Why the Worms live Underneath the Ground

In the reign of King Eyo III, a dispute arose between driver ants and worms over their strength. After a feast, the boastful driver ants insulted the worms, prompting the king to arrange a battle to settle the matter. The ants, in overwhelming numbers, quickly defeated the worms. Since then, worms have lived underground, hiding from danger, a legacy of their defeat.

Source
Folk Stories from Southern Nigeria
by Elphinstone Dayrell
Longmans, Green & Co.
London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta, 1910


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The tale explains why worms live underground.

Good vs. Evil: The conflict between the boastful ants and the humble worms.

Conflict with Nature: The struggle between different creatures in the natural world.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Nigerian peoples


When Eyo III. was ruling over all men and animals, he had a very big palaver house to which he used to invite his subjects at intervals to feast. After the feast had been held and plenty of tombo had been drunk, it was the custom of the people to make speeches. One day after the feast the head driver ant got up and said he and his people were stronger than any one, and that no one, not even the elephant, could stand before him, which was quite true. He was particularly offensive in his allusions to the worms (whom he disliked very much), and said they were poor wriggling things.

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The worms were very angry and complained, so the king said that the best way to decide the question who was the stronger was for both sides to meet on the road and fight the matter out between themselves to a finish. He appointed the third day from the feast for the contest, and all the people turned out to witness the battle.

The driver ants left their nest in the early morning in thousands and millions, and, as is their custom, marched in a line about one inch broad densely packed, so that it was like a dark-brown band moving over the country. In front of the advancing column they had out their scouts, advance guard, and flankers, and the main body followed in their millions close behind.

When they came to the battlefield the moving band spread out, and as the thousands upon thousands of ants rolled up, the whole piece of ground was a moving mass of ants and bunches of struggling worms. The fight was over in a very few minutes, as the worms were bitten in pieces by the sharp pincer-like mouths of the driver ants. The few worms who survived squirmed away and buried themselves out of sight.

King Eyo decided that the driver ants were easy winners, and ever since the worms have always been afraid and have lived underground; and if they happen to come to the surface after the rain they hide themselves under the ground whenever anything approaches, as they fear all people.


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The Palace of the Eagles

A hedonistic king, ruling a carefree kingdom near the sea, embarks on an expedition to an enigmatic land beyond rocky barriers during a famine. Discovering an ancient, desolate palace inhabited by eagles, he learns of a civilization that perished due to neglect and unpreparedness. Profoundly transformed, the king returns to reform his governance, ensuring his kingdom’s survival and prosperity through wisdom and diligence.

Source
Jewish Fairy Tales and Legends
by Gertrude Landa (“Aunt Naomi”)
Bloch Publishing Co., New York, 1919


► Themes of the story

Quest: The king embarks on a journey to the unknown land beyond the rocky barriers, seeking solutions during the famine.

Echoes of the Past: The desolate palace and its history serve as a reminder of a civilization that perished due to its own failings, influencing the king’s actions.

Conflict with Nature: The famine and the barren land highlight the struggle between the kingdom and natural forces, prompting the king’s quest.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Jewish mythology


East of the Land of the Rising Sun there dwelled a king who spent all his days and half his nights in pleasure. His kingdom was on the edge of the world, according to the knowledge of those times, and almost entirely surrounded by the sea.

Nobody seemed to care what lay beyond the barrier of rocks that shut off the land from the rest of the world. For the matter of that, nobody appeared to trouble much about anything in that kingdom.

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Most of the people followed the example of the king and led idle, careless lives, giving no thought to the future. The king regarded the task of governing his subjects as a big nuisance; he did not care to be worried with proposals concerning the welfare of the masses, and documents brought to him by his advisors for signature were never read. For aught he knew they may have referred to the school regulations of the moon, instead of the laws of trading and such like public matters.

“Don’t bother me,” was his usual remark. “You are my advisors and officers of state. Deal with affairs as you think best.”

And off he would go to his beloved hunting which was his favorite pastime.

The land was fertile, and nobody had ever entertained an idea that bad weather might some year affect the crops and cause a scarcity of grain. They took no precautions to lay in stocks of wheat, and so when one summer there was a great lack of rain and the fields were parched, the winter that followed was marked by suffering. The kingdom was faced by famine, and the people did not like it. They did not know what to do, and when they appealed to the king, he could not help them. Indeed, he could not understand the difficulty. He passed it off very lightly.

“I am a mighty hunter,” he said. “I can always kill enough beasts to provide a sufficiency of food.”

But the drought had withered away the grass and the trees, and the shortage of such food had greatly reduced the number of animals. The king found the forests empty of deer and birds. Still he failed to realize the gravity of the situation and what he considered an exceedingly bright idea struck him.

“I will explore the unknown territory beyond the barrier of rocky hills,” he said. “Surely there will I find a land of plenty. And, at least” he added, “it will be a pleasant adventure with good hunting.”

A great expedition was therefore arranged, and the king and his hunting companions set forth to find a path over the rocks. This was not at all difficult, and on the third day, a pass was discovered among the crags and peaks that formed the summit of the barrier, and the king saw the region beyond.

It seemed a vast and beautiful land, stretching away as far as the eye could see in a forest of huge trees. Carefully, the hunters descended the other side of the rock barrier and entered the unknown land.

It seemed uninhabited. Nor was there any sign of beast or bird of any kind. No sound disturbed the stillness of the forest, no tracks were visible. As well as the hunters could make out, no foot had ever trodden the region before. Even nature seemed at rest. The trees were all old, their trunks gnarled into fantastic shapes, their leaves yellow and sere as if growth had stopped ages ago.

Altogether the march through the forest was rather eerie, and the hunters proceeded in single file, which added to the impressiveness of the strange experience. The novelty, however, made it pleasant to the king, and he kept on his way for four days.

Then the forest ended abruptly, and the explorers came to a vast open plain, a desert, through which a wide river flowed. Far beyond rose a mountain capped by rocks of regular shape. At any rate, they appeared to be rocks, but the distance was too great to enable anyone to speak with certainty.

“Water,” said the vizier, “is a sign of life.”

So the king decided to continue as far as the mountain. A ford was discovered in the river, and once on the other side it was possible to make out the rocks crowning the mountain. They looked too regular to be mere rocks, and on approaching nearer the king was sure that a huge building must be at the top of the mountain. When they arrived quite close, there was no doubt about it. Either a town, or a palace, stood on the summit, and it was decided to make the ascent next day.

During the night no sound was heard, but to everybody’s surprise a distinct path up the mountain was noticed in the morning. It was so overgrown with weeds and moss and straggling creepers that it was obvious it had not been used for a long time. The ascent was accordingly difficult, but half way up the first sign of life, noticed since the expedition began, made itself visible.

It was an eagle. Suddenly it flew down from the mountain top and circled above the hunters, screaming, but making no attempt to attack.

At length the summit was gained. It was a flat plateau of great expanse, almost the whole of which was covered by an enormous building of massive walls and stupendous towers.

“This is the palace of a great monarch,” said the king.

But no entrance of any kind could be seen. The rest of the day was spent in wandering round, but nowhere was a door, or window, or opening visible. It was decided to make a more serious effort next morning to gain entry.

However, it seemed a greater puzzle than ever. At length, one of the most venturesome of the party discovered an eagle’s nest on one of the smallest towers, and with great difficulty he secured the bird and brought it down to the king. His majesty bade one of his wise men, Muflog, learned in bird languages, to speak to it. He did so.

In a harsh croaking voice, the eagle replied, “I am but a young bird, only seven centuries old. I know naught. On a tower higher than that on which I dwell, is the eyrie of my father. He may be able to give you information.”

More he would not say. The only thing to do was to climb the higher tower and question the father eagle. This was done, and the bird answered:

“On a tower still higher dwells my father, and on yet a higher tower my grandfather, who is two thousand years old. He may know something. I know nothing.”

After considerable difficulty the topmost tower was reached and the venerable bird discovered. He seemed asleep and was only awakened after much coaxing. Then he surveyed the hunters warily.

“Let me see, let me think,” he muttered slowly. “I did hear, when I was a tiny eagle chick, but a few years old–that was long, long ago–that my great-grandfather had said that his great-grandfather had told him he had heard that long, long, long ago–oh, ever so much longer than that–a king lived in this palace; that he died and left it to the eagles; and that in the course of many, many, many thousands of years the door had been covered up by the dust brought by the winds.”

“Where is the door?” asked Muflog.

That was a puzzle the ancient bird could not answer readily. He thought and thought and fell asleep and had to be kept being awakened until at last he remembered.

“When the sun shines in the morning,” he croaked, “its first ray falls on the door.”

Then, worn out with all his thinking and talking, he fell asleep again.

There was no rest for the party that night. They all watched to make certain of seeing the first ray of the rising sun strike the palace. When it did so, the spot was carefully noted. But no door could be seen. Digging was therefore begun and after many hours, an opening was found.

Through this an entrance was effected into the palace. What a wonderful and mysterious place it was, all overgrown with the weeds of centuries! Tangled masses of creepers lay everywhere–over what were once trimly kept pathways, and almost completely hiding the lower buildings. In the crevices of the walls, roots had insinuated themselves, and by their growth had forced the stones apart. It was all a terrible scene of desolation. The king’s men had to hack a way laboriously through the wilderness of weeds with their swords to the central building, and when they did so they came to a door on which was an inscription cut deep into the wood. The language was unknown to all but Muflog, who deciphered it as follows:

“We, the Dwellers in this Palace, lived for many years in Comfort and Luxury. Then Hunger came. We had made no preparation. We had amassed jewels in abundance but not Corn. We ground Pearls and Rubies to fine flour, but could make no Bread. Wherefore we die, bequeathing this Palace to the eagles who will devour our bodies and build their eyries on our towers.”

A dread silence fell on the whole party when Muflog read these strange words, and the king turned pale. This warning from the dead past was making the adventure far from enjoyable. Some of the party suggested the immediate abandonment of the expedition and the prompt return home. They feared hidden dangers now. But the king remained resolute.

“I must investigate this to the end,” he said in a firm voice. “Those who are seized by fear may return. I will go on, if needs be, alone.”

Encouraged by these words, the hunters decided to remain with the king. One of them began to batter at the door, but the king was anxious to preserve the inscription, and after more cutting away of weeds, the key was seen to be sticking in the keyhole. Unlocking the door, however, was no light task, for ages of rust had accumulated. When finally this was accomplished the door creaked heavily on its hinges and a musty smell came from the dank corridor that was revealed.

The explorers walked ankle-deep in dust through a maze of rooms until they came to a big central hall of statues. So artistically fashioned were they that they seemed lifelike in their attitudes, and for a moment all held their breath. This hall was dustless, and Muflog pointed out that it was an airtight chamber. Evidently it had been specifically devised to preserve the statues.

“These must be the effigies of kings,” said his majesty, and on reading the inscriptions, Muflog said that was so.

At the far end of the hall, on a pedestal higher than the others, was a statue bigger than the rest. In addition to the name there was an inscription on the pedestal. Muflog read it amid an awed stillness:

“I am the last of the kings–yea, the last of men, and with my own hands have completed this work. I ruled over a thousand cities, rode on a thousand horses, and received the homage of a thousand vassal princes; but when Famine came I was powerless. Ye who may read this, take heed of the fate that has overwhelmed this land. Take but one word of counsel from the last of the mortals; prepare thy meal while the daylight lasts * * *”

The words broke off: the rest was undecipherable.

“Enough,” cried the king, and his voice was not steady. “This has indeed been good hunting. I have learned, in my folly and pursuit of pleasure, what I had failed to see for myself. Let us return and act upon the counsel of this king who has met the end that will surely be our own should we forget his warning.”

Looking out across the plain they had traversed, his majesty seemed to see a vision of prosperous cities and smiling fertile fields. In imagination, he saw caravans laden with merchandise journeying across the intervening spaces. Then, as darker thoughts followed, a cloud appeared to settle over the whole land. The cities crumbled and disappeared, the eagles swooped down and took possession of that which man had failed to appreciate and hold; and after the eagles the dust of the ages settled slowly, piling itself up year by year until everything was covered and only the desert was visible.

Scarcely a word was spoken as the king and his hunters made their way back to the land East of the Rising Sun. In all, they had been away forty days when they re-crossed the barrier of rocks. They were joyously welcomed.

“What have you brought,” asked the populace. “In a little while we shall be starving.”

“Ye shall not starve,” said the king. “I have brought wisdom from the Palace of the Eagles. From the fate and sufferings of others I have learned a lesson–my duty.”

At once he set to work to organize the proper distribution of the food supply and the cultivation of the land. He wasted no more time on foolish pleasures, and in due course the land East of the Rising Sun enjoyed happiness and prosperity and even established fruitful colonies in the plain overlooked by the Palace of the Eagles.


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Why the Plantain-Eater Did Not Build a Nest

The tale of the Plantain-eater, a bird known for its vibrant plumage and self-centered cries, reflects a moral lesson about procrastination and self-reliance. Unlike other birds that prepared nests for shelter, the Plantain-eater relied on others during storms, making excuses to avoid building its own. Ultimately, it faced rejection and discomfort, embodying the consequences of failing to act responsibly when given the chance.

Source
Among Congo Cannibals
by John H. Weeks
Seeley, Service & Co.,London, 1913


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The Plantain-eater attempts to deceive others into providing shelter instead of taking responsibility.

Community and Isolation: The bird’s refusal to contribute by building its own nest leads to its isolation during adverse conditions.

Conflict with Nature: The Plantain-eater’s lack of preparation leaves it vulnerable to natural elements like rain.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Bantu peoples


The Plantain-eater is a gaudy-plumaged bird, not quite so large as a Cockatoo. It is called by the natives Lukulu[1]koko. Its notes are, Kulu! kulu! kulukoko! hence the natives say, “It is always talking about itself.”

All the birds built nests so that when it rained they could shelter and remain dry. The Plantain-eater, however, never troubled to build a nest, but when the rain fell in torrents he went to a neighbour and said: “Let me come into your nest out of the rain.”

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But his neighbour answered him: “No, go and cut some palm fronds and build your own nest.”

The Plantain-eater, at this reply, went off crying: “Kulu! kulu! kulukoko! Wait until the rain stops, and then I will fetch fronds to build my nest.”

By and by the rain ceased and the neighbours called out: “Plantain-eater, the rain is finished, now get your fronds for nest building.”

But the Plantain-eater said: “I will stop where I am, and when it rains I will raise my shoulders and put my head under my feathers, and the rain will not hurt me.”

The next time it rained, however, he found it was very unpleasant to be out in it; and again he asked to be allowed to enter a neighbour’s nest, but he was driven off. Thus it always happened that when it rained he intended to build a house; and when it was fine he said he did not need a house, but would put his head under his feathers.

And that is why the Plantain-eater is seen jumping from branch to branch in the rain, trying to enter other people’s nests, making all kinds of promises in the rain, and only talking loudly and boasting in the fine weather of what he will do.


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The Fowl and the Hippopotamus; or, the Cause of the Enmity among Birds and Animals

A Fowl’s deceptive claim of selling its leg for wealth leads a greedy Hippopotamus to sell its own leg, resulting in its death. Blaming the Fowl, Hippopotami enlist Hawks, Kites, and wildcats to attack Fowls, prompting retaliation involving Crocodiles and humans. This tale explains how deceit introduced lasting enmity, violence, and death among animals and birds, weaving a cautionary lesson on honesty and greed.

Source
Among Congo Cannibals
by John H. Weeks
Seeley, Service & Co.,London, 1913


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The Fowl deceives the Hippopotamus by pretending to have sold its leg for wealth, leading the Hippopotamus to a fatal decision.

Conflict with Nature: The tale depicts the ensuing strife between different animal species, highlighting the disruption of natural harmony due to individual actions.

Origin of Things: This narrative explains the cause of the enduring enmity among birds and animals, providing a mythological origin for observed natural hostilities.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Bantu peoples


A Fowl, on returning from a trading journey, hid one of his legs under his wing and said: “I sold my leg for two thousand brass rods in the towns I have been visiting.” A greedy hippopotamus, hearing this, said: “If the Fowl could receive two thousand brass rods for his small leg, how much shall I receive for mine?” So calling some of his friends they entered a canoe and paddled down-river to the towns. On arriving, the leg of the Hippopotamus was cut off, carried ashore, and sold for a large number of brass rods.

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When the Hippopotami returned to the canoe, after selling the leg, they discovered that their friend had bled to death, so they picked up their paddles in great anger and returned to their town.

On arriving at their town they sought out the Fowl and charged him with the death of their friend, for they said, “Because of your lying deception he went and sold his leg.”

In their anger they called on the Hawks and Kites to swoop down and carry off the chickens belonging to the Fowls; and they told the wild bush-cat that whenever he found the door of the Fowl-house open he was to creep in and kill the Fowls.

In this way so many Fowls were killed, that in defence the Fowls called on the Crocodiles to bite the Hippopotami and wound them to death; and they asked Man whenever he saw a Hippopotamus to hurl his spear at it and kill it. Thus, through the Fowl’s one deception, enmity, quarrels, and death were first introduced among the birds and animals.


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The Battle of the Crabs

A group of land crabs, annoyed by noisy waves, decides to wage war against them. A shrimp mocks their plan, but after being pinched, agrees to help. At the shore, the crabs mock the shrimp’s backward gaze, miss the approaching waves, and are drowned. Their wives, seeking them, meet the same fate. Their descendants now scurry along the shore, embodying their ancestors’ doomed defiance.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Nature: The crabs’ decision to wage war against the waves represents a struggle against natural forces.

Cunning and Deception: The shrimp’s initial mockery and subsequent reluctant agreement to assist the crabs involve elements of wit and subtle deceit.

Tragic Flaw: The crabs’ hubris and failure to recognize their limitations lead to their downfall.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


One day the land crabs had a meeting and one of them said: “What shall we do with the waves? They sing so loudly all the time that we cannot possibly sleep.”

“Well,” answered one of the oldest of the crabs, “I think we should make war on them.”

The others agreed to this, and it was decided that the next day all the male crabs should get ready to fight the waves. They started for the sea, as agreed, when they met a shrimp.

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“Where are you going, my friends?” asked the shrimp.

“We are going to fight the waves,” answered the crabs, “for they make so much noise at night that we cannot sleep.”

“I do not think you will succeed,” said the shrimp, “for the waves are very strong and your legs are so weak that even your bodies bend almost to the ground when you walk.” Wherewith he laughed loudly.

This made the crabs very angry, and they pinched the shrimp until he promised to help them win the battle.

Then they all went to the shore. But the crabs noticed that the eyes of the shrimp were set unlike their own, so they thought his must be wrong and they laughed at him and said:

“Friend shrimp, your face is turned the wrong way. What weapon have you to fight with the waves?”

“My weapon is a spear on my head,” replied the shrimp, and just then he saw a big wave coming and ran away. The crabs did not see it, however, for they were all looking toward the shore, and they were covered with water and drowned.

By and by the wives of the crabs became worried because their husbands did not return, and they went down to the shore to see if they could help in the battle. No sooner had they reached the water, however, than the waves rushed over them and killed them.

Some time after this thousands of little crabs appeared near the shore, and the shrimp often visited them and told them of the sad fate of their parents. Even today these little crabs can be seen on the shore, continually running back and forth. They seem to rush down to fight the waves, and then, as their courage fails, they run back to the land where their forefathers lived. They neither live on dry land, as their ancestors did, nor in the sea where the other crabs are, but on the beach where the waves wash over them at high tide and try to dash them to pieces.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Spider and the Fly

This story explains the enduring animosity between spiders and flies. Mr. Spider repeatedly proposed to Miss Fly, who consistently rejected him. When he approached her house once more, she defended herself by throwing boiling water at him. Enraged, Mr. Spider vowed eternal enmity toward her and her kind. This tale illustrates their timeless conflict, symbolizing nature’s perpetual predator-prey dynamics.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Good vs. Evil: The narrative portrays the conflict between Mr. Spider’s persistent advances and Miss Fly’s defensive actions, highlighting the struggle between opposing forces.

Cunning and Deception: Miss Fly’s clever tactic of using boiling water to fend off Mr. Spider demonstrates the use of wit to achieve her goal.

Conflict with Nature: The story reflects the natural animosity between spiders and flies, symbolizing inherent conflicts in the animal kingdom.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


Mr. Spider wanted to marry Miss Fly. Many times he told her of his love and begged her to become his wife, but she always refused for she did not like him. One day when she saw Mr. Spider coming again Miss Fly closed all the doors and windows of her house and made ready a pot of boiling water. Then she waited, and when Mr. Spider called, begging her to allow him to enter, she answered by throwing boiling water at him. This made Mr. Spider very angry and he cried: “I will never forgive you for this, but I and my descendants will always despise you. We will never give you any peace.” Mr. Spider kept his word, and even today one can see the hatred of the spider for the fly.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Virtue of the Cocoanut

A hunter discovers a peculiar young coconut tree during a hunt and decides to bring it home. When its leaves wilt during the journey, he revives it with the blood of his hunted animals: a bird, a monkey, and a pig. The tree flourishes and becomes a source of tuba (coconut liquor). The hunter links tuba’s effects to the animals: chatter like the bird, silliness like the monkey, and drunken slumber like the pig.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The tale explains the origin of tuba, a traditional coconut liquor, and attributes its effects to the animals whose blood nourished the tree.

Transformation: The young coconut tree undergoes a transformation from a wilting plant to a flourishing tree, thanks to the infusion of animal blood.

Conflict with Nature: The hunter’s journey involves interactions with various animals and the natural environment, highlighting the challenges and relationships between humans and nature.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


One day a man took his blow-gun and his dog and went to the forest to hunt. As he was making his way through the thick woods he chanced upon a young cocoanut tree growing in the ground. It was the first tree of this kind that he had ever seen, and it seemed so peculiar to him that he stopped to look at it.

When he had gone some distance farther, his attention was attracted by a noisy bird in a tree, and he shot it with his blow-gun. By and by he took aim at a large monkey, which mocked him from another treetop, and that, too, fell dead at his feet.

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Then he heard his dog barking furiously in the distant bushes, and hastening to it he found it biting a wild pig. After a hard struggle he killed the pig, and then, feeling satisfied with his success, he took the three animals on his back and returned to the little plant.

“I have decided to take you home with me, little plant,” he said, “for I like you and you may be of some use to me.”

He dug up the plant very carefully and started home, but he had not gone far when he noticed that the leaves had begun to wilt, and he did not know what to do, since he had no water. Finally, in despair, he cut the throat of the bird and sprinkled the blood on the cocoanut. No sooner had he done this than the plant began to revive, and he continued his journey.

Before he had gone far, however, the leaves again began to wilt, and this time he revived it with the blood of the monkey. Then he hastened on, but a third time the leaves wilted, and he was compelled to stop and revive it with the blood of the pig. This was his last animal, so he made all the haste possible to reach home before his plant died. The cocoanut began to wilt again before he reached his house, but when he planted it in the ground, it quickly revived, and grew into a tall tree.

This hunter was the first man to take the liquor called tuba from the cocoanut tree, and he and his friends began to drink it. After they had become very fond of it, the hunter said to his friends:

“The cocoanut tree is like the three animals whose blood gave it life when it would have died. The man who drinks three or four cups of tuba becomes like the noisy bird that I shot with my blow-gun. One who drinks more than three or four cups becomes like the big monkey that acts silly; and one who becomes drunk is like the pig that sleeps even in a mud-hole.”


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The Story of a Monkey

A mischievous monkey’s quest to remove a thorn from his tail leads to a series of trades and escalating demands, beginning with a barber’s razor and ending in firewood and cakes. However, his cunning comes to an abrupt end when he encounters a dog, which bites him fatally and eats the cakes. The tale humorously explores greed, consequences, and the unexpected twists of fate.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: Throughout the tale, the monkey employs deceitful tactics to achieve his goals, such as convincing the barber, the old woman, and the cake maker to give him what he desires.

Conflict with Nature: The monkey’s initial injury from a thorn and his subsequent encounters highlight a struggle against natural elements and creatures, culminating in his fatal encounter with the dog.

Tragic Flaw: The monkey’s greed and overconfidence serve as his downfall, illustrating how personal weaknesses can lead to one’s demise.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


One day when a monkey was climbing a tree in the forest in which he lived, he ran a thorn into his tail. Try as he would, he could not get it out, so he went to a barber in the town and said: “Friend Barber, I have a thorn in the end of my tail. Pull it out, and I will pay you well.”

The barber tried to pull out the thorn with his razor, but in doing so he cut off the end of the tail. The monkey was very angry and cried: “Barber, Barber, give me back my tail, or give me your razor!”

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The barber could not put back the end of the monkey’s tail, so he gave him his razor.

On the way home the monkey met an old woman who was cutting wood for fuel, and he said to her:

“Grandmother, Grandmother, that is very hard. Use this razor and then it will cut easily.”

The old woman was very pleased with the offer and began to cut with the razor, but before she had used it long it broke. Then the monkey cried:

“Grandmother, Grandmother, you have broken my razor! You must get a new one for me or else give me all the firewood.”

The old woman could not get a new razor so she gave him the firewood.

The monkey took the wood and was going back to town to sell it, when he saw a woman sitting beside the road making cakes.

“Grandmother, Grandmother,” said he, “your wood is most gone; take this of mine and bake more cakes.”

The woman took the wood and thanked him for his kindness, but when the last stick was burned, the monkey cried out:

“Grandmother, Grandmother, you have burned up all my wood! Now you must give me all your cakes to pay for it.”

The old woman could not cut more dry wood at once, so she gave him all the cakes.

The monkey took the cakes and started for the town, but on the way he met a dog which bit him so that he died. And the dog ate all the cakes.


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Origin

This Philippine origin myth recounts the story of Toglai and Toglibon, the first man and woman, whose children dispersed from their home on Mt. Apo due to a devastating drought. Each group founded new tribes named after their carried possessions or settled locations, such as the Magindanau and Bilaan. Two children who stayed survived through sugarcane, leading to the Bagobo lineage.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Creation: The tale describes the origin of different tribes from the first human couple, Toglai and Toglibon.

Loss and Renewal: The drought signifies loss, leading to the dispersal (renewal) of the population into new tribes.

Conflict with Nature: The severe drought forces the characters to leave their homeland in search of sustenance.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


In the beginning there lived one man and one woman, Toglai and Toglibon. Their first children were a boy and a girl. When they were old enough, the boy and the girl went far away across the waters seeking a good place to live in. Nothing more was heard of them until their children, the Spaniards and Americans, came back. After the first boy and girl left, other children were born to the couple, but they all remained at Cibolan on Mt. Apo with their parents, until Toglai and Toglibon died and became spirits. Soon after that there came a great drought which lasted for three years. All the waters dried up, so that there were no rivers, and no plants could live.

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“Surely,” said the people, “Manama is punishing us and we must go elsewhere to find food and a place to dwell in.”

So they started out. Two went in the direction of the sunset, carrying with them stones from Cibolan River. After a long journey they reached a place where were broad fields of cogon grass and an abundance of water, and there they made their home. Their children still live in that place and are called Magindanau, because of the stones which the couple carried when they left Cibolan.

Two children of Toglai and Toglibon went to the south, seeking a home, and they carried with them women’s baskets (baraan). When they found a good spot, they settled down. Their descendants, still dwelling at that place, are called Baraan or Bilaan, because of the women’s baskets.

So two by two the children of the first couple left the land of their birth. In the place where each settled a new people developed, and thus it came about that all the tribes in the world received their names from things that the people carried out of Cibolan, or from the places where they settled.

All the children left Mt. Apo save two (a boy and a girl), whom hunger and thirst had made too weak to travel. One day when they were about to die the boy crawled out to the field to see if there was one living thing, and to his surprise he found a stalk of sugar-cane growing lustily. He eagerly cut it, and enough water came out to refresh him and his sister until the rains came. Because of this, their children are called Bagobo.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Man with the Cocoanuts

A man overloaded his horse with coconuts and asked a boy how long it would take to reach home. The boy advised going slowly for a quicker arrival, but the man hurried instead. His haste caused the coconuts to repeatedly fall off, delaying him further. Despite his efforts to save time, he arrived home late at night, learning the value of patience.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The man’s initial disregard for the boy’s advice reflects a form of self-deception, believing that speed would ensure a quicker journey despite evidence to the contrary.

Trials and Tribulations: The repeated falling of the coconuts represents the challenges faced due to impatience, highlighting the importance of perseverance and learning from one’s mistakes.

Conflict with Nature: The man’s struggle to keep the coconuts on the horse depicts a battle against natural forces, underscoring the need to work harmoniously with nature rather than against it.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


One day a man who had been to gather his cocoanuts loaded his horse heavily with the fruit. On the way home he met a boy whom he asked how long it would take to reach the house. “If you go slowly,” said the boy, looking at the load on the horse, “you will arrive very soon; but if you go fast, it will take you all day.” The man could not believe this strange speech, so he hurried his horse. But the cocoanuts fell off and he had to stop to pick them up. Then he hurried his horse all the more to make up for lost time, but the cocoanuts fell off again. Many times he did this, and it was night when he reached home.

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Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page