The burning of the world

After a cataclysmic fire engulfs the earth, only a young man, his mother, and sister survive on a square refuge he marks out. As the waters calm, he names and assigns roles to animals based on their qualities, explains their physical traits, and gives himself and his family bird identities. Each then departs, destined to reconvene, marking the beginning of a renewed world.

Source: 
Notes on the Eastern Cree 
and Northern Saulteaux 
by Alanson Skinner 
The American Museum 
of Natural History
Anthropological Papers
Volume IX, Part 1
New York, 1911


► Themes of the story


Creation: The story recounts the remaking of the world after a great fire, describing how life began anew on the marked patch of land.

Origin of Things: It explains the beginnings and characteristics of various animals, detailing why each species has its unique traits.

Loss and Renewal: A catastrophic conflagration destroys the old world and its inhabitants, yet paves the way for a regenerated life.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


Collected at Rupert’s House

Once all the world was burnt. Only a man, and his mother and sister were saved. Of course, there were a lot of people on earth before that. The surviving man fell out with his father, and at last they became enemies. At last, the young man heard that the earth was going to be burnt, but the father did not believe it would happen. So the young man made a bow and arrows and shot one arrow to the west, another to the east, another to the south, and another to the north. Thus using the spots where the arrows fell for corners, he marked out a large square patch of land, and whatever wanted to be saved could come on that ground.

Some did not believe that the earth would be burnt. The old man and his wives and children did not believe that the earth would burn and also refused to come.

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Sure enough, when the time came, they could hear the fire. They were camped by the side of a big lake. By and by, all the birds and animals came running to the patch of ground that was marked out, as that was the only patch of ground that was not on fire. When the old man saw he was going to burn too, he tried to get to the ground that his son had marked out. His son would not allow him to come on because he didn’t believe that this would happen. So he and all of his family were burnt. Even the water was boiling it was so hot.

Of course, after all the fire was over, and the water was settled down again, there were only three people left in the world. The old man who was burnt only had two wives and only two children, one of whom was his son.

After the fire was over, there were lots and lots of animals on the patch of ground. The man named some of them. He put the beaver to live in the water. The rabbit wanted to be a beaver, but he wouldn’t allow it. The rabbit even jumped into the water, but the man pulled him out and drained the water off him. He said his legs were too long and even if he did eat willows like a beaver, he couldn’t go about in the water properly.

The squirrel wished to be a bear. He did all he could to be a bear. The man said he wouldn’t do, he was too noisy. He said, “If you were a bear, when people got numerous again, you will get thinned down too much. The bear must be a very canny animal and keep quiet; he has too many enemies.” The squirrel began to weep. He wept a great deal, until his eyes were white. If you take notice the next time you see a squirrel you will notice that his eyes are bright and swollen from weeping. The man made the bear then because he was nice, and quiet and canny.

Somebody else wanted to be a deer (caribou) but I don’t remember who it was, but the deer was put in too. The real deer was appointed because he was swift and could run from his enemies. After he was finished with the animals he put a mark on the people telling what they had to be called. They had to have new names after the world was burnt.

He called his mother Robin, because she was loving, that is what he meant I think; he called his sister golden winged woodpecker (“flicker,” “clape,” “high-holer”) because that meant she was beautiful. He called himself Cluih duih-kiyu, blackbird, because he meant by this he would only come every spring. Each of them flew away wherever they wanted to travel. They did not stay together but they met again. That is all of this story I ever heard. [There are, according to the narrator, other stories about Aiacciou, the elder, who was burnt.]


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Wemishus

After their family is slaughtered by a cannibal, two young brothers escape by digging underground and unleashing magical obstructions to hinder their pursuer. They enlist a Walrus’s aid to cross a lake, then the elder is captured by the magician Wemishus, who becomes his father-in-law. Through trials of cunning and magical contests, the youth ultimately overpowers Wemishus, reunites with his brother—raised by polar bears—and they journey onward together.

Source: 
Notes on the Eastern Cree 
and Northern Saulteaux 
by Alanson Skinner 
The American Museum 
of Natural History
Anthropological Papers
Volume IX, Part 1
New York, 1911


► Themes of the story


Loss and Renewal: The story begins with the tragic loss of the boys’ entire family and culminates in their eventual reunion and new lives.

Hero’s Journey: The older brother leads a transformative adventure, overcoming death, monstrous foes, and magical trials.

Guardian Figures: The Walrus and two polar bears serve as protective guides, ensuring the boys’ survival.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


Albany Cree

A whole family was once killed by the devil [a cannibal or Wetigo], excepting two very small boys. The Cannibal kept them, for he intended to fatten and eat them. The oldest boy discovered this and said to his brother, “Do you know where our mother’s awl is?” “Yes,” replied the little one. “Find it as quickly as you can, our parents have been killed and eaten by the Cannibal.” The little fellow found the awl and gave it to his big brother who took it and bored a hole down into the ground. Then the little boys went into the hole and the oldest brother carried with him a piece of wood and a bit of stone, besides the awl. Early in the morning, the Cannibal discovered the boys were gone so he came into the hole to look for them. When the boys heard the Cannibal coming, the oldest brother took the youngest on his back and fled through the hole under the ground. A root projecting from the roof of the hole tore the little one’s cheek very badly as they brushed by.

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Soon the Cannibal began to gain on them. Then the older brother threw away the piece of wood. “Let a forest grow up,” he cried, and up sprang a dense forest which hindered the progress of the Cannibal. At length, the Cannibal began to catch up again. This time the older brother tried throwing away the rag. Thick briars grew up where it fell and the Cannibal was again delayed, this time longer than before, but after a time he got through. When the older brother heard him coming, he threw away the stone, it became a very large boulder and shut up the hole. This time, it took the Cannibal a very long time to get through. Then the fugitives came out by the side of a lake. When the boys got to the shore they were frightened lest they could not escape. They saw some large animal (Walrus) in the lake and they called to him to take them across. Walrus agreed. “Keep a sharp lookout for Thunder,” he told them, “I only come out when it is a fine clear day, otherwise I stay beneath the surface.” The little chaps promised and got on his back. As soon as they started out, it began to cloud up. Walrus saw the clouds and thought he heard it thunder. He was not sure, however, and he trusted the little boys to tell him. The boys were afraid that Walrus would dive under the water with them, so they dared not tell him. At last they reached the shallow water near the other shore, where they knew they would be safe, so they told Walrus.

Walrus said to the boys, “There is an old man named Wemishus who always travels up and down the lake near this place. If you see him coming, hide and never fire your arrows in the water, for if he sees them in the water he will find you. If you should shoot your arrows in the water, don’t try to get them again, let them go.” Then Walrus returned. When Walrus returned, the Cannibal was waiting on the shore. He called to Walrus, to take him across. “Sit on my back then,” said Walrus, “but don’t move, for if you do you will hurt my neck.” The Cannibal promised, but when they were off he did move and hurt Walrus, who dove down and drowned him.

Walrus often warned the boys about Wemishus. At last, one day, the old man came around a point all at once and caught the boys unaware. Just then, the older boy’s arrow fell into the water and Wemishus called to the boy to come and get it. For a long time, the lad was afraid. Wemishus said, “Come and take your arrow, I won’t touch you. You can see I am far off in my canoe and could not reach you anyway.

The boy approached. “Come a little closer,” said Wemishus. The boy hesitated although Wemishus spoke to him several times. At last, the boy came so close that Wemishus hooked him up into his canoe with his paddle. Then he took the boy away, crying. The younger brother he left behind on the bank also crying. The older brother begged Wemishus to take the little one too, but he refused. “One is enough. For if I take your little brother there will be two of you against me and you will be able to beat me in conjuring.”

The little brother sat on the bank crying all day, for he thought that he would surely starve to death now that his brother was gone. At last, two polar bears came to him. “Don’t cry any longer,” said they, “we will bring you up.” So they looked after him, and were just like dogs to him until he became a man.

The older brother was taken home by Wemishus. When his daughter saw him, she said, “So you are bringing another one home to kill.” Wemishus had brought the boy to be her husband, for he had already become a man.

So the older brother took the girl to wife and lived with her for a while. He was continually contesting with his father-in-law with the bow and arrow, and he always beat the old man. At last, the boy said one day to Wemishus, “I wonder where we can get some gulls’ eggs?” “Oh,” said Wemishus, “I know where to go.” So off they went. As they walked along, they came to a great rock which was split open, and they had to jump over the crack. “You jump first,” said Wemishus to the youth. Although the crack was very wide the boy jumped over. The old man was to jump next, but he drew back once, for he knew he would not succeed because the young man’s power (medicine) was stronger than his. (It seems the old man had caused the split rock to be where it was by his magic, for he hoped to trap his son-in-law.) At last the old man jumped but he fell into the crack. The rock came together and would have killed him if he had been an ordinary man. Instead, however, it quickly released him. The old man’s head was broken in four pieces but he tied the fragments and his head became whole again. They started off again; this time in their canoe. By and by, they came to the island where they expected to obtain the gulls’ eggs and feathers. As they walked about, the old man kept sending the young man farther and farther away from the shore, until at last he had a chance to run to his canoe and get away. Wemishus did not paddle. He rapped on the bottom of his canoe with his staff and off it went. The young man killed a gull and collected some eggs. He skinned the gull. Then he crawled into the skin and flew off. He flew over Wemishus as he passed by. Wemishus was lying on his back in the canoe. The young man defecated full in his face as he flew by. “Oh, the odor,” cried the old man, “the gulls have finished my son-in-law already.”

The young man flew home. He lit near by and took off the skin and went to his tent before the old man arrived. His wife asked him where her father was. “I’m not taking care of him,” said the young man, “but he is coming along over there.”

Finally, the old man arrived. When he came ashore he saw his two grandsons shooting with their bows and arrows. Their arrows were feathered with gulls’ feathers and they had gulls’ eggs to eat. “Where did you get those?” asked Wemishus of his grandson. “Our father gave them to us,” they replied. “Oh, your father, the gulls have eaten him by this time,” said the old man, “for I found the smell of him as I came along in my canoe.”

When the old man really saw his son-in-law in the tent he was surprised. He sat there feeling very much frightened. He could not take his eyes off the young man. “No wonder you feel sad,” said his daughter, “you always used to be trying to beat someone, but now you have someone to beat you.” The old man had nothing to say, so to divert attention he cried out, “Oh, see that louse running about on my son-in-law’s face.” The old man began to get frightened for he could not vanquish his son-in-law however hard he tried.

It was nearing winter, and the two men were camping alone. They used to hang their leggings and moccasins to dry in the tent every night. The younger man did not trust Wemishus and watched him all the time. He changed moccasins and leggings with the old man. Then the old man got up in the night and made a great fire. The young man lay still and pretended to be asleep but he watched his father-in-law all the time. The young man saw” Wemishus go to where he thought his son-in-law’s moccasins were and threw them in the fire. When he thought they were burned up he cried out, “Your leggings are burning.” Then his son-in-law jumped up. “Mine are safe,” he cried. “Where are yours?” Then Wemishus found that he had been tricked into burning his own moccasins and leggings. They had a long way to go from their camp to their home. It was so cold the next day that the trees fairly cracked. The old man didn’t know what to do, but he blackened his legs with charcoal to look like leggings, and he hoped that would keep out the cold.

They started out. Soon the old man began to freeze. He said to his son-in-law, “The best thing I can do is to turn into a juniper (tamarack) tree. It will be good for my descendants to use for firewood.” When the young man looked back where his father-in-law had stood, there was a juniper tree.

The young man reached home. His sons were grown up now. His wife knew something had gone wrong, so she asked her husband where her father was. “Your father has got what he wanted now,” said he. Then she guessed the old man was dead and began to cry. Then her husband told her the old man had burned all his clothes and turned into a juniper tree.

“Now, I am going away,” he told her, “our grown-up sons will look after you. I may come back again, and I may not.” He really couldn’t tell, for he meant to go and look for his younger brother, who was now a grown man. So he went to the place where Wemishus had left the little fellow and sure enough, there he saw signs of his brother. He saw his tent and approached it. The younger brother knew someone was coming and came out with his bow and arrow drawn. “Don’t shoot, I am your older brother,” said the other. So the young man did not fire, for he heard him. Though he could just remember the time he had lost his older brother, for a long time he would not believe that this stranger was he.

At last when the older brother asked the younger one many questions about his parents, he partly believed. “Did you ever look in the water to see yourself?” said the older brother. “Yes,” replied the younger. “Did you see that scar on your face? Do you remember the root that caught you and scratched you?” “Yes, I remember that now,” said the young man and now he was sure of his brother, and they lived together. The elder brother wanted him to go home with him, but the young man would not go, nor would he let his older brother go home. The young man asked him if he had a wife and family, but he said that he did not. The younger brother continually found the older one crying. “You must have a family if you cry so.” “Yes,” said he, “I have two grown-up sons.”

The two polar bears still lived with the youth, but he told them they must go now, for he had his brother. The bears were very sorry and when he did drive them away they came back two or three times. At last he said to the bears, “The next time you come back, I will be gone, and you will not see me.” The two brothers went away, but in what direction, I did not hear.


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Weese-ke-jak

Weese-ke-jak transformed a water-covered void into a living world, bargaining with migratory geese for earth, shaping land and animals, and negotiating sun and wind to regulate seasons. A courageous beaver sacrifices itself to free the sun and is rewarded, while a flood wipes out life, followed by a new creation using mud from a devoted beaver as the planet’s foundation.

Source: 
Myths of the Bungees or 
Swampy Indians of Lake Winnipeg 
by S.C. Simms 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.19, No.75, pp. 334-340
October-December, 1906


► Themes of the story


Creation: The narrative opens with the making of the world from a water-covered void into land, vegetation, and living creatures.

Origin of Things: It explains natural phenomena (the sun’s path, seasons) and cultural traits (beaver’s fur and teeth, muskrat’s tail).

Loss and Renewal: Life is destroyed by a great flood and then reborn when a new earth is fashioned from mud.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


Before the creation, the world was a wide waste of water, without any inhabitants, except a few geese, which from some unknown parts paid occasional visits.

Weese-ke-jak found upon questioning them that they came from a country far away in the distant south, where there was plenty of land. Weese-ke-jak lost no time in making a bargain with the geese, that they would bring him a sample of earth on their next visit, which they did.

With the earth thus brought to him, Weese-ke-jak made the world, which he adorned with grass, trees, and herbs. This was followed by the creation of all the animals, reptiles, fowls, and fish. At that time there was a great scarcity of light upon the earth, the sun being only an occasional visitor to this world.

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Anxious to keep the sun from wandering away very far, Weese-ke-jak constructed an enormous trap to catch the sun. This accomplished the desired end, for the very next time the sun came near the earth he was caught in the trap. In vain the sun struggled to get free, for the cords by which he was held were too strong for him. The near proximity of the sun to the earth caused such a heat that everything was in danger of being burned. Therefore Weese-ke-jak concluded to make some sort of a compromise with the sun, before he would consent to give him his liberty.

After a long interview between Weese-ke-jak and the spirit of the sun, whose name was Ane-ne-ke, it was stipulated that the sun was only to come near the outer edges of the earth in the mornings and evenings, and during the day to keep farther away, just near enough to warm the earth without scorching it. On the other hand, Keewa-tin, the spirit of the north wind, was ordered by Weese-ke-jak to keep at a respectful distance from the earth when the days were long, so as not to counteract the effects of the beneficial warmth of the sun; but during the short days of the year Kee-wa-tin was permitted to blow upon the earth and bring snow and ice in its train, so that the bears, frogs, and reptiles might enjoy their winter sleep without molestation.

On these conditions, mutually agreed upon, the sun was to get his liberty.

But now another difficulty presented itself. The sun had not the power to unloose the band by which he was held, and the heat emanating from it prevented either Weese-ke-jak or any of his creations from approaching the sun to cut the band and set him free. Weese-ke-jak issued a proclamation that any one that would set the sun free would receive particular favor from him. The beaver at that time was rather an insignificant creature, having only a few small teeth in his head, and being covered with bristly hair like a hog, his tail being only a small stump about two or three inches long. He was not much thought of by the rest of the animal world, nevertheless he had a great deal of courage, for he offered his services to release the sun. At first Weese-ke-jak looked upon the beaver with misgivings, but being assured by the beaver that he would perform the task, he was permitted to try. He succeeded in gnawing through the cords that held the sun before being quite roasted alive. The cords being severed, the sun rose from the earth like a vast balloon.

When the beaver presented himself to Weese-ke-jak on his return, he was a pitiful sight, his teeth were burned away so that only two or three blackened stumps remained, his hair was burned off, leaving only his blackened skin. Weese-ke-jak, in gratitude for his deliverance from the burning rays of the sun, rewarded the beaver in a handsome manner. He clothed him with a beautiful soft coat of fur, which was the envy of all the other animals, and to compensate him for the loss of his teeth he furnished him with a new set, long and sharp, admirably fitted to cut down trees for building purposes. In order, however, that it should be kept in remembrance whence he derived these favors, his teeth were made of a brown color, as if they had been scorched by the fire. This is how the beaver came by his hatchet-like teeth and furry coat.

Weese-ke-jak, having thus settled with the sun regarding the general temperature of the earth, now proceeded to make man, and in order that man might be strong he concluded to make him of stone. Having selected a rock that suited his purpose, he spent many days in hewing out the figure he wished to make, the stone being very hard and his tools none of the best. After working a long time, however, he managed to get the figure of a man that suited his taste. Weese-ke-jak was so proud of his workmanship that, after setting his man of stone upon his feet and before putting life into him, he walked back a considerable distance to see how his man would look from a remote point of view. When he had thus reached a goodly distance from the object of his admiration, he stood gazing for a long time in silent contemplation and satisfaction with the complete job he had accomplished. But while thus employed a malicious bear happened to peep out of his hole and espied the figure. Filled with envy he rushed up to the figure, and began to rub viciously against it. The consequence was that before Weese-ke-jak could interfere the bear had knocked his man over, and the figure, falling upon the hard rock, broke in many fragments.

Weese-ke-jak was terribly enraged at this deplorable accident by which his great work was destroyed. For a time he could neither eat nor sleep, being so much grieved at the disaster to the object of his many months of hard labor.

However, he determined to make another attempt to form a man, but concluded not to spend so much time over the work again. He set to work to make one of clay, and in a little time had one nicely made, having it in a secluded place to dry in the sun. This being done satisfactorily, he forthwith endowed the figure with life. But the Indians still lament the accident by which the man of stone was destroyed; as had Weese-ke-jak succeeded in putting life in the man of stone, human beings would have been far stronger than they are now.

In process of time Weese-ke-jak found that he had an unruly family to deal with. All the creatures of his creation began to commit depredations upon each other. Loud complaints were made against the fox because he attacked the birds and killed them, the fish complained against the otter for the same reason, while the bear set up a dismal groaning because the winter was so long that he could get no berries to eat. But the greatest complaints were made against man, because he ate everything that came his way: animals, fowl, fish, and berries were all devoured by this monster of creation. The clamor became so great that Weese-ke-jak determined to call a general council, to see whether he could not in some manner come to an agreement by which all these grievances would be remedied. Accordingly a general proclamation was made summoning all the spirits of the various living creatures before him at a certain date. When the time arrived there was a great mixed multitude assembled, which proved to be very unruly and unmanageable. The noise and confusion was something terrible, and Weese-ke-jak with all his skill could not control it. In vain he tried to get the crowd to keep still and listen to him; there was no end to the continual noise they were making. The noisiest one in the crowd was the frog, who in spite of all that could be done, kept up an incessant chattering and croaking. Weese-ke-jak finally lost his temper, and, becoming enraged at the rudeness of the frog, he seized a lot of glue-like substance and dashed it over the frog’s mouth, in the hope of stopping his croaking forever. But this was of no avail; the frog blew the sticky substance out of his mouth, but a part of it remained about the corner of his mouth, which accounts for the white streak around a frog’s mouth to the present day. Weese-ke-jak could do nothing to allay the tumult of this convention, and therefore dismissed the creatures assembled, vowing vengeance on them all.

The next exploit of Weese-ke-jak was to build an immense canoe, into which he took a pair of every kind of living creature, intending to drown all the rest. Accordingly when he had taken on board those that were to escape destruction, forthwith the whole earth sunk beneath the water, causing the death of all living creatures with the exception of those who were with Weese-ke-jak in the canoe.

Weese-ke-jak with his living freight went cruising about on the waste of waters for a long period, until at last he began to get tired of that kind of life, and determined to make a new earth. He thereupon commissioned the otter to go down into the waters and bring up some mud from the bottom, wherewith to make a new earth. But when the otter got back into his native element, he never returned. After waiting a considerable time, Weese-ke-jak sent the muskrat down for the mud. At that time the tail of the muskrat was very short and insignificant, being only a round knot. The muskrat went down as directed and gathered a goodly amount of mud, and straightway came to the surface again; but when Weese-ke-jak put forth his hand to take the mud, the muskrat made a swift turn and dived under the water. Weese-ke-jak tried to seize hold of the muskrat, but only succeeded in catching his stump of a tail, which stretched through his hand, and the muskrat succeeded in getting away. Since that time the muskrat has had a long, thin tail, which is neither useful nor ornamental. Weese-ke-jak, being thwarted twice, was highly indignant and threatened vengeance against the otter and muskrat.

The beaver was next asked to go and get some mud. Accordingly the beaver went down and brought up a quantity of mud which he tendered Weese-ke-jak, who was quite delighted with the good manners of the beaver. With the mud he straightway made a new earth, nor did he forget the beaver for his services; for instead of the stump of a tail he formerly had, he received a broad, flat tail like a trowel, with which he would be able to plaster his house. Thus the beaver, for his accommodating nature, received teeth sharp as an axe for cutting down trees wherewith to build his house, and a tail with which he could plaster it.


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Wie-sah-ke-chack

The culture-hero Wie-sah-ke-chack survives a devastating flood with animals on a raft, sends the beaver to retrieve earth and recreates the world by blowing the earth ball into existence. He then gains power to dislodge his eyes and engages in trickster exploits punishing greed, explaining natural traits such as red eyelids, clumsy water-hens, and the origin of pine trees bearing his name.

Source: 
History and Folklore of 
the Cowichan Indians 
by Martha Douglas Harris 
The Colonist 
Printing and Publishing Company 
Victoria, British Columbia, 1901 
(Chapter: “Folklore of the Cree Indians”)


► Themes of the story


Creation: The myth describes the remaking of the world after a great flood, detailing how earth was retrieved and blown into a new land.

Origin of Things: It explains the origins of various natural traits (red eyelids, clumsy water-hen gait, pine “Wie-sah-ke-chack” trees) through the hero’s adventures.

Loss and Renewal: The flood destroys the old world, and subsequent losses (beaver, eyes, hunters) lead to renewal and new beginnings.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Cree people


In olden days a great flood came upon earth, and all the people were destroyed except Wie-sah-ke-chack and a few animals. They were on a raft. It was terrible. After a long time of it, Wie-sah-ke-chack said to the animals: “Which of you will go down and see if you can find the earth. Bring me a little and I will make a new world.”

The little water-rat tried, but he could not go far enough down: so the beaver offered to go; and, after tying a long string to one of his feet, he sprang off the raft and down into the water. The string quivered, and at last stopped. “Our brother is dead.” So they pulled up the heaver, and sure enough he was dead, but in his paws he held a little earth.

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This Wie-sah-ke-chack took and, blowing into the heaver’s face, he came to life again. Then Wie-sah-ke-chack made a small ball of the earth, and kept blowing on it, and it grew larger and larger, till it was so large that he thought it was large enough for them to live on, so he asked the wolf to go and see; but the wolf came back and said that it was not half large enough, so he kept blowing and the earth growing, and the second time the wolf went; but no, it was not large enough. The third time the wolf went to see, he never came back, so from that they knew that the world was big enough for all to live on. That is the beginning of the world. Many years after — I don’t know how many, but long enough for the people to increase — Wie-sah-ke-chack was walking along one day singing his song—he always carried his song on his back—when he saw a man sitting on a log, taking out his eyes and throwing them up in the air. He stood and looked with astonishment at this wonderful thing. He then shewed himself and asked what, his brother was doing.

“Oh,” said the man, “my head was aching, and this is the way I cure myself.”

“Oh, please show me, too.”

“Remember,” said the man, after shewing Wie-sah-ke-chack how to do the trick, “only do it when your head really aches; if you do it when it does not, you will lose your eyes.”

He promised faithfully, so they parted, and Wie-sah-ke-chack was all impatience to try the new remedy. At last he got a headache and then joy; he could throw his eyes up in the air. “How much better I feel now,” said he, after playing a long time with his eyes. Then he went on his journey again, but still longing to try again. At last he could not resist the temptation, and, sitting down, exclaimed: “What a headache I have; how ill I feel”—all make believe. So out came his eyes, and for several times they dropped into the sockets safely. At last they fell on the ground and were snapped up by a while fox, who had been watching him. How Wie-sah-ke-chack cried and lamented the loss of his eyes, when suddenly he felt a sharp prick on his poor empty eye-sockets. “Who is trying to hurt me, now that I have lost my eyes? If I catch him I will kill him.”

Then the pricking still went on, till he was perfectly frantic. At last he caught the white fox by his leg and held him up and threatened to pull him to pieces. The fox prayed him to let him go, “for,” said the fox, “I will take you to a place where you can get some pitch and make eyes for yourself.”

Wie-sah-ke-chack would not let the fox go, but tied him with a cord, so the fox led him to an old pine tree, and there he found good white pitch and made eyes for himself; but his eye-lids were always red, and that is the reason why old people get red eyes from Wie-sah-ke-chack.

After his eyes were restored, he went on and saw a beaver lying asleep, and he ran and caught him by the tail, and put his fire-bag on a tree-limb overhanging the water, and forgot it there. The beaver he tied to his back and went to make a fire and cook the beaver. Presently the beaver gave him such a slap with his tail, and then another, that Wie-sah-ke-chack was glad to let him go. “Now, where is my fire-bag?” So he went back to where he had found the beaver, and there, in the water, was the bag. How was he to get it? At last the beaver got there, and laughed at him. “Look up, you stupid, and see where it is; but you won’t make a fire for me today.”

So Wie-sah-ke-chack had to go hungry. He pulled in his belt. He was so famished, and he was walking on very sadly when he came across a beautiful deer. “Now, here is my meat.” Then, calling to the deer, he said: “Good day, brother; let us play a while, and do you pretend I am going to shoot you, but I’ll only pretend.”

So the deer began to run up and down, tossing his beautiful head and springing in the air; the arrows would fall short, and Wie-sah-ke-chack would pretend to be vexed. At last he aimed at the deer’s heart and shot at his poor brother and killed him. Now what a feast he would have! So, skinning the deer and getting the fire ready and cutting the choicest bits and putting them on la pola sticks to broil before the fire, he did not know if he had better sleep first or wash first, so he said he would sleep after the feast. So he went to the water-side, and, bathing himself carefully and combing his hair, at length he was ready, and how good the meat smelt! So, going to two pine trees that were growing out of one stein, he got between them and told them to squeeze him till his appetite was better. The trees began to squeeze him gently, but firmly. Now, this good smell of cooking had brought all the animals to the feast, and they began, without ceremony, to eat the feast. “Stop! Stop! That is my feast. Here, let me go!” but the trees held him fast, and in his anger he broke all the branches he could reach and threw them at the animals. At last everything was eaten, and the bones picked clean, and the fire put out, and the uninvited guests dispersed, when the trees let him loose. These trees are called Wie-sah-ke-chack trees, as they punished him for his greediness. Now he fumed and raged, but to no purpose. Going along, he found a man who was hunting, but this hunting was new to Wie-sah-ke-chack. The man had a number of little men who hunted for him, and they had killed a large deer. He opened a large sack and called the little men to come back, and they all stepped into the sack, and he shut it up. Now, Wie-sah-ke-chack stepped out and said: “Good day, brother. What are you doing here?”

“Oh, I am just hunting.”

“And what have you in your bag?”

“I have my little men, and they hunt for me.”

“Oh, how I wish I could have some hunters, too.” “Well,” said the stranger, “I’ll be glad to give you some; but when you are hunting, don’t let the little men go out of fight, or you will lose them.” So, giving Wie-sah-ke-chack some men and picking up the deer, the stranger disappeared.

How happy was our friend, and he strode off into the woods, quite happy. Presently he came into a large open glade, and there he saw a deer grazing, so opening the sack, he let the little men out, and they ran and shot the deer. He was so busy with the deer that he forgot to call the little men back, and they disappeared, and he was inconsolable. So he cooked his deer and ate it; and the next day, shouldering his sack, off he went.

The birds had all assembled before winter. They had called a meeting, and after the meeting they were to have a dance; but there was no one to sing for them, when suddenly they saw Wie-sah-ke-chack coming. What calling and shouting! “Come here, Wie-sah-ke-chack; how glad we are to see you, for we are going to have a big dance tonight, and want you to sing for us.”

“Hey!” cried he; “why, you have nothing ready for your dance.”

“Well, what must we do? “

“First of all,” said he, “you must build a big lodge, and put a division in the middle of it, and by and by the fat birds must dance on one side and the lean ones on the other, and then I must paint YOU.”

So they were all busy, and after the lodge was made, they came to be painted. Out of the sack the paints came, and the swan was the first to get ready; so Wie-sah-ke-chack painted him all white, with black feet and nose. How beautiful he looked. Then the wood-duck, with all his lovely colours on. It was a rare sight to see these painted birds. Well, when they were all ready the fat birds went to one side and the lean to the other, and then they were told to shut their eyes while they danced. Such fine songs Wie-sah-ke-chack sung! I have forgotten them now, so I can’t tell you how they went. By and by the noise of the dancing became less and less, and at last La Pooldo, the little water-hen, opened her eyes—and what should she see but Wie-sah-ke-chack killing her people and throwing them outside — only the fat ones, of course. So she got near the door and then shouted, “Wie-sah-ke-chack is killing us!” and as she ran out of the door he stepped on her back and almost broke it, and that is why the water-hen is now so clumsy when she walks. Then the dance broke up, and the birds that were left flew away. Now, there was a fine beach there—a long’ stretch of lovely white sand—and Wie-sah-ke-chack thought he would make his feast there, so he buried the birds, with their legs sticking up, and built a big fire over them. Then he lay down and slept, and when he awakened he went to bathe and refresh himself. What a fine appetite he had, and how be would enjoy himself after all the hard work! So, scraping the ashes away, he pulled up the first bird, and only legs came up—no body at all. Well, the fire must have been too hot. Then he tried the next bird, and the same thing happened; so he ran along, pulling up his feast, but nothing but legs came. Then he knew his feast had been stolen from him. It seems that the foxes had come down and eaten all the birds up whilst he slept, and then stuck the legs back again so as to deceive Wie-sah-ke-chack.

There are other adventures, but they are not clear in my mind, so I will not write them. The legend is that the person who can tell all about the adventures, of Wie-sah-ke-chack will live to be very old. So I leave my story, with great reluctance, owing to my inability to remember more, and having to face a short life in consequence.


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The great snowfall

After a brutal attack by grizzly bear men leaves only two children from each of the wolf and eagle clans alive, the survivors flee, aided by a dying shaman. His prophecy warns of a devastating snowfall. Obeying his advice, the youths build a strong shelter and survive a two-month storm. They repopulate the land, becoming ancestors of the present people. One elder dies after a final mystical hunt.

Source: 
Traditions of the Ts’ets’a’ut 
by Franz Boas 
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.9, No.35, pp. 257-268
October-December, 1896
Vol.10, No.36, pp. 35-48
January-March, 1897


► Themes of the story


Transformation: The harrowing experience of surviving a prolonged, life-altering snowfall and the characters evolving—physically, emotionally, ritually—captures a deep transformation. They emerge changed, wiser, and renewed.

Ancestral Spirits: The influence of the dead shaman—his prophecy, his spiritual presence guiding preparations, and being honored through sacrifices—speaks directly to the power of ancestral spirit intervention.

Loss and Renewal: The story begins with devastating loss (death, collapse) and culminates in renewal (survival, rebirth of their line), tracing a full cyclical journey through destruction and revitalization.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tsetsaut people


Once upon a time a number of families of the wolf clan and of the eagle clan lived in a village at Sqamgo’ns, in Portland Channel. Near by there was a village of grizzly bear men. [These were men. It is not quite clear if they were men of a grizzly bear clan, or if the story happened at the time when all animals were still men.] They attacked the village, and killed everybody with the exception of one boy and one girl of each of the two clans. They were crying all the time when they saw their relatives killed. Then one of the grizzly bear men went to their hut, and threatened to kill them if they should not stop crying. But one of the boys took his bow and arrow and shot the man in the chest, thus killing him. After this had happened, they dug a deep ditch in their hut, and buried all their relatives who had been killed.

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They left the place of these misfortunes and went down the mountains. After some time they reached a house, in which-they found an old, old man who had been left by his friends to die alone. He said to them: “Stay here until I die, my grandchildren, and bury me when I am dead.” They stayed, and he asked them why they had left their country. When they had told him, he asked them to return, because salmon were nowhere as plentiful as in the river on which their house had stood. He also warned them, saying: “The sky is full of feathers. Take good care to provide yourself with plenty of meat, and build a strong house.” He was a great shaman, and was able to foresee the future.

After two days he died. The young people buried him. Then they started to return to their home in obedience to what the shaman had told them. They followed a river, and when they were near its source they saw an immense herd of mountain goats coming down towards them. They did not stop to shoot them, but ran right up to them and dispatched them, cutting their throats with their knives. Then they went back to the camp in which they had left the girls, taking along only a kid that they had killed. They threw some of its meat and tallow into the fire, as a sacrifice to the dead shaman who had directed them to return home. On the following day they moved their camp to a hill which was located in the midst of three lakes. There they built a strong hut as directed by the shaman. The two girls went out to fetch the meat of the mountain goats. While they were drying it, the boys strengthened the poles of the house, joined them with stout thongs, and thus prepared for a heavy snowfall. They put the meat into the house. On the following day the snow began to fall. They lived on the meat of the mountain goats, but they sacrificed as much to the dead shaman as they ate. It continued to snow for two months. They could not go out to gather wood for their fire, but they had to burn the bones and the tallow of the goats. The smoke kept a hole open in the roof of their hut; and, when looking up, they could see no more than a very small speck of light. But after two months they saw the blue sky through this hole. The sun was shining again. Then they dug a hole towards the surface of the snow and came out. Nothing but snow was to be seen. The rocks of the mountains and the trees were all covered. Gradually the snow began to melt a little, and the tops of the trees reappeared. One day they saw a bear near the top of a tree. When they approached, it crawled back to its lair at the foot of the tree. Now they started on their way to their old home. After a long and difficult march, they reached it just at the time when the olachen were coming. They caught a plentiful supply and were well provided with provisions. In summer there were salmon in the river. They caught them and dried and split them. They married and had many children. They were the only people who were saved from the heavy snow, and from them descended the present generations of people. They multiplied very rapidly, for they married very young, as dogs do. At the end of the first summer, only a small part of the snow had melted. A few rocks appeared in the mountains, but in the fall new snow began to fall. In the spring of the following year it began to melt again. The trees were gradually freed from snow, but some of it has always remained on the mountains, where it forms the glaciers.

The two couples who had been saved from the snow grew to be very old. Their hair was white, and they were bent with old age. One day the young men climbed the mountains to hunt mountain goat. One of the old men accompanied them, but he was left behind, as he could not walk as fast as the young men did. When he had reached a meadow high up the side of the mountain he heard a voice from the interior of the rocks saying: “Here is the man who killed all our friends.” When he looked up he saw a number of mountain goats above. He did not know how to reach them, since his legs were weak. He took two sticks and tied one to each of his legs in order to steady and to strengthen them. Thus he was enabled to climb. He reached the mountain goats and cut their necks. He killed thirty. Among these was a kid. He took out its tallow and put it on his head; he cut off its head and took it under his arm to carry it home. He had stayed away so long that his friends had given him up for lost. He told them of his adventure. He roasted the kid’s head and ate it. On the following morning he was dead.


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The deserted woman

A woman is unjustly accused of infidelity by her husband after finding a ball of fat. He burns her belongings and abandons her to die. Resourcefully, she survives by catching rabbits and crafting necessities. Eventually, two brothers discover her, and she becomes their wife, creating fine clothing and living contentedly. Later, her former husband returns.

Source: 
Kaska Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.30, No.118, pp. 427-473
October-December, 1917


► Themes of the story


Transformation: The protagonist undergoes significant personal growth, evolving from a deserted wife to a self-reliant individual who crafts her own survival tools and garments.

Family Dynamics: The narrative delves into complex relationships, highlighting her initial betrayal by her husband and eventual integration into a new family structure.

Loss and Renewal: Experiencing the loss of her former life, she rebuilds and finds new beginnings with her subsequent partners.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Kaska people


A man and his wife were travelling with other people. The woman had a heavy load, and was following behind. She came to a hill where the people had slid down with their toboggans on the snow. Here she found a ball of fat which must have been lost from one of the toboggans. When she reached camp, she showed the fat to her husband. He became angry, and accused her of having a sweetheart, which she denied. He said, “Your sweetheart must have paid you in fat.” (This is why some married people are now suspicious of each other, and accuse each other of infidelity without sufficient reason.) In the morning the husband burned his wife’s clothes and tools, the people extinguished the fires, and all of them deserted the place, leaving the woman to die of cold and starvation.

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Only her sister-in-law had pity on her, and told her she had left a little fire for her in one place.

As soon as the people were out of sight, the woman blew on the embers left by her sister-in-law, and made a small fire. Numbers of rabbits began to come to the deserted camp. She found some scraps of sinew at a place where the men had been making arrows. She made a snare with these, and caught a rabbit. She took the sinews of its legs and made another snare. Thus she continued catching and living on rabbits. She made needles and awls of their bones, thread of their sinews, and clothing and blankets of their skins. She took great care not to let the lire go out, as she had no axe or any tools for making fire. She collected whatever fire-wood she could find. She had no snowshoes, and could not go very far, for the snow was deep in that place.

At last March came, and spring was near. There was a hard, thick crust on the snow. One day she tapped on her knee, and said, “I wish some of you people would come this way!” She said this almost without thinking, as if in fun. Soon afterwards a moose ran past the camp, and a man on snowshoes in pursuit on the crust. Seeing the moose had passed near the camp, the man asked the woman how long since it has passed or how far ahead it was. She pointed out to him the branches of a tree still moving which it had touched in passing, and made a sign that it had just gone out of sight. The man went on, after telling her that his brother was following and would camp there that night. The brother came along, following the tracks, and, seeing the camp, left his blankets there with the woman. The first brother killed the moose, and that night both brothers returned to the woman’s camp heavily laden with moose-meat. They cooked meat and gave some of it to the woman. During the course of the evening they asked the woman why she was alone, and why she wore only rabbitskin clothing, and she told them all. They said, “When we return to our camp, we shall tell our mother.” They told their mother, who said, “I am almost blind now, and I am very glad you have found this woman. She will be a wife for you, and will sew your clothes.” They took the woman to wife, and she made for them fancy clothes of moose and caribou skin, embroidered richly with quill-work, and feather head-dresses. (This is why men are now jealous of a good wife, who looks after them well and makes fancy clothes for them.) She also made good clothes for herself. (This is why men now like a woman who dresses neatly and well.)

The woman staid with her husbands and mother-in-law in one place. After a time her former husband arrived, and, finding tracks, he followed them to the camp. He was surprised to find his former wife there, finely dressed, well provided with meat, and having two husbands. He offered to buy her back with a stone axe and arrows. The woman took the axe and threw it into deep water, and threw the arrows into the fire. She said to him, “Don’t you remember how you left me to starve? I shall never go with you now!” He departed crying. (This is why, when a good woman separates from a bad man, she becomes better off, and never returns to him.)


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A woman hides bear meat from her starving husband

In a time of famine, a woman discovers a bear and secretly hides its meat, even from her starving husband. Unaware, he returns to find only bear fat and becomes fearful. Despite their children’s hunger, she conceals the bear, leading to tension. Eventually, they begin catching fish, sustaining the group until spring. This tale highlights themes of secrecy and survival among the Dane-zaa people.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Cunning and Deception: The woman secretly hides the bear meat from her husband and the rest of the starving group, deceiving them about the available resources.

Family Dynamics: The narrative explores the relationship between the woman and her husband, highlighting issues of trust and survival within the family unit.

Loss and Renewal: The community experiences a period of deprivation followed by a renewal of fortune when they begin to catch fish, illustrating the cyclical nature of hardship and relief.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


Once a band of Indians were traveling about starving. There was one man who was a poor hunter and no one fed him. Then the man’s wife found a bear and hid it from the others. The man did not know about it either. He had been some distance ahead and returned to find his wife gone. He wondered what was the matter and turned back to look for her. When he came back close he stood listening, for he feared the Cree were about. He heard his children asking for fat. “Why do the children say that?” he said to himself. When he came home nothing but bear fat was to be seen. He was frightened. The woman was hiding it. “Since you have hidden it for a short time, you must continue to hide well,” he said.

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They were with the people and had eaten up a bear without their knowing it. They had not secured fish and the children were about to die of starvation, yet she had hidden the bear. The woman was not feeding that man. They had been many places for fish, but they had not killed any when suddenly they began to kill fish. He lived well with the people. They all lived until the snow melted.


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A young man carries about fire all winter

In a sub-arctic tale, a young man, lacking proper fire-starting tools, carries embers throughout winter. After discarding partridge feet post-meal, he later, starving, consumes them. A partridge appears in his dream, chastising his pride and predicting future abundance. The next evening, he discovers a fatally frozen moose beneath the snow, providing ample sustenance and teaching him humility.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Conflict with Nature: The young man struggles against the harsh winter conditions, facing challenges such as scarcity of food and the necessity to carry fire for survival.

Dreams and Visions: A partridge visits the young man in his sleep, delivering a message that foretells an improvement in his circumstances, which subsequently comes true.

Loss and Renewal: The young man experiences a period of deprivation and near-death, followed by a renewal of fortune when he discovers the moose, providing him with ample sustenance.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


Obtained in English from Ike through John Bourassa

There was a young man who went around alone one winter. He had neglected to provide himself with the proper stones for making fire before the snow came and covered them up. He was therefore obliged to carry fire with him wherever he went. He was without food and starving one night when he killed a partridge. He scraped away the snow, built a fire, and cooked the partridge. He ate the bird and when he had finished dropped the feet in the snow behind him.

The next day he went on and wandered about for many days without being able to kill anything. Finally, he came back to the same place and cleared away the snow for a fire. As the fire melted the snow away he saw the discarded partridge feet. He then recognized his former camping place.

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He picked up the feet and ate them. That night a partridge came to him in his sleep and said, “You were proud. You were too proud to eat my feet as other people do, but now you want to have them. You are miserable and about to die, but from now on you will be all right. By tomorrow night you will have plenty to eat. The next day he went about thinking all day long he would find some game as had been promised. Night came without his having had a chance to kill anything. He moved the snow away and built his fire against a drift that the heat might be reflected toward him. He sat there wondering that an animal should deceive him by making a promise that had not been fulfilled. As the fire grew hot he heard a sound like the frying of grease. He kept pushing the fire together and as he did so the sound was heard again. He finally noticed the drift of snow covered a moose which had been killed in the fall when it was fat. The fire had been built near the hips of the moose and the choicest parts were ready cooked. He had the whole moose to himself and was all right after that.


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The boy who was cared for by the wolf

A man with many children lost his wife during winter and abandoned an orphaned child he had been caring for. Upon returning in spring, he found the boy alive. The child revealed that a wolf had cared for him, providing warmth, fire, and meat. The boy survived into middle age before succumbing to illness.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Guardian Figures: The wolf acts as a protector and caretaker for the boy during his time of need.

Loss and Renewal: The boy experiences the loss of his caretakers but finds renewal through the wolf’s guardianship and his eventual reintegration into human society.

Ancestral Spirits: The narrative reflects the belief in animal spirits or ancestors taking care of humans, a common motif in indigenous cultures.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


This story was affirmed to be true by the narrator, John Bourassa, one of the most intelligent of the mixed-bloods in the vicinity of Vermilion. Lowie has a story of a bear who gave suck to a grown man.

One time there was a man who with many children was living by himself. In the middle of the winter his wife died, and he went to join the other people. He had been taking care of an orphan child, but now could do nothing for him, so he deserted him, leaving him alone in the camp.

When he passed by the next spring, he found the child was still alive and took him along, “How did you get through the winter without freezing?” he asked the child. “A wolf took care of me. He slept with me and made a fire for me. That is why I did not freeze to death. He also fed me with meat,” the boy said.

The boy lived long after this, until he was of middle age and finally died of some ailment.

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The woman who discovered copper

A woman, captured by enemies, escapes and discovers copper near the ocean. She shares this find with her community, who begin using the metal for tools. However, after multiple expeditions, the copper vanishes following inappropriate behavior towards a mysterious woman associated with the metal. Subsequent attempts to retrieve the copper fail, and the woman is eventually left undisturbed.

Source: 
The Beaver Indians
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 4
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story


Origin of Things: The tale explains the origin of copper usage among the Dane-zaa people.

Forbidden Knowledge: The woman’s discovery of copper introduces new knowledge to her community, but subsequent attempts to obtain more are hindered by mysterious circumstances, suggesting that this knowledge may be restricted or comes with consequences.

Loss and Renewal: The initial discovery of copper brings prosperity, but its subsequent loss due to the mysterious woman’s actions forces the community to adapt and seek renewal in other ways.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Dane-zaa people


This myth was recorded by Samuel Hearne in 1771.

One time a man’s wife who had been left alone was stolen by the people who live beyond the ocean (the Eskimo) and taken away to their country where she was held as a captive. The life was hard on her and she went away alone and came to the shore of the ocean. While she was there, unable to cross, a wolf came walking through the water toward her. He told her the passage was a good one and that she had better cross by means of it. She went up from the shore with the intention of abandoning her one child which had a large belly as a result of his greed. She killed a caribou and boiled the blood in the second stomach of the animal. She deserted the boy whose attention had thus been diverted.

There by the shore of the ocean metal was lying under the ground. The woman was passing by there and saw some of it.

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She took a load of it and carried it to her relatives. They came to know the metal in this manner. The men all went for the metal and had a hard time bringing their loads home. They used it for arrow points; it was of great value to them for it was all they had to use. It was metal but not very strong for it was copper.

They went for it again and when they came there, there were many men and only’ one woman. All the men had intercourse with the woman who sat down on the copper and it disappeared so that it could not be secured.

They went for it again after that, but it was not to be seen, and they could not secure it. The woman had sunk into the ground until it came halfway up her body. Those men who had kept her jointly were unable to secure any metal. They went for it again after that and found only the woman’s head projecting above the ground which now came up around her neck. She was seen again after two years, she was still alive. That was the last time they saw her. After that they left her alone.


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