather. The lake melted and broke up. Then the hunter thought to himself, “I wonder what the Snow Man meant when he said he would help me!” He began to hunt, and saved the grease from the animals he killed, and put it all in bladders. He made a big camp and cut lots of wood, and kept piling up wood and storing grease all summer and fall, for he thought the Snow Man had meant something serious by what he had said.

When fall was over, the weather began to grow cold, and the snow season commenced. It snowed and snowed, and drifted in great masses around his camp and over the wigwam. So the winter went on colder and colder, until one day the Snow Man came to the camp. He found the hunter sitting by his fire. “How do you find the weather now?” said the Snow Man. “All right,” replied the hunter. The Snow Man staid, and the cold increased and the snow drifted higher. The hunter kept putting wood on the fire, and pouring grease on it, to make it burn stronger. By and by the Snow Man again asked the hunter, “How do you like the weather now?” — “All right,” answered the hunter, as before. He had really had enough cold weather, but he would not give in. He stood the cold well, because he had plenty of provisions, wood, and grease. He used these and piled wood on his fire, making the wigwam hotter and hotter.

At last the Snow Man could stand it no longer, for he was commencing to melt. Soon he had to go away. But before he went, he told the hunter, “You are a stronger man than I am. You have conquered me, and now I will leave.” After that he departed, and the cold began to moderate. The winter continued not so cold, but just as it should be, — not too cold nor too warm. It was a good winter, and since then the winters have not been so extreme.


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Fate of two Indian men

Two hunters endured a fruitless fall and winter hunt and, guided by a dream of porcupines, secured meat but later abandoned a bear’s carcass after sampling its fat. Wolves devoured it while they were away, provoking regret. On their final journey back, desperate for water, their lips froze to the creek’s ice, and they perished in the cold, their tale a cautionary lesson in prudence.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Conflict with Nature: They struggle against the elements, hunger, wild animals, and the deadly cold throughout their expedition.

Trials and Tribulations: The men face a succession of hardships—failed hunts, near‐freezing, wolves stealing meat, and icy mishaps.

Dreams and Visions: A prophetic dream of porcupines directly leads them to their first source of sustenance.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


Two Indian men who had gone off for the fall and winter’s hunt were living by themselves. They were very unsuccessful in procuring furs and food, so that when the depths of winter had approached and the cold was intense they resolved to seek the camp of their friends. They were provided with nothing but bows and arrows. The next morning they started off and tramped all day without seeing a living thing. They made their camp and lamented they had no food.

They finally prepared to sleep, when one of them remarked to the other, “Tonight I shall dream of porcupines.” They slept, and in the morning the one related that he had seen a lot of porcupines around the tent while he was dreaming.

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They determined to proceed, but the one finally thought if they would stop there for the day and succeeding night they would have all the porcupine meat they would want. They remained there that day, and in the middle of the night they were aroused by a noise which proved to be porcupines gnawing the bark from the tent poles. The one man said, “Slip out and kill some with a stick;” but added, “Go out in your bare feet.” He went out barefooted and killed two or three, and dashed back into the tent with his feet nearly frozen. He stuck his feet into the hot ashes and told the other man to bring in the animals. The other man did so, and began to prepare the flesh for cooking. They ate one of the porcupines, and by daylight were ready to begin their journey. They went idly along, shooting their arrows in sport at anything they could see. They continued this amusement until near sunset, when one exclaimed, “My arrow has struck something; see, it is moving.” The other replied, “What can it be, when it is sticking only in the snow?” The other said he would try and find out what it was. He cautiously examined, and found when he began to dig it out that the arrow had entered the den of a bear. So they scratched away the snow and soon saw a long, black hair sticking out of the hole. He jumped back and. exclaimed, “It is some sort of animal with black hair.” The other replied, “Let us try and get it out. It may be good to eat.” They finally drove the bear out and soon killed it. They began to skin it, which was soon done. One of the men then said, “It is too big and ugly to eat; let us leave it.” The other, however, cut off a large piece of fat and put it on the sled. They then prepared their camp, and when morning came they started off and traveled all day. When night came they made their camp and soon had a huge fire burning. One of the men hung the piece of fat over the fire and the oil soon dripped into the fire. It created such a nice smell that one of them said, “Let us taste the fat; it may be good to eat.” They tasted it and found it so good that they rated each other soundly for being so foolish as to leave such nice flesh so far behind them. They resolved to return for it. So they returned for the carcass of the bear, which was far behind them, and as it had tasted so good they determined to lose no time in starting. They went immediately, although it was now dark and very cold. They came to the place where it had been left and discovered that the wolves and foxes had eaten all the meat, leaving nothing but the bones. They were very angry, and began to lay the blame each on the other for having left it. They regretted they had left such meat for wolves and foxes. They determined to proceed to where they had camped the third time. On the way they became very thirsty, and, stopping at a creek to drink, they drank so long that their lips froze to the ice of the water hole, and they miserably perished by freezing.


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Story of the wolverene

A cunning wolverene lures waterfowl ashore with the promise of honeycomb, then decapitates and cooks them after tricking them into dancing blindfolded. A lone loon escapes and warns the wildlife, while a whiskey-jack betrays the wolverene to local hunters, who devour the cooked birds. The wolverene awakens to find only bones and curses the jay for its impudence, reflecting on greed and deception.

Source: 
Ethnology of the Ungava District, 
Hudson Bay Territory 
by Lucien M. Turner 
Smithsonian Institution 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Annual Report 11, 1889-1890 
Washington, 1894


► Themes of the story


Trickster: The wolverene deceives the birds into dancing blindfolded, then murders them, showcasing classic trickster behavior.

Moral Lessons: The tale warns against gullibility and greed, teaching that deceit brings dire consequences.

Conflict with Nature: The predator-prey dynamic between the wolverene and the waterfowl highlights the harsh realities of nature.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Naskapi people


A wolverene was running along the seashore and perceived a number of geese, brant, ducks, and loons sitting in the water a short distance off. The wolverene addressing them said, “Come here, brothers. I have found a pretty bees’ nest. I will give it to you if you will come on shore and have a dance.” All the birds went on land. The wolverene said, “Let us have a dance and I will sing. Shut your eyes and do not open them until we are done dancing. He began to sing, “A-ho’umu-hou-mu’-mu’-hum’.” The last word was so often repeated (accompanied with the act of the wolverene snipping off the heads of the birds) that the loon opened one eye and saw the headless ducks kicking. The loon ran to the water and exclaimed, “Our brother has killed us!”

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The wolverene ran after the loon but the loon dived under the water and came up a distance off and cried out, “A ho ho ho ho ho ho!” The wolverene screamed, “Hold your tongue, yon red-eyed fowl.” The wolverene returned to where the ducks had been killed; plucked their feathers off and cleaned them; put them into a large kettle and boiled them.

While attending to the cooking he saw a whisky-jack (Us’ ka teon) (Perisoreus canadensis) flying about. The wolverene took a firebrand and threw it at the bird, exclaiming, “You will be telling on me, you long-tongued bird!” The jay flew away and told the Indians that “Our brother (wolverene) has killed a lot of ducks and has them cooked,” adding, “I think he is sleeping. I’ll show you where he is if you will come.” The Indians replied, “We will go, for we are very hungry.” They went and found the wolverene asleep alongside the pot. The Indians ate all of the meat of the ducks. After they had finished the meat they put the bones back into the kettle and went away. The wolverene awakened after a time, took his dish and said to himself, “Now, I shall have my dinner.” He poured all the broth into his dish and found nothing but the bones remaining. In his surprise he said, “Surely, I have been sleeping a long time; the meat is all boiled away.” The jay told him that he had told the Indians. The wolverene said, “Why did you tell? you stupid bird; I was keeping a nice piece of fat for you. [The jay is well known to be particularly fond of fat of any kind, hence the tempting morsel withheld was a source for future reflection.] You will not, now, get it for your impudence.”


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The birth of Lake Mistassini

On a hunting expedition, two brothers split. At a secret pool one encounters a giant mother otter and her multi-colored pups. He runs to tell his brother, who returns eagerly to join him; when they fire, the waters boil, flood the land, and chase the brothers relentlessly. Fleeing to high rocks at Mistassini post, one is devoured, the deluge ceases, and the lake forms.

Source: 
Folk-Lore of the Cree Indians 
by Fred Swindlehurst 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.18, No.69, pp. 139-143
April-June, 1905


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The tale explains the creation of the lake at Mistassini through the flood caused by the otter’s wrath.

Conflict with Nature: The brothers’ attempt to hunt the otter provokes a catastrophic flood, pitting humans against the forces of nature.

Mythical Creatures: The enormous mother otter and her vividly hued pups are legendary beasts central to the story.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


Two brothers went out on a hunting excursion. They separated at a certain point, and each took a different route. One of them came to a small pool and saw in the water an enormous otter. He was just about to kill it when several young otters emerged from the pool. He noticed that they were of different colors, some red, some blue, and some green. Amazed at the unusual sight, he ran to inform his brother of the strange occurrence. The brother wished to go back and shoot the animals, so they started off together. As soon as the old otter made her appearance, one of the brothers fired. It dived, and immediately the water of the pool began to boil and foam and flood the surrounding land. The brothers ran in opposite directions and the water followed them. At last one of them was brought to a halt at some high rocks near the post of Mistassini, and the old otter devoured him. The waters then ceased to rise, and the lake remained as it is today.

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Origin of the pine

A lone tribesman, guided by a talking wolverine, is led to a steep riverbank where he feigns death and gains the upper hand. He springs up in the wolverine’s camp, slays its kin, and, in a final act of magic, throws his bloody phlegm at a tree, which transforms into pine wood for his arrows. The humbled wolverine concedes and lets the man go on his way.

Source: 
Athabascan Myths 
by Frank Russell 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.13, No.48, pp. 11-18
January-March, 1900


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The tale explains the origin of pine trees being used as arrow wood.

Supernatural Beings: The wolverine speaks and behaves with magical intent, guiding and testing the man.

Conflict with Nature: The man battles and overcomes a pack of wolverines in their own environment.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Slavey people


Told by Tenegorley. (Simpson, winter of 1897-98)

There were a number of Indians in a camp who went away one by one and were lost. At last only one remained, and he also decided to leave the camp. He soon encountered a wolverine, which said, “I know who you are; you will have to go before me.” As they went along they came out upon the river at a point where the bank was very steep. The wolverine said, “You must slide down.” So the Indian slid down the bank, and the wolverine ran around through a ravine. When the man reached the bottom, he caused his nose to bleed, and put some of the blood on a spear, and then laid down and feigned death. When the wolverine reached the spot where the man lay, he took him up and carried him to his camp across the river. After placing him in the middle of the camp he began to sharpen his knife. The man soon opened his eyes and looked for a stick; when he found a stick he sprang up and killed all the wolverines except one young one which ran up a tree. The man blew his nose and threw the phlegm at the tree, and it was transformed into a pine. The wolverine then said, “That will do for your arrows; now you must leave me alone.”

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The marmot woman

A hunter’s son captures a young marmot, leading its mother to transform into a woman and become the hunter’s wife. She cleanses him, enhancing his hunting success. However, when he mistakenly kills her marmot brother, she revives all the slain marmots and returns to their realm, with the hunter following and ultimately transforming into a marmot himself.

Source: 
Traditions of the Ts’ets’a’ut 
by Franz Boas 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.9, No.35, pp. 257-268
October-December, 1896
Vol.10, No.36, pp. 35-48
January-March, 1897


► Themes of the story


Conflict with Nature: The man’s hunting leads to unintended consequences with the marmot community.

Sacrifice: The man sacrifices his human form to join his wife in the marmot world.

Forbidden Knowledge: The man gains insight into the marmot’s realm, a world hidden from humans.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tsetsaut people


Once upon a time there was a widower who had a son. He had built his lodge near the upper end of a valley which abounded in marmots. Every day they went hunting, but he was unsuccessful. It so happened that one day the boy caught a young marmot. He did not kill it, but took it home. Its mother saw what had happened, and followed the boy to his lodge. There she took off her skin, and was at once transformed into a stout woman. She stepped up to the entrance of the lodge, and said to the men: “Give me my child.” They were surprised, for they did not know who she was, but the father invited her to enter. She said: “No, your lodge is not clean.” Then he arose, gathered some grass, which he spread on the floor for her to sit on. She entered and sat down.

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The boy gave her the young marmot, which she at once proceeded to suckle. Then the woman asked for eagle’s down. After she had received this, she said to the hunter: “You are unsuccessful in hunting because you are unclean. I will cleanse you.” She wiped the inside of his mouth and removed a vast quantity of phlegm. Now he was clean. She became his wife. Before he again went out hunting she ordered’ him to seek the solitude of the mountains, and to fast for three days. He went, and on his return the woman gave him a small stick with which to kill marmots.

The first day he went out hunting he saw numerous marmots, and killed twenty. He carried them home, and his wife at once began to skin and carve them. She hung up the meat to dry. While her husband had been away, she had gathered a vast quantity of salmon berries, and they lived on berries and on meat. On the following day the man again went hunting, and killed fifty marmots. The lodge was full of meat.

Often while he was out hunting he noticed that one marmot was following him all the time. It was tame, and played around him. Therefore he did not kill it. One day, however, when there were no’ other marmots to be seen, he killed it and carried it home. When his wife opened the pouch and pulled out the game, she began to cry and to wail: “You have killed my brother! you have killed my brother!” She put down the body, and laid all the other marmots that her husband had procured around it. Then she sang: “Brother, arise!” (qoxde kuse khek!) [this is said to be Tlingit]. When she had sung a little while, the body began to move. The dried meat began to assume shape. She threw on it the skins, and all the marmots returned to life and ran up the hills.

She followed them, crying. Her husband was frightened, but followed her, accompanied by his son. After they had gone some distance, they saw her disappearing in a fissure of the rocks, which opened and let her in. When they reached the fissure, the father told his son to stay outside while he himself tried to enter. The fissure opened, and on entering he found himself in a lodge. His brother-in-law had taken off his skin, which was hanging from the roof. He was sitting in the rear of the lodge. The women were seated in the middle of the floor, and were weaving baskets and hats. The chief spoke: “Spread a mat for my brother-in-law.” The people obeyed, and he sat down next to his wife. The chief ordered to be brought a cloak of marmot skins. When he put it on, he was transformed into a marmot. He was given a hole to live in, and a rock on which he was to sit and whistle as the marmots are in the habit of doing. The son saw all that had happened, and returned home in great distress.

Two years after these events, the brothers of the man who had been transformed into a marmot went hunting. They pitched their camp at the same place where their brother had lived. After having cleaned their bodies and fasted for four days, they set their traps. They were very successful. One day one of the brothers saw a marmot jumping into a crack of the rocks. He set his trap at the entrance of the fissure, and when he came back in the evening he found the animal in his trap. He put it into his pouch with the rest of his game, and went home. His wife began to skin the marmots, and to dress the meat. She took up this particular animal last. When she cut the skin around the forepaws she saw a bracelet under the skin, and her nephew, who was staying with them, recognized it as that of his father. Then she put the animal aside. At midnight it threw off its skin, and resumed the shape of a man. On the following morning they recognized their brother who had been lost for two years. He told them of all that had happened since the time when he had left his son at the fissure of the rock, how he had become a marmot, and how he had lived as one of their race.


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The thunderbird

A dog’s bark during a thunderstorm startled the thunderbird, causing it to fall dead near a village. Villagers observed its frog-like skin and three large water-filled bags—one between its legs and one under each armpit. The thunderbird’s eye-opening produced lightning, its voice was thunder, and squeezing the bags caused rain. It was as large as a house.

Source: 
Traditions of the Ts’ets’a’ut 
by Franz Boas 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.9, No.35, pp. 257-268
October-December, 1896
Vol.10, No.36, pp. 35-48
January-March, 1897


► Themes of the story


Mythical Creatures: Described as large as a house with skin resembling that of a frog, the thunderbird is a formidable creature within the myth.

Conflict with Nature: The interaction between the barking dog and the thunderbird highlights a confrontation between natural elements, leading to the thunderbird’s demise.

Origin of Things: The narrative provides an explanation for natural phenomena such as lightning, thunder, and rain, attributing them to the thunderbird’s characteristics and actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tsetsaut people


Once upon a time a dog barked while it was thundering. This frightened the thunderbird so badly that it fell down dead near a village. The people went to see it, and observed that its skin was similar in appearance to that of a frog. It carried three large bags, one between its legs and one in each armpit. They were full of water. Its view made the people sick. When the thunderbird opens its eyes, there is a flash of lightning. Its voice is the thunder. When it presses the bags it begins to rain. It is as large as a house.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The fog-man

Two sisters, scolded by their mother for consuming scarce food, flee to the mountains and encounter Fog-Man. He replaces his malevolent wives, Porcupine and Beaver, with the sisters, turning the former into animals. Fog-Man’s hunting skills provide abundance, but after a dispute, he conceals his meat cache under a mountain. Later, he reveals it, teaching the people to store food, though his mother-in-law’s gluttony leads to her demise.

Source: 
Kaska Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.30, No.118, pp. 427-473
October-December, 1917


► Themes of the story


Divine Punishment: Fog-Man transforms his two malicious wives, Porcupine and Beaver, into their respective animal forms as punishment for their malevolent behavior.

Conflict with Nature: The human characters face challenges in securing food, highlighting their struggle against natural scarcity.

Cunning and Deception: Fog-Man conceals his meat cache beneath a mountain to prevent access by those who quarreled with him, demonstrating strategic cunning.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Kaska people


A man and his wife were out hunting. They had two daughters who staid in camp. There was little to eat; and the girls, being hungry, ate about half of the back-fat that remained in the camp. Their mother was angry when she returned and found that they had eaten so much fat.

She said to them, “Go up in the mountains and marry Fog-Man. He is a good hunter, and always has plenty of fat.” The girls ran away from home, and, going up in the mountains, came to the place where the Fog people draw water. They met a woman there who was the mother of Fog-Man. The girls told her their story, and she said she would tell her son.

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Fog-Man had two wives, Porcupine and Beaver. They were bad women. They ate people, and they were always angry and cross. As soon as Fog-Man learned of the girls from his mother, without saying anything, he arose and hit Porcupine with his axe, and drove her from the house. He said, “Go up to the timber-line among the balsam and become a porcupine. People will eat you.” Then he hit Beaver with a stick, and drove her, too, from the house. He said, “Go down to the river and become a beaver. People will eat you also.” He brought the girls in, and now had two good wives. He hunted and put up a great quantity of meat of caribou, sheep, etc., and fat groundhog. He made a very big cache of meat in the mountains. Then he went to visit his parents-in-law, taking his wives with him, and plenty of meat. He staid a long time with his wives’ people; and while he remained there, the people always had plenty to eat, for Fog-Man was a good hunter. His chief food was sheep’s horns, which he called fat, and cut just like back-fat.

Each of his wives bore him a son. One day some of the people quarrelled with him, and he left them. On his way home he put a mountain on the top of his meat-cache, so that the people could not get at it. They could find no game, and were starving. They went to the cache to get meat, but were unable to remove the mountain which covered it. The woman (viz., mother-in-law) sent Fog-Man’s sons to look for their father. She said to them, “When you see your father’s tracks and follow them, paint the soles of your feet with red paint, and never look back.” They did as directed, and found their father. Many Fog people were living there. When they went in, they gave the lads sheep’s horns to eat.

When Fog-Man heard that the people were starving, he was sorry. He went to the cache and took the mountain off the top. The people now had plenty to eat. Fog-Man’s mother-in-law ate so much fat, that she became too full, and, when reaching over to take some more, she broke in two. After this, people used caches and put up meat in caches. Fog-Man taught them. This is why the Indians now cache their meat and make caches.


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Bladder-Head Boy; or, the monster that ate people

A woman encounters an atix’, a massive, elephant-like creature, while transporting beaver meat. Her husband dismisses her warning and is subsequently devoured by the beast. The woman escapes to a nearby camp, where the atix’ paralyzes the inhabitants with fear. A mistreated boy, known for wearing a moose-bladder on his head, reveals his shamanic powers, dons magic trousers, and kills the creature with enchanted arrows, earning gratitude and two wives.

Source: 
Kaska Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.30, No.118, pp. 427-473
October-December, 1917


► Themes of the story


Cultural Heroes: The boy emerges as a foundational figure who saves the community from the monstrous threat, embodying the role of a cultural hero in Kaska folklore.

Conflict with Nature: The community faces a struggle against the atix’, a formidable natural force that endangers their survival.

Trials and Tribulations: The boy confronts and overcomes significant challenges, including societal mistreatment and the formidable task of defeating the atix’, highlighting his resilience and bravery.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Kaska people


A man with his wife and baby were travelling all the time, and netting beaver on the lakes and streams. They came to a big lake, which they crossed, and camped on the other side. One day the woman was dragging to camp a skin toboggan with beaver-meat, carrying her baby on her back. She noticed some large animal approaching, and, being afraid to turn around, looked back between her legs. She saw that the animal was an atix’ and became very much afraid.

Atix’ was a very large kind of animal which roamed the country a long time ago. It corresponded somewhat to white men’s pictures of elephants.

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It was of huge size, in build like an elephant, had tusks, and was hairy. These animals were seen not so very long ago, it is said, generally singly; but none have been seen now for several generations. Indians come across their bones occasionally. The narrator said that he and some others, a few years ago, came on a shoulder-blade which they at first thought was a peculiarly shaped rock, sticking out of the ground. This was on the top of a mountain near the Hyland River. The shoulder-blade was as wide as a table (about three feet), and was covered with about seven inches of moss.

She scattered all the meat in the snow and ran to camp. Her husband would not believe that she had seen this animal, and told her she was simply excusing herself for having given the meat to her sweetheart. She pulled up her clothes, and said, “You can see I have been with no man.” He laughed, and went off to set his beaver-nets. On his return, he went to bed, and was soon sound asleep and snoring. The woman cut a trail to escape through the willow-brush near camp. She then lay down on the opposite side of the fire from her husband, with her moccasins on and her baby in her arms, ready to run. During the night she heard the animal coming, and poked her husband with a stick to awaken him; but he slept on. She then ran away, and the animal came into camp and ate her husband. Afterwards the animal followed the woman’s tracks, making sounds like a person crying.

The woman reached a place on the lake where many people were camped, and warned them. The people made many holes close together in the ice of the lake, so that the animal, in approaching, would break through and drown. When it came to this place, the ice broke with its weight; but the animal walked along the bottom of the lake, broke the ice ahead of him, and came out to where the people were. The woman with the baby ran away. The other people were so scared that they could not run. They fell down quite helpless, and some of them were as if asleep.

In the camp was a boy who was ill treated by everybody. Even the old women stepped over him, and treated him as if he were a dog. He looked as though he had no hair, because he wore a moose-bladder over his head. Only his grandmother knew that he was like a shaman. He had magic trousers and magic arrows. Now, his grandmother nudged him, and said, “See what is coming!” He said to her, “Get my trousers and arrows.” He donned his trousers and seized his bow and arrows. He jumped, and shook his head. The bladder burst, and his hair fell down over him. He shot an arrow right through the animal. Then he jumped to the other side and shot an arrow back through it again. Thus he shot until he killed the animal. The people were very thankful, and gave him two girls to be his wives, but he accepted only one of them. They made him their chief. This is why since then people have had chiefs. The woman who ran away came back again.


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Hunting experiences

These narratives recount close encounters with moose, martens, weasels, bears, and grizzlies, highlighting the hunters’ skills, challenges, and the unpredictable nature of the wilderness. The stories offer a glimpse into the traditional hunting practices and experiences of the Dane-zaa people.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Conflict with Nature: The hunters face challenges posed by animals and the environment, highlighting the struggle between humans and natural forces.

Trials and Tribulations: The hunters undergo a series of challenges, such as tracking elusive prey and dealing with malfunctioning equipment, testing their perseverance and skills.

Ancestral Spirits: References to advice from elders and traditional hunting practices indicate a connection to ancestral knowledge guiding present actions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


I. I had been hunting all day without seeing a track when toward sunset I started toward some distant pines. Just at dusk I came near a bluff and there I saw a moose track. A strong wind was blowing. “I wish I had seen your track in the day time,” I said to myself. I started after the moose and when I was about to pass behind the pines I looked ahead and saw a moose standing by a tree. I came up to it, raised my gun and aimed it. I could not see the sights of the gun. My father had told me to put snow on the end of the gun when shooting at night. I did this and aimed low when I saw nothing and then high, gradually lowering the gun until it seemed to me right when I shot. The moose ran along one side of me.

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I looked for it again toward the west and again saw it standing. I reloaded the gun and again put snow on the end of the barrel. I raised the gun again until I thought it was aimed right and fired. The moose ran in the same direction again.

As I went after the moose again I saw something dark on the snow. “What is it?” I thought to myself and taking some of it up I put it in my mouth. It was blood and I thought I had killed the moose, I went where there was something dark under a tree. I took up a stick and stabbed it under its head. I had killed it.

II. We were making a road and carrying some traps we were going to set. My brother-in-law and my elder brother went on ahead while I set a trap. I came where my brother-in-law was sitting by a little creek. He was killing himself with laughter. I asked him why he was laughing and he told me to look. A marten and a weasel were fighting. Although the weasel is small, he is smart. We sat there watching them. Just as we decided to shoot and kill the marten they started to fight again. “Fight hard,” my brother-in-law told them and they ran off. We killed nothing after all.

III. It happened once when I was a boy that I was after a bear. The bear chased me and when he came up to me my gun would not go off. I threw it away and fled empty handed. I pulled out my knife and ran under a leaning tree and jumped back over it. The bear did the same and we jumped toward each other. The bear struck out with his foreleg and I disemboweled him with the knife which was two-edged.

IV. I had a single-barreled gun when two dogs were barking in front of a grizzly’s den. The bear ran out after the dogs but my gun would not go off. The cap came off. The bear chased me all about until I bit the cap together and then the gun went off. The bullet broke the bear’s backbone. I went with dogs after a moose in the early morning. The dogs barked at the moose which stood still and then ran after the dogs. It ran so close to me, it stepped on my snowshoes. It was so close I could hear its heart beat. I was holding the gun by its muzzle and I fired. The moose fell and I jumped off the snowshoe. Its leg was sticking through the snowshoe. I skinned the moose and went home to my tipi.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page