The Boy who Became a Stone

Elonen, a boy crafting a bird snare, captures a taunting bird but leaves it home while swimming. His hungry grandmother eats the bird, leaving Elonen heartbroken. Wandering into the forest, he asks a stone to swallow him, which it does. Despite various creatures’ attempts to rescue him, including horses, carabaos, and thunder, the stone remains unyielding, leaving his grandmother grief-stricken.

Source
Philippine Folk Tales
compiled and annotated by
Mabel Cook Cole
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1916


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Elonen’s metamorphosis into a stone signifies a profound change in his state of being.

Family Dynamics: The relationship between Elonen and his grandmother, including her actions and his subsequent reaction, highlights complex familial interactions.

Loss and Renewal: Elonen’s loss of his bird and his transformation can be interpreted as a cycle of loss leading to a new state of existence.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Philippines peoples


One day a little boy named Elonen sat out in the yard making a bird snare, and as he worked, a little bird called to him: “Tik-tik-lo-den” (come and catch me).

“I am making a snare for you,” said the boy; but the bird continued to call until the snare was finished.

Then Elonen ran and threw the snare over the bird and caught it, and he put it in a jar in his house while he went with the other boys to swim.

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While he was away, his grandmother grew hungry, so she ate the bird, and when Elonen returned and found that his bird was gone, he was so sad that he wished he might go away and never come back. He went out into the forest and walked a long distance, until finally he came to a big stone and said: “Stone, open your mouth and eat me.” And the stone opened its mouth and swallowed the boy.

When his grandmother missed the boy, she went out and looked everywhere, hoping to find him. Finally she passed near the stone and it cried out, “Here he is.” Then the old woman tried to open the stone but she could not, so she called the horses to come and help her. They came and kicked it, but it would not break. Then she called the carabao and they hooked it, but they only broke their horns. She called the chickens, which pecked it, and the thunder, which shook it, but nothing could open it, and she had to go home without the boy.


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The Matsuyama Mirror

In a small village, a man gifts his wife a mirror after visiting the city, revealing her reflection for the first time. Years later, the wife, on her deathbed, asks her daughter to look into the mirror daily, saying it reflects her presence. The daughter, believing she sees her mother, grows virtuous, cherishing her mother’s memory through the reflection of her own maturing face.

Source
Japanese Fairy Tales
by Grace James
Macmillan & Co., London, 1912


► Themes of the story

Transformation through Love: The daughter’s daily reflection in the mirror, believing she sees her mother, fosters her growth into a virtuous individual, illustrating personal transformation inspired by love and remembrance.

Sacred Objects: The mirror, a cherished gift from the father, holds profound significance as a conduit for the daughter’s connection to her mother’s memory, embodying the theme of sacred objects.

Loss and Renewal: The mother’s death represents loss, while the daughter’s continued growth and virtuous development through the mirror’s reflection signify renewal, emphasizing the cyclical nature of life and memory.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Japanese Mythology & Folklore


A long, long time ago there lived in a quiet spot a young man and his wife. They had one child, a little daughter, whom they both loved with all their hearts. I cannot tell you their names, for they have long since been forgotten; but the name of the place where they lived was Matsuyama, in the Province of Echigo.

It happened once, while the little girl was still a baby, that the father was obliged to go to the great city, the capital of Japan, upon some business. It was too far for the mother and her little baby to go, so he set out alone, after bidding them goodbye and promising to bring them home some pretty present.

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The mother had never been farther from home than the next village, and she could not help being a little frightened at the thought of her husband taking such a long journey; and yet she was a little proud too, for he was the first man in all that country-side who had been to the big town where the king and his great lords lived, and where there were so many beautiful and curious things to be seen.

At last the time came when she might expect her husband back, so she dressed the baby in its best clothes, and herself put on a pretty blue dress which she knew her husband liked.

You may fancy how glad this good wife was to see him come home safe and sound, and how the little girl clapped her hands, and laughed with delight when she saw the pretty toys her father had brought for her. He had much to tell of all the wonderful things he had seen upon the journey, and in the town itself.

“I have brought you a very pretty thing,” said he to his wife; “it is called a mirror. Look and tell me what you see inside.” He gave to her a plain white wooden box, in which, when she had opened it, she found a round piece of metal. One side was white, like frosted silver, and ornamented with raised figures of birds and flowers; the other was bright as the clearest crystal. Into it the young mother looked with delight and astonishment, for, from its depths was looking at her with parted lips and bright eyes, a smiling happy face.

“What do you see?” again asked the husband, pleased at her astonishment and glad to show that he had learned something while he had been away.

“I see a pretty woman looking at me, and she moves her lips as if she was speaking, and–dear me, how odd, she has on a blue dress just like mine!”

“Why, you silly woman, it is your own face that you see!” said the husband, proud of knowing something that his wife didn’t know. “That round piece of metal is called a mirror. In the town everybody has one, although we have not seen them in this country-place before.”

The wife was charmed with her present, and for a few days could not look into the mirror often enough; for you must remember that as this was the first time she had seen a mirror, so, of course, it was the first time she had ever seen the reflection of her own pretty face. But she considered such a wonderful thing far too precious for everyday use, and soon shut it up in its box again and put it away carefully among her most valued treasures.

Years passed on, and the husband and wife still lived happily. The joy of their life was their little daughter, who grew up the very image of her mother, and who was so dutiful and affectionate that everybody loved her. Mindful of her own little passing vanity on finding herself so lovely, the mother kept the mirror carefully hidden away, fearing that the use of it might breed a spirit of pride in her little girl.

She never spoke of it, and as for the father he had forgotten all about it. So it happened that the daughter grew up as simple as the mother had been, and knew nothing of her own good looks, or of the mirror which would have reflected them.

But by-and-by a terrible misfortune happened to this happy little family. The good, kind mother fell sick; and, although her daughter waited upon her, day and night, with loving care, she got worse and worse, until at last there was no doubt but that she must die.

When she found that she must so soon leave her husband and child, the poor woman felt very sorrowful, grieving for those she was going to leave behind, and most of all for her little daughter.

She called the girl to her and said, “My darling child, you know that I am very sick; soon I must die and leave your dear father and you alone. When I am gone, promise me that you will look into this mirror every night and every morning; there you will see me, and know that I am still watching over you.” With these words she took the mirror from its hiding-place and gave it to her daughter. The child promised, with many tears, and so the mother, seeming now calm and resigned, died a short time after.

Now this obedient and dutiful daughter never forgot her mother’s last request, but each morning and evening took the mirror from its hiding-place, and looked in it long and earnestly. There she saw the bright and smiling vision of her lost mother. Not pale and sickly as in her last days, but the beautiful young mother of long ago. To her at night she told the story of the trials and difficulties of the day; to her in the morning she looked for sympathy and encouragement in whatever might be in store for her.

So day by day she lived as in her mother’s sight, striving still to please her as she had done in her lifetime, and careful always to avoid whatever might pain or grieve her.

Her greatest joy was to be able to look in the mirror and say, “Mother, I have been to-day what you would have me to be.”

Seeing her look into the mirror every night and morning without fail, and seem to hold converse with it, her father at length asked her the reason of her strange behaviour. “Father,” she said, “I look in the mirror every day to see my dear mother and to talk with her.” Then she told him of her mother’s dying wish, and how she had never failed to fulfil it. Touched by so much simplicity, and such faithful, loving obedience, the father shed tears of pity and affection. Nor could he find it in his heart to tell the child that the image she saw in the mirror was but the reflection of her own sweet face, becoming by constant sympathy and association more and more like her dead mother’s day by day.


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The Land of Yomi

From the heavenly realm, Izanagi and Izanami, the divine pair, created Japan and myriad deities. Tragedy struck when Izanami died giving birth to the Fire God. Izanagi pursued her to Yomi, the underworld, where he saw her decayed form. Fleeing, he sealed Yomi’s entrance with a boulder. Izanami cursed him, but Izanagi vowed greater births, thus becoming purified while Izanami ruled the dead.

Source
Japanese Fairy Tales
by Grace James
Macmillan & Co., London, 1912


► Themes of the story

Creation: The narrative begins with the deities Izanagi and Izanami creating the islands of Japan and numerous deities, detailing the origins of the land and its divine inhabitants.

Underworld Journey: Izanagi’s descent into Yomi, the land of the dead, in an attempt to retrieve Izanami, represents a classic journey into the underworld.

Loss and Renewal: The story depicts the loss of Izanami and Izanagi’s efforts to bring her back, followed by his purification and the continuation of creation, symbolizing cycles of loss and renewal.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Japanese Mythology & Folklore


From the glorious clouds of High Heaven, from the divine ether, the vital essence, and the great concourse of eternal deities, there issued forth the heavenly pair–Izanagi, His Augustness, the Lord of Invitation, and Izanami, Her Augustness, the Lady of Invitation.

Together they stood upon the Floating Bridge of High Heaven, and they looked down to where the mists swirled beneath their feet. For to them had been given power and commandment to make, consolidate and give birth to the drifting lands. And to this end the august powers had granted them a heavenly jewelled spear.

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And the two deities, standing upon the Floating Bridge of Heaven, lowered the jewelled spear head-first into chaos, so that the mists were divided. And, as they waited, the brine dripped from the jewels upon the spear-head, and there was formed an island. This is the island of Onogoro.

And His Augustness, the Lord of Invitation, took by the hand Her Augustness, the Lady of Invitation, his lovely Younger Sister, and together they descended to the island that was created. And they made the islands of Japan; the land of Iyo, which is called Lovely Princess; the land of Toyo, which is called Luxuriant Sun Youth; the land of Sanuki, which is called Good Prince Boiled Rice; and Great Yamato, the Luxuriant Island of the Dragon Fly; and many more, of which to tell were weariness.

Furthermore, they gave birth to many myriads of deities to rule over the earth, and the air, and the deep sea; and for every season there were deities, and every place was sacred, for the deities were like the needles of the pine trees in number.

Now, when the time came for the Fire God, Kagu-Tsuchi, to be born, his mother, the Lady Izanami, was burned, and suffered a change; and she laid herself upon the ground. Then Izanagi, the Prince who Invites, asked, “What is it that has come to thee, my lovely Younger Sister?”

And she answered, weeping, “The time of my departure draws near … I go to the land of Yomi.”

And His Augustness Izanagi wept aloud, dropping his tears upon her feet and upon her pillow. And all his tears fell down and became deities. Nevertheless, the Lady Izanami departed.

Then His Augustness, the Prince who Invites, was wroth, and lifted his face to High Heaven, and cried, “O Thine Augustness, my lovely Younger Sister, that I should have given thee in exchange for this single child!”

And, drawing the ten-grasp sword that was girded upon him, he slew the Fire God, his child; and binding up his long hair, he followed the Lady Izanami to the entrance of Yomi, the world of the dead. And she, the Princess who Invites, appearing as lovely as she was when alive, came forth to greet him. And she lifted up the curtain of the Palace of Hades that they might speak together.

And the Lord Izanagi said, “I weary for thee, my lovely Younger Sister, and the lands that thou and I created together are not finished making. Therefore come back.”

Then the Lady made answer, saying, “My sweet lord, and my spouse, it is very lamentable that thou camest not sooner unto me, for I have eaten of the baked meats of Yomi. Nevertheless, as thou hast dearly honoured me in thy coming here, Thine Augustness, my lovely Elder Brother, if it may be, I will return with thee. I go to lay my desire before the Gods of Yomi. Wait thou here until I come again, and, if thou love me, seek not to look upon me till the time.” And so she spoke and left him.

Izanagi sat upon a stone at the entrance of the Palace of Hades until the sun set, and he was weary of that valley of gloom. And because she tarried long, he arose and plucked a comb from the left tress of his hair, and broke off a tooth from one end of the comb, and lighting it to be a torch, he drew back the curtain of the Palace of Yomi. But he saw his beloved lying in corruption, and round about her were the eight deities of Thunder. They are the Fire Thunder, and the Black Thunder, and the Cleaving Thunder, and the Earth Thunder, and the Roaring Thunder, and the Couchant Thunder, and the Young Thunder. And by her terrible head was the Great Thunder.

And Izanagi, being overawed, turned to flee away, but Izanami arose and cried, “Thou hast put me to shame, for thou hast seen my defilement. Now I will see thine also.”

And she called to her the Hideous Females of Yomi, and bade them take and slay His Augustness, the Lord who Invites. But he ran for his life, in the gloom stumbling upon the rocks of the valley of Yomi. And tearing the vine wreath from his long hair he flung it behind him, and it fell to the ground and became many bunches of grapes, which the Hideous Females stayed to devour. And he fled on. But the Females of Yomi still pursued him; so then he took a multitudinous and close-toothed comb from the right tresses of his long hair, and cast it behind him. When it touched the ground it became a groove of bamboo shoots, and again the females stayed to devour; and Izanagi fled on, panting.

But, in her wrath and despair, his Younger Sister sent after him the Eight Thunders, together with a thousand and five hundred warriors of Hades; yet he, the Prince of Invitation, drew the ten-grasp sword that was augustly girded upon him, and brandishing it behind him gained at last the base of the Even Pass of Hades, the black mouth of Yomi. And he plucked there three peaches that grew upon a tree, and smote his enemies that they all fled back; and the peaches were called Their Augustnesses, Great Divine Fruit.

Then, last of all, his Younger Sister, the Princess who Invites, herself came out to pursue. So Izanagi took a rock which could not have been lifted by a thousand men, and placed it between them in the Even Pass of Hades. And standing behind the rock, he pronounced a leave-taking and words of separation. But, from the farther side of the rock, Izanami called to him, “My lovely Elder Brother, Thine Augustness, of small avail shall be thy making of lands, and thy creating of deities, for I, with my powers, shall strangle every day a thousand of thy people.”

So she cried, taunting him.

But he answered her, “My lovely Younger Sister, Thine Augustness, if thou dost so, I shall cause, in one day, fifteen hundred to be born. Farewell.”

So Her Augustness, the Lady who Invites, is called the Queen of the Dead.

But the great lord, His Highness, the Prince who Invites, departed, crying, “Horror! Horror! Horror! I have come to a hideous and polluted land.” And he lay still by the river-side, until such time as he should recover strength to perform purification.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

How the Samoans First Got Pigs

In ancient Samoa, famine struck, forcing a chief to eat children for sustenance. A grieving couple, the “Man of Luck” and his wife, mourned their seventh child. A magical imp named Ilo-anga intervened, gifting them pigs—creatures to provide food and end cannibalism. The pigs multiplied, spreading to Tonga and Fiji, saving families from hunger and fostering peace among islanders.

Source
Tales from Old Fiji
by Lorimer Fison
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
at the Ballantyne Press
by Alexander Moring Ltd
London, 1904


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The narrative explains how pigs were introduced to Samoa, providing an origin story for their presence in the region.

Sacrifice: The chief’s demand for children as food during the famine highlights the extreme sacrifices made by families during desperate times.

Loss and Renewal: The community experiences profound loss due to famine and cannibalism, but the introduction of pigs brings renewal and hope, ending the cycle of suffering.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Fijians


by the Lord of Naiau

In the old days there were no pigs in Samoa, nor fowls, nor ducks. Neither were there any in Tonga, nor did we, the men of Fiji, eat them, for we had them not. In those days we ate that which sprung up out of the earth, and fish which we caught on the reefs, so that we hungered after flesh, and killed men that we might eat and be full.

Now upon a time it fell out that no fish could be had in Samoa. What was the reason thereof our fathers did not fully know; but some said that a great monster came swimming into the Samoan waters, eating all the fish on the reefs, so that those fish that were left alive were afraid and swam away to other lands.

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Thus it came to pass that the men of Samoa were brought into great straits because of their hunger, for they had nothing to eat but the fruits of the ground, and their stomachs were always asking, “Alas! what shall be our food to-day?”

Now there was a chief, great and mighty, who dwelt in that land; and when the famine was heavy upon them he sent his messengers and took the children one by one, cooking them for his food, so that the souls of his people were sore; and they said one to another, “What shall we do? for we are perishing from off the earth; we are eaten up by this our lord.” And there was weeping in every house.

In the town of this chief there dwelt a man whose name was Kailufahe-tuugau, or the “Man of Luck,” and Faei-puaka, his wife, and their children — one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight: eight of them — so that it was a saying among the townsfolk, “A full house is the house of the Man of Luck.”

But at length it fell to his turn to furnish a child for the chief’s food, and the messengers came bringing a whale’s tooth, which they laid down before him, saying, “This is the carrying away of your child that our lord may eat.” Heavy then were the hearts of the “Man of Luck” and his wife, and bitter was their weeping; but they said, “Good is the word of the chief,” and made their child ready for death. It was their seventh child that they chose, because the mother loved the youngest more than all the rest, and could not bear to send him away. So they oiled the body of their seventh child, and combed his hair, plaiting the long locks that hung down behind his ear, and when they had tied a strip of white unpainted cloth to his arm they kissed him many times, ever more weepingly, and gave him up to the chief’s messengers.

Then they sat down, bowing their heads, for their souls were very sore. No word did they speak, but they sat in silence and in great sorrow, as they thought of their son whom they had lost for evermore. While they were thus sitting the woman felt something small and hard beneath her hand, and looking upon it she saw that it was a whistle — the whistle of her dead son. Then she held it up, saying, “Here is his whistle,” and with a bitter cry they both fell on their faces and wept aloud.

Now there was an imp who dwelt with them, living in the loft above the fireplace. His name was Ilo-anga, the “Cunning One,” and every evening they put food for him upon the shelf; for it was his custom to sleep through the day, and by night he guarded the house while they slept, keeping them safe from the evil ones, and from enemies that creep into the house by night. They never saw him, though they were often climbing up after the things that were kept on the loft, but sometimes, when they woke in the night, if they lay still, listening, they could hear him munching his food and chuckling over it; moreover, when he had finished he would clap his hands softly, and sing in a low tone: —

“Good is the yam, and good the taro;
Good is the fish from the salt sea-water;
Good is the love of the Man that’s Lucky;
Good is the cooking of Faei-puaka!”

So on this day the imp was sleeping on the loft when he was roused by their bitter weeping, and said, “What is this? What is the matter? Why are you thus weeping?”

And when they heard his voice they were afraid, for never before had they heard him speak aloud, so they kept silence and answered not a word.

Then the imp tapped the floor of the loft, and said, “Do you hear there, O Lucky One, O wife of the Lucky One? Do you hear? What is the matter that you are thus weeping? Tell me, for am I not the Cunning One, Ilo-anga?”

Then they feared no longer, for they knew that he was their friend; and the woman answered —

“We are weeping, sir, because of our boy — our seventh child — he who used so often to climb up to the loft with your food.”

“What about him? “ asked the imp in an anxious voice. “ Is he ill? or has he perhaps fallen from a tree? or what other evil has befallen him?”

“Alas! sir,” answered the man, “it is worse than that: the chief has eaten him; and now we live in fear, for our turn will soon come round again. Wretched parents that we are!”

“ Why did I bring forth children?” cried the wife. “ What is the good of them to me, miserable woman that I am? There were eight; there are now but seven, and soon will the house be empty, for the hunger of our lord is not satisfied.”

Thus they bemoaned themselves, and the sound of weeping came down also from the loft above the fireplace, for the imp pitied them.

“ Weep not,” said he; “weep not, O Lucky One! weep not, O wife of the Lucky One! for I will save your children. A strange thing will come to pass to-night. Therefore, fear not; for is not the Cunning One your friend?”

Glad then was the heart of the Man of Luck; and he said: “Let not your soul be small, my wife, for the Cunning One will help us, and our children shall live.”

But his wife refused to be comforted. “Alas!” sobbed she, “what can he do? They will die. They will be eaten. No one can save them,” and she wept more bitterly than ever.

Then there was a rustle and stir among the things in the loft above the fireplace; and the voice of the imp came angrily down to their ears.

“What words, perchance, are these?” said he sternly. “Am I not the Cunning One? He that is eaten is dead, and we cannot save him; but the living shall live. Have I not said it: I, the Cunning One?”

Then the woman dared weep no more; but she wept still in her heart, for she disbelieved his words. When darkness came over the land, they put the imp’s food up in the loft, and lay down to sleep among their children; and in the middle of the night great pains took hold of the wife, and she woke her husband, saying, “Rise, husband, rise and go for the midwife, for I am very ill.” But the man laughed and said, “Surely you are dreaming, my wife” — for they were both very old, and their youngest child was a big lad. But the woman cried all the more, beseeching him to go; till at length he went, though indeed he was ashamed, for he said, “Now will they laugh at me;” and he went wandering through the town, not daring to do as he was bid. Then came to his mind the words of the imp, “A strange thing will come to pass to-night,” and he said, “Lest this perhaps should be it! Truly nothing could be stranger; for I am old, and my wife is old likewise.” So he went at once to the house of the midwife, and begged her to come quickly to his wife. Then the midwife and her husband laughed at him, and mocked him; but he said, “Listen but a little while to me,” and told them all that had happened. “And now,” said he, “love us and come to my wife; for who knows what the Cunning One is about to do?”

When the midwife heard this, she said, “Let us go;” and they two went together through the night. Stepping softly into the house they heard the imp singing in the loft above the fireplace, and this is the song that he sung —

“Great now is the grief of Faei-puaka,
Though great her grief her joy shall be greater;
Not grievous are tears that are followed by laughter,
One is dead, but alive shall be saved the seven. —
One and two, and three and four, and five and six, and seven and eight!”

Then the midwife went in behind the screen, and the Lucky One sat down with his children in the middle of the house. Not long had he waited before he heard, within the screen, a strange squeaking and squealing, and the midwife cried out, “I am afraid! There are eight! Oh, their cheeks, their feet, the length of their noses! What are these, O Cunning One? My fear is great.”

Then the imp laughed down from the loft above the fireplace, “Fear not, helper of women,” said he, “for this is the thing that I promised to these two wretched ones. Now shall their children live. Rise up, O Lucky One, and build a little fence in the midst of your house for the creatures which I have now brought to you. Their name is ‘Pig’: they shall grow large and fat; and they shall be for the chiefs food, so that your children may live. They will also multiply exceedingly; therefore be not covetous, keeping them all for yourself, but give of them to the strangers who come sailing hither, that they may take them to their own lands, and eat them instead of eating one another, lest they all perish from off the face of the earth through cannibalism.”

These were the words of the imp, and the Man of Luck followed them, building a fence for the pigs, wherein they stayed till they grew large, and fat, and strong; and then he made a great fence for them out of doors, wherein they multiplied exceedingly, according to the words of the imp. Great was the joy of the chief when he tasted the first pig that the Man of Luck brought him, saying, “This, my lord, is our offering, which the gods have sent us: our offering, my lord, that our children may live.” Great also was the joy of the Samoans, and they said, “Two good things have the gods now sent us one, that our children shall no more perish in the ovens; and the other, that our hungering after flesh is at an end for ever more. True indeed is the saying, ‘A full house is the house of the Man of Luck.’ Blessed be the Lucky One, and blessed be Faei-puaka ; for they have saved us alive—us and our children also.”

Moreover, the Man of Luck was obedient to the words of the imp in the matter of giving pigs to strangers, so that when the men of Tonga came to Samoa, seeking the shell of the turtle, he gave them pigs, which they took back with them to their king. And, when they returned a second time, he gave them more, which they brought with them in their flight to Fiji, when they fled hither from the wrath of the Lord of Tonga, because they lied to him about the turtle.

And this is how the Samoans got their pigs.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

How the Livuka Men Came Up to Windward

This tale recounts the journey of the Livuka people, descendants of Bauan fishermen, exiled after angering their lords. Guided by divine intervention, they sailed to Lakemba, encountering Lady Langi, a banished princess. Their voyages brought them to new lands like Thithia and Ono, where gods, deceit, and tragedy shaped their fate. The story reflects loyalty, divine will, and loss, with echoes of drowned children’s songs still haunting Ono’s shores.

Source
Tales from Old Fiji
by Lorimer Fison
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
at the Ballantyne Press
by Alexander Moring Ltd
London, 1904


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The Livuka men face challenges with their lords, leading to their exile and subsequent search for a new homeland.

Loss and Renewal: The narrative details the loss of their ancestral home and the renewal found in establishing themselves in new territories.

Echoes of the Past: The haunting songs of drowned children on Ono’s shores serve as a lingering reminder of past tragedies affecting the present.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Fijians


by Inoke (Enoch) Wangka-Qele

We, the children of Livuka, who live at Lakemba, are not Lakemba men. Our fathers dwelt at Bau, and that was their land till a tribe came over from Great Fiji and fought with them many days, till our fathers’ souls were small within them, and they carried an “ oro” — a peace-offering — to the warriors, and said, “Let us live that we may be your servants.” To this the chiefs answered, “You shall live and be our fishermen:” so our fathers became the fishermen of the children of Bau. This was in the old, old days when we were many, and lived all together in our own land. We were two tribes — the men of Bu-toni, who dwelt on the beach; and the men of Livuka, whose place was on the high ground, whence they were called “Dwellers on the Hill”; and those days were good days, for the Bauans treated us well.

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They were great men and tall, chiefs and chief-like in their ways, and we loved them, and went with them to their wars, conquering everywhere, so that our land became great and mighty, and all the towns along the coast feared us, and brought us presents, and owned us as their rulers. A great fish was the root of the evil which sprang up between us and the children of Bau, whereby we were driven away from our land — the land of our fathers — and came to be scattered here and there over all Fiji; and this is how it befell. Some of our tribe went out on the reef to fish, and there they speared a fish, great and long, such as had never been seen before, nor did any man know its name — only it was very big, and its flesh was sweet and good Then our people said, “Why should we take this great fish to our lords, the children of Bau? Let us rather eat it ourselves; and let every one keep silence that the thing may not be known, lest our lords be angry, and so evil befall us.” And they ate the fish, and no one said a word about the matter; no, not even the women, so that the thing was not known. But one of our boys took a rib of the fish, and made therewith a bow, for it was long, and tough, and good to make bows withal; his mother, Nabuna, put the roe in her basket for bait, and they two went out together on to the reef to fish. Now, some of the children of Bau also were out on the reef, and they saw the lad shooting at the fish with his bow; so they said, “The bow! its whiteness! See how it shines in the sun!” Then they called the boy. “You, there! Here, show us your bow! Why, this is not wood, nor is it the bone of a man! What is it?” And the lad said: “It is the bone, my lords, of a great fish.” “A great fish! What fish? Who caught it? When was it caught?” What was done with it?”

“We caught it, my lords,” answered the boy. “We speared it out there, and we all ate it in our town. See, there, my mother, Nabuna, she goes carrying its roe in her fish-basket.”

Then were the Bauans angry — great was their anger — and they said, “ Let us kill these impudent fellows, and burn their town.” So they made ready for war, and our people sat in their houses trembling, and the town was filled with their crying, as they said: “Alas! the great fish! Why did we eat it, and not give it to our lords, our lords of Bau? Now, we are all dead men; we are but ‘bokolas’ — bodies for the oven.” And the Bauans came on to the attack; but, just as they began to raise the war-cry, a great wave came slowly in from the sea, rising higher and ever higher as they went on, but stopping when they stopped. Then, while they were wondering as to what the meaning of this great thing could be, the god entered into the priest, who fell down to the ground, shaking and convulsed, and the people gathered round him, waiting to know the mind of the god. And the god said, “Let them not die, the men of Livuka and the men of Bu-toni; let them live. Only drive them out of the land. Let them now see to the fastenings of their canoes, and when that is done let them hoist their sails, and I will take them to the lands whither I wish them to go.” So the Bauans said: “It is well — let them live;” and our people began to bind their canoes, and to make all things ready for sailing.

Now, about this time, this is what was happening at Lakemba. The king had had a great piece of native cloth made for him, and it was laid out on the grass to bleach, for it was not yet painted. Then, one day as he was going to bathe, he said to his daughter Langi, the Sky-Lady, “I am going to bathe. Let it be your business to watch that cloth. If it should rain, make haste and run with it into the house.” And the Lady Langi said: “It is good; let it be my business.” Then the king went away, and his daughter looked up to the heavens, to the north, to the south, to the east, and to the west, and there was not even a little cloud to be seen; so she said, “There will be no rain; I will lie down and sleep in the shade.” And so it was, that while she slept the sky grew black with clouds, and when she awoke the cloth was utterly spoilt by the rain. When her father came back from the bath he was very angry, and cried out, “What is this? You, O idler! you, O sleepyhead I you, O useless one! What have you been doing?” And he flogged her till his arm was weary, and drove her away from the house. Then the Lady Langi went weeping to the beach, and gathered many old coconuts, tying them together till she had built up a great heap below high-water mark, and thereon she sat, waiting for the tide, for the reef was dry. Then, when the tide came in, she floated away out to sea on her heap of nuts before the trade-wind, which was blowing gently, and which carried her onwards towards Ra over the waters, as she sat weeping for her father, and her friends, and her home. Two days she drifted onward, and then she spied a great bird flying towards her from afar, and she was afraid, and hid herself among the nuts. Then the bird flew down and settled on the nuts — a bird great and terrible; and the lady said, “If I stay here, I shall die in the midst of the waters. I will fasten myself to this bird, and perhaps it will carry me to land.” So she tied herself to one of its breast feathers, and presently the bird rose again and flew onwards to Ra, carrying her with it, while the nuts were left drifting on the waves. All the night it flew, and just before the morning dawned it came to Kamba, and there lighted down. Now Kamba in those days had no man dweUing thereon; it was empty, and our fathers used to go thither from Bau in the evenings to set their fish-snares, always returning in the morning to take them up. So, when the Lady Langi found herself upon the ground, she untied herself from the feather, and the great bird flew away, leaving her there alone in an empty land.

When the sun had climbed up a little, an old man, a chief among our people, came over in his canoe from Bau to take up his fish-snares; and walking along the beach he met the Lady Langi. When he saw her he was afraid, for she was tall and fair, and like a great lady, and her look was different from the look of the children of Ra. So he cried out and said, “Who are you? You are a god! Let me live!” And she said, “It is you who are a god: I am but a mortal.” Then the old man asked who she was and whence she came, and she told him all, saying, “I am the daughter of the Lord of Nayau, whose land is Lakemba, and many islands are subject to him.”

“Lakemba! Lakemba!” said the old chief. “Where is Lakemba?”

“Over there, far away where the sun rises;” and then she went on to tell him how the rain had spoilt the cloth, and how she could not endure the anger of the king, and so drifted away on the bundle of nuts that she might die in the midst of the waters, and how the great bird had brought her there to Kamba. Then was the old man full of wonder, and he said, “Truly the gods have sent you to me, and I will take you back to the king your father, and to Lakemba your land; for I am a chief among the ‘Dwellers on the Hill’ and our lords of Bau are angry with us, and the mind of the god has been declared that we should sail away and look for a land wherein to dwell. So now I will take you back to your father, and he will be of a good mind to me for your sake, and give me a land whereon I may dwell with my people. Only know this, that I must hide you at Bau till we are ready to go, and you must lie close in my house; for, if any one sees you or hears your voice, you will die; for they will know by your look and by your tongue that you are a stranger.” So he took her back with him to Bau, and when he was near the land he lowered the sail and rolled therein the Lady Langi, and so carried her up to his house, where he laid her in the sail upon the loft above the fireplace. Then he hurried his men on with their work, fearing lest the lady should be found, and every day he carried her food and drink by stealth; and she lay still and silent for many days till all the canoes were ready for sea. Then he carried her on board, having built a high fence all round the deck-house of his canoe, so that no man could look therein. And there he put her, telling his people that one of the gods had promised to sail with them — only that they must not look into his dwelling-place lest he should be angry and evil should befal them. So they were afraid, and no one dared to look within the fence of the little house, but when they had to pass it they knelt down and crawled lest they should look over the top of the fence and die. And every day the old chief carried the best pieces of their food and put them within the fence for the Lady Langi, so that she dwelt in plenty. The wind was light and the water smooth, and on the second day all the canoes came in safety to Koro; and there the Bu-toni men said, “This land is a good land. Here will we stay. We will go no farther.” So they stayed and became the fishermen of the land, and there they dwell to this day. Thus our fathers went on sailing, some staying here and some there, till those who were left came to Long Island (Vanua Balevu, or Levu). Then they said to the old chief, “Why should we sail — sail — sail continually? Is not this a good and fruitful land? Here let us stay, for why should we die in the midst of the waters?” But the old man said, “No! We will not stay. Let us sail on. There are better lands farther ahead.” But nevertheless his mind was uneasy, and he went in the night to the Lady Langi, and asked her, “Where then is this land of yours? See now we have been sailing many days, and we have not yet found it.” And she said, “Let not your soul be small. It is near. If you sail over there to-morrow you will see an island before the sun goes down. Its name is Thithia, and it is the boundary of our land.” So they sailed, and the wind was fair and took them to Thithia before nightfall. That night they slept on board their canoes, and in the morning they went ashore, the old chief last, taking the Lady Langi with him because they had now come within the boundaries of her father’s land. Now as they were walking along the beach the Thithia women met them with nets in their hands, for they were going out on the reef to fish; and among them was an old woman who had lived long at Lakemba, and who knew the Lady Langi well. So, when she saw her with the Livuka men, she wondered and said, “How like the Lady Langi is that strange lady! Her very face!” Then went she down to the Livuka women and said, “Tell me, is that our Lady Langi whom you have brought? She for whose death we have wept and mourned these many days?”

And they answered scornfully, “You and your Lady Langi! What have we to do with your Sky-Lady? We have brought none of your ladies. Our god only have we carried with us, and he is still on board.” But now the old woman was near to the girl, and saw her and knew her, and fell down before her, kissing her feet and crying, “It is our lady, our dear lady! She lives! She lives! She for whom we have mourned and wept! She has come back again!” and she ran up to the town shouting as she went, “Our lady is not dead! She lives! She has come back to us again — our lady, our dear Lady Langi!” Then all the chiefs and the people came running down to the beach, and great was their joy when they saw their lady alive and well; and great too was their love to the men of Livuka because they had brought her back safe and sound. So they made them large presents, building for them a house and filling it with wealth, there to stay till they could come and fetch it.

And on the morrow our fathers hoisted their sails and went on to Naiau, where also the people did as the Thithia men had done, and gave them a house filled with wealth. One night only did our fathers stay at Naiau, and then, the wind being fair, they sailed away to Lakemba and furled their sails at Wangka-talatha, sending five of their number up to the town to report. So these five walked on towards the town with their turbans on, talking loudly, after the manner of chiefs; and the Lakemba men who were working in their gardens saw them, and said to one another, “See the strangers! Where do they come from? The loudness of their voices! Their turbans! They must be chiefs from a land of chiefs!” and they followed them up to the town. When the five reached the town they asked, “Where is the house of the king?” and went straightway thither that they might tell him the news. Now the king was asleep under his mosquito curtains, and the women in the house were all silent that they might not wake him; but these five men asked in a loud voice, “Where is the Lord of Nayau?” And the women answered in a whisper, “The king sleeps.”

“Wake him then,” said the five. But the women were afraid. However, their loud talk woke him out of his sleep, and he came and sat down before them, asking where they were from, and who they were. “You, O chiefs, whence do you come?”

And they said, “From Ra.”

“From Ra! Ra? Where, then, is Ra?”

“We are from Bau,” they answered.

“Bau! And where is Bau?” So they told him about their land.

“Good, now, is our life,” said the king. “We, the men of Lakemba, thought we were the only people in the world, but now we find that there is another kingdom down at Ra, whose name is Bau. Truly the world is larger than we thought it was.”

“The world, sir,” said the Livuka men, “is still larger than that; for besides this your kingdom and that of Bau, there is that of Great Fiji, which is so large that you could not sail round it with a fair wind in four days. There is also Long Island, which is a land great and full of people, and beyond it are the Yasawas, which, however, are but small; and there the earth ends and all beyond is water. We, the men of Livuka, when we dwelt at Bau, thought that there was no land but that which we could see; but now we have seen all the earth in our sailing to this your kingdom, and know that it is very great indeed. Of a truth, sir, the world is large.”

Then was the king full of wonder, and said, “Woi! Woi! These are great things that we hear. Listen, my people, that you may be wise and know more than your fathers knew. And you, O chiefs, what good thing was it that sent you sailing to this poor land of mine?”

Then the orator, the salt of words, made his report, and told the king how they had come sailing from Bau, bringing with them his daughter, the Lady Langi, that they might rejoice and be glad with him. But the mind of the king was troubled, and he said, “Speak not thus, ye strange chiefs — your words are not just — for we have long ago eaten the death-feast, and our eyes are dry after the weeping for my daughter; and now you say, ‘We have brought her with us.’ Why should you speak thus, and make sore my soul?”

Then said our fathers, “Let there not be even so much as a little doubt in your mind as to the truth of our words. Why should we come here bringing a lie? Is it not easy to come at the truth? If we do not bring your child, then let us die.”

Then did their words pierce the soul of the king, and he cried out, “You, O chiefs! You are gods! You are gods! O Bulu, Spiritland, have you brought my daughter back to me? But where is she? Have you really brought her hither to this land?”

“She is here, sir,” answered our fathers. “Our canoes are anchored at Wangka-talatha, and we come now to know your mind as to when we shall bring her up to your lordly town. To-day, or to-morrow, or on that day which shall seem good to the great king.”

Then was the king full of joy, and he said, “Not to-day nor to-morrow, O chiefs. Be of a good mind and wait four days that we may make ready all things for you, and welcome you with feasts and presents, as it is right that you should be welcomed, you the great chiefs whom the gods have sent us.” And our fathers said, “Good is the word of the king. We will wait. And now we will go back to our canoes.”

So on the fifth day, when the tide was high, they poled their canoes along the shallows from Wangka-talatha up to the beach below the town, bringing with them the lady, the Lady Langi, and singing the song of the god “Roko-ua.” And on the beach all the Lakemba men were gathered together, waiting to receive their lady, and every one who had a canoe leapt on board, two men to each canoe, in a long line from the shore; and, joining their hands, they made a path for the Lady Langi that she might walk thereon to the land. And down to the shore they brought a bale of native cloth, one end of which lay in the water; and they unrolled the bale as the lady went forward, so that it was her path up to the town, whither the chiefs led her with great respect. And the children of Livuka followed, dancing the dance of spears, and singing the song of the god.

Great was the feasting, and rich the presents given to our fathers. Land also was given them, whereon they built the town of Livuka, where we have dwelt to this day; and hot was the friendship between them and the children of Lakemba, though it was not long before they began to be evil-minded the one towards the other, and war sprang up between them. But if you wish to hear the tale of that war, and how our fathers attacked and took Kendi-kendi, the town of the king, you must ask the Chief Sakinsa, for he knows it all, having heard all about it from his fathers; and his mind is even as a book, wherein are written plainly all things that the men of Livuka did in the old, old days.

Well — we were many, and the land was small; so our fathers said: “Let some of us go on board our great canoe with our wives and our children, and sail farther on; for it may be that the gods will give us a dwelling-place in the lands to windward.” So they sailed and came to Oneata, and danced there the dance of spears. From Oneata they hoisted their sails, steering for Vatoa, and there, too, they danced the dance of spears; but the land did not please them, nor could they see any other farther on, though they climbed to the top of the highest hill. Then they said, “This is the end of the earth. There is now nothing but water beyond this land. Let us go on board and sail back again to Lakemba.” But it so fell out that, while they were dancing, two gods, who lived in the hollow stump of a tree, heard the clashing of the spears and the tramp of feet, and the song of the god. So they said, “What is this? What new thing is this?” and put up their heads to look at the strangers. Now there was on board the canoe one of the Livuka men, who did not go on shore with the rest, because he was a leper, and he saw the two gods peeping out of the hollow stump. Then he called loudly to his fellows: “ Ya! Ya! Here! Come here! Make haste!” But they would not come; and still he called till they were angry, and some of the young men ran down to the beach and cursed him for breaking in upon their dance and song. But still he said, “Come here! Come here quickly!” and told them about the two gods that he had seen.

Then they said, “Make haste! Loose the stay of the mast!” and they loosed the stay, and crept up with it in their hands to the hollow stump, hiding themselves behind it, and after they had made a running noose in the end of the rope which they put over the top of the stump, they signed to the rest to go on with the dance of the spears and the song of the god. So the dance and the song went on again, and, as soon as the two gods lifted their heads above the stump, the young men pulled the rope and the gods were caught in the running noose. Then all the men of Livuka came running down brandishing their weapons, and crying, “You two, who have been looking at our dance, you shall both die!”

At this the two gods said, “Let us live, and we will be the gods of your houses.” But our fathers said, “No! We want no gods for our houses. You shall die!”

“Let us live, and we will be the gods of your sailing.”

“No! We sail whithersoever we please. We want no gods for our sailing. You must die!”

“Let us live, that we may be the gods of your wars.”

“No! We hill-dwellers are chiefs. When we are hungry, we kill our enemies. We make war by our own might, and they flee — our enemies, they fly before us. We want no gods to fight our battles. You must die!”

“Let us live, and we will take you to a land whereon you may dwell,” said the gods, weeping bitterly.

“A land! What land?” cried our fathers.

“Its name is Ono,” answered the gods. “A land great and pleasant. See, the wind is now fair. Hoist your sail, and we will take you thither. To-night shall you fasten your canoes to the shore.”

Then said our fathers: “It is well. Take us to Ono, and you shall live. Look now, we will bind you and carry you on board, and if we find you have lied to us, we will eat you.”

So they bound the two gods, and laid them down on the deck of the canoe with their feet towards the land to which they were sailing, and this they did because the two gods told them so to do; but it would have been better if they had not listened to their deceitful words, for then would Ono have been much nearer to Lakemba than it is at this day.

The wind was fair, and not long had they sailed before they saw the land, the land of Ono, and their hearts were glad, for they said, “Here now, at last, have we found a place wherein we may dwell;” but as they neared the shore it went back before them, and they sailed and sailed and sailed, but still the land was far away. Then the old man, the leper, crept forward and watched the two gods, and he found that as the canoe drew near the island, they kicked out with their feet; and when they kicked, the land went backwards, and this is the reason why Ono is now so far from Lakemba.

So he told the rest, and their anger was hot against the two gods, even to striking them with their clubs, so that they cried out and said, “Kill us not; only turn us round that we may not push away the land with our feet.” So they turned the gods round with their feet towards the stern of the canoe, and soon after reached the land, and anchored their canoe within the passage. Then they went ashore, leaving the children on board, and saying to them, “See that you do not loose these two deceitful ones. Watch them well, or they will do you a mischief; and we too, your fathers, we will make you eat of the whip.” So they went ashore, dancing the spear-dance and singing the song of the god; and the people of Ono took them by the hand and welcomed them, and when they had heard their report they gave them much land whereon to dwell, and there they live even to this day.

But, when the elder ones had gone ashore, the two gods began to beg the children to unloose them, saying, “You, O children of chiefs, untie our bonds and we will teach you a song — a new song, a beautiful song.” And the children said, “Let us untie them.” Thus they spoke all but one lad, whose soul was ripe, and he cried, “No, no! Untie them not. Have you already forgotten the words of our fathers? The whip is ready for us!” But they all said, “We will loose their bonds, that we may learn this beautiful song;” so they untied their hands and their feet, and let them go. Then the two gods said, “Do you sit down on the deck, and we two will climb the mast. and sing you our beautiful song.” So the children all sat down, while the two gods climbed the mast and sang: —

“Tuvana inland! Tuvana below!
Nasali is plainly in sight.
Burotu, we two are hiding it.”

These are little islands which you may see from the mast of a canoe in the Ono passage; excepting Burotu, and that we have never been able to find. It has been sometimes seen with the sun shining full upon it; but, when those who have seen it have steered towards it, it has grown fainter and fainter till it has vanished away like a cloud. The Matuku people say that sometimes burnt-out fishing torches of a strange make, with handles of shell, drift ashore on their land, and when they pick them up they say, “See the torches from Burotu!” And we know that in our day the chief called Mara — he who was hanged at Bau for rebellion — swore by the dead that he would find that land, and went sailing after it for many days; but he found it not, nor has any one else ever trodden it since the day that the two gods hid it from our eyes.

Well, they two sang that song to the children; and the children clapped their hands and said, “The song is a good song — the song is a good song.” But all the while the two evil ones were pulling downwards on the mast as hard as they could, and so hard did they pull that they pressed the canoe under water, and all the children were drowned. So that when the Livuka men came down again to the beach their canoe was sunk, and they saw nothing but the dead bodies of the children washed hither and thither by the waves. That was a day of much weeping as they buried their little ones along the shore; and still to this day, when the moon shines by night on the Ono passage, you may hear the voices of the drowned children singing, and this is ever the song which they sing:—

“Tuvana inland! Tuvana below!
Nasali is plainly in sight.
Burotu, they two are hiding it.”


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The Tomb of Puupehe: A Legend of Lanai

The legend of Puupehe, or the “Tomb of Puupehe,” recounts the tragic love story of Makakehau and Puupehe on the island of Lanai. Fearing for her safety during a storm, Makakehau failed to save her from drowning in a cave. Devastated, he buried her atop a sea rock with divine aid. Overwhelmed by grief, he leapt to his death, joining her in eternal rest.

Source
Hawaiian Folk Tales
a collection of native legends
compiled by Thos. G. Thrum
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1907


► Themes of the story

Tragic Love: The profound love between Makakehau and Puupehe ends in sorrow and loss.

Sacred Spaces: The sea rock becomes a sacred burial site, symbolizing their eternal bond.

Loss and Renewal: The story reflects themes of profound loss and the enduring nature of love beyond death.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Hawaiians


From “The Hawaiian Gazette”

One of the interesting localities of tradition, famed in Hawaiian song and story of ancient days, is situate at the southwestern point of the island of Lanai, and known as the Kupapau o Puupehe, or Tomb of Puupehe. At the point indicated, on the leeward coast of the island, may be seen a huge block of red lava about eighty feet high and some sixty feet in diameter, standing out in the sea, and detached from the mainland some fifty fathoms, around which centres the following legend.

Observed from the overhanging bluff that overlooks Puupehe, upon the summit of this block or elevated islet, would be noticed a small inclosure formed by a low stone wall.

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This is said to be the last resting-place of a Hawaiian girl whose body was buried there by her lover Makakehau, a warrior of Lanai.

Puupehe was the daughter of Uaua, a petty chief, one of the dependents of the king of Maui, and she was won by young Makakehau as the joint prize of love and war. These two are described in the Kanikau, or Lamentation, of Puupehe, as mutually captive, the one to the other. The maiden was a sweet flower of Hawaiian beauty. Her glossy brown, spotless body “shone like the clear sun rising out of Haleakala.” Her flowing, curly hair, bound by a wreath of lehua blossoms, streamed forth as she ran “like the surf crests scudding before the wind.” And the starry eyes of the beautiful daughter of Uaua blinded the young warrior, so that he was called Makakehau, or Misty Eyes.

The Hawaiian brave feared that the comeliness of his dear captive would cause her to be coveted by the chiefs of the land. His soul yearned to keep her all to himself. He said: “Let us go to the clear waters of Kalulu. There we will fish together for the kala and the aku, and there I will spear the turtle. I will hide you, my beloved, forever in the cave of Malauea. Or, we will dwell together in the great ravine of Palawai, where we will eat the young of the uwau bird, and we will bake them in ki leaf with the sweet pala fern root. The ohelo berries of the mountains will refresh my love. We will drink of the cool waters of Maunalei. I will thatch a hut in the thicket of Kaohai for our resting-place, and we shall love on till the stars die.

The meles tell of their love in the Pulou ravine, where they caught the bright iiwi birds, and the scarlet apapani. Ah, what sweet joys in the banana groves of Waiakeakua, where the lovers saw naught so beautiful as themselves! But the “misty eyes” were soon to be made dim by weeping, and dimmer, till the drowning brine should close them forevermore.

Makakehau left his love one day in the cave of Malauea while he went to the mountain spring to fill the water-gourds with sweet water. This cavern yawns at the base of the overhanging bluff that overtops the rock of Puupehe. The sea surges far within, but there is an inner space which the expert swimmer can reach, and where Puupehe had often rested and baked the honu> or sea turtle, for her absent lover.

This was the season for the kona, the terrific storm that comes up from the equator and hurls the ocean in increased volume upon the southern shores of the Hawaiian Islands. Makakehau beheld from the rock springs of Pulou the vanguard of a great kona,–scuds of rain and thick mist, rushing with a howling wind, across the valley of Palawai. He knew the storm would fill the cave with the sea and kill his love. He flung aside his calabashes of water and ran down the steep, then across the great valley and beyond its rim he rushed, through the bufferings of the storm, with an agonized heart, down the hill slope to the shore.

The sea was up indeed. The yeasty foam of mad surging waves whitened the shore. The thundering buffet of the charging billows chorused with the howl of the tempest. Ah! where should Misty Eyes find his love in this blinding storm? A rushing mountain of sea filled the mouth of Malauea, and the pent-up air hurled back the invading torrent with bubbling roar, blowing forth great streams of spray. This was a war of matter, a battle of the elements to thrill with pleasure the hearts of strong men. But with one’s love in the seething gulf of the whirlpool, what would be to him the sublime cataract? What, to see amid the boiling foam the upturned face, and the dear, tender body of one’s own and only poor dear love, all mangled? You might agonize on the brink; but Makakehau sprang into the dreadful pool and snatched his murdered bride from the jaws of an ocean grave.

The next day, fishermen heard the lamentation of Makakehau, and the women of the valley came down and wailed over Puupehe. They wrapped her in bright new kapa. They placed upon her garlands of the fragrant na-u (gardenia). They prepared her for burial, and were about to place her in the burial ground of Manele, but Makakehau prayed that he might be left alone one night more with his lost love. And he was left as he desired.

The next day no corpse nor weeping lover were to be found, till after some search Makakehau was seen at work piling up stones on the top of the lone sea tower. The wondering people of Lanai looked on from the neighboring bluff, and some sailed around the base of the columnar rock in their canoes, still wondering, because they could see no way for him to ascend, for every face of the rock is perpendicular or overhanging. The old belief was, that some akua, kanekoa, or keawe-manhili (deities), came at the cry of Makakehau and helped him with the dead girl to the top.

When Makakehau had finished his labors of placing his lost love in her grave and placed the last stone upon it, he stretched out his arms and wailed for Puupehe, thus:

“Where are you O Puupehe?
Are you in the cave of Malauea?
Shall I bring you sweet water,
The water of the mountain?
Shall I bring the uwau,
The pala, and the ohelo?
Are you baking the honu
And the red sweet hala?
Shall I pound the kalo of Maui?
Shall we dip in the gourd together?
The bird and the fish are bitter,
And the mountain water is sour.
I shall drink it no more;
I shall drink with Aipuhi,
The great shark of Manele.”

Ceasing his sad wail, Makakehau leaped from the rock into the boiling surge at its base, where his body was crushed in the breakers. The people who beheld the sad scene secured the mangled corpse and buried it with respect in the kupapau of Manele.


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The Punahou Spring

In the Kaala Mountains lived Kahaakea and his twins, Kauawaahila and Kauakiowao, who suffered under their jealous stepmother Hawea. Protected by their late mother’s spirit, the twins fled persecution, surviving on wild food and creating Punahou Spring with help from their ancestor, a water god. Eventually, their father avenged them. The story ties Hawaiian legends to the natural features of Punahou and its surroundings.

Source
Hawaiian Folk Tales
a collection of native legends
compiled by Thos. G. Thrum
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1907


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The narrative delves into the complex relationships within a family, highlighting the twins’ suffering under their jealous stepmother and their bond with their late mother’s protective spirit.

Trials and Tribulations: The twins face numerous challenges, including persecution, deprivation, and displacement, testing their resilience and determination.

Loss and Renewal: The twins experience loss through their mother’s death and their hardships but find renewal in their survival, the creation of the spring, and their father’s eventual return and retribution.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Hawaiians


by Mrs. E.M. Nakuina

There formerly lived on the Kaala Mountains a chief called Kahaakea. He had two children, boy and girl, twins, whose mother had died at their birth. The brother was Kauawaahila (Waahila Rain), and the girl Kauakiowao (Mountain Mist). Kahaakea was very tenderly attached to his motherless children, and after a while took to himself a wife, thinking thus to provide his children with a mother’s care and love. This wife was called Hawea and had a boy by her former husband. This boy was deformed and ugly, while the twins were very beautiful. The stepmother was jealous of their beauty, and resented the universal admiration expressed for them, while no one noticed her boy except with looks of aversion.

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She was very considerate toward the twins when their father was present, but hated and detested them most violently. When they were about ten years old their father had occasion to go to Hawaii, and had to remain away a long time. He felt perfectly safe in leaving his children with his wife, as she had always feigned great love for them, and had successfully concealed from him her real feelings in regard to them. But as soon as he was fairly away she commenced a series of petty persecutions of the poor children.

It seems the mother of the children had been “uhae ia” at her death. That is, certain prayers, invocations, fasting, and humiliation had been performed by certain relatives of the deceased, and quantities of prepared awa, black, unblemished pig, red fish, and all the customary food of the gods, had been prepared and offered with the object of strengthening the spirit of the departed and of attracting it strongly, as well as giving it a sort of power and control over mundane affairs and events. So when Hawea began to persecute her stepchildren, the spirit of their own mother would assist and protect them.

The persecutions of the stepmother at last became unendurable to the twins. She not only deprived them of food, clothing, and water, but subjected them besides to all sorts of indignities and humiliations. Driven to desperation, they fled to Konahuanui, the mountain peak above the Pali of Nuuanu; but were soon discovered and driven away from there by the cruel Hawea. They then went to the head of Manoa Valley. The stepmother was not at all pleased at their getting out of the way of her daily persecutions, and searched for them everywhere. She finally tracked them by the constant appearance of rainbows at the head of Manoa Valley, those unfailing attendants of rain and mist. The children were again driven away and told to return to Kaala, where they would be constantly under her eye; but they ran and hid themselves in a small cave on the side of the hill of Kukaoo, whose top is crowned by the temple of the Menehunes. Here they lived some time and cultivated a patch of sweet potatoes, their food at this time being grasshoppers and greens. The greens were the leaves and the tender shoots of the popolo, aheahea, pakai, laulele and potato vines, cooked by rolling hot stones around and among them in a covered gourd. This is called the puholoholo.

When their potato tubers were fit to be eaten, the brother (Waahila Rain) made a double imu (oven), having a kapu, or sacred side, for his food and a noa, or free side, for his sister. The little cave that was their dwelling was also divided in two, a sacred and a free part, respectively, for brother and sister. The cave can still be seen, and the wall of stone dividing it in two was still intact a few years ago, as also was the double imu. In olden times it was tabooed to females to appear at any eating-place of the males.

When their crops were fairly ripe, the stepmother found them again, and drove them away from their cave, she appropriating the fruit of their labors. The children fled to the rocky hills just back of Punahou, where they found two small caves, which the brother and sister occupied, respectively, as dwellings. The rolling plains and small ravines of the surrounding country, and of what was later known as the Punahou pasture, were not then covered with manienie grass, but with the indigenous shrubs and bushes, tall limas, aheaheas, popolo, etc., making close thickets, with here and there open spaces covered with manienie-akiaki, the valuable medicinal grass of the olden times. These shrubs and bushes either bore edible fruit or flowers, or the leaves and tender shoots made nourishing and satisfying food when cooked in the way previously described. The poor children lived on these and grasshoppers, and sometimes wild fowl.

One day the sister, Kauakiowao, told her brother that she wanted to bathe, and complained of their having taken up their residence in a place where no water could be found. Her brother hushed her complaint by telling her that it was a safe place, and one where their stepmother would not be likely to look for them, but he would try to get her some water. In his trips around the neighborhood for fruit and greens he had noticed a large rain-water pond to the east of the hill on which they dwelt. This pond was called Kanawai. Here he sometimes came to snare wild ducks. He also had met and knew the Kakea water god, a moo, who had charge of and controlled all the water sources of Manoa and Makiki Valleys. This god was one of the ancestors of the children on the mother’s side, and was on the best of terms with Waahila rain. The boy paid him a visit, and asked him to assist him to open a watercourse from the pond of Kanawai to a place he indicated in front of and below the caves inhabited by himself and his sister. The old water god not only consented to help his young relative, but promised to divide the water supply of the neighboring Wailele spring, and let it run into the watercourse that the boy would make, thus insuring its permanence.

Waahila Rain then went to the pond of Kanawai and dived under, the water god causing a passage to open underground to the spot indicated, and swam through the water underground till he came out at the place now known as the Punahou Spring. The force of the rushing waters as they burst through the ground soon sufficed to make a small basin, which the boy proceeded to bank and wall up, leaving a narrow outlet for the surplus waters. With the invisible help of the old water god, he immediately set to work to excavate a good-sized pond for his sister to swim in, and when she awoke from a noonday nap, she was astonished to behold a lovely sheet of water where, in the morning, was only dry land. Her brother was swimming and splashing about in it, and gayly called to his sister to come and try her bathing-place.

Kauawaahila afterward made some kalo patches, and people, attracted by the water and consequent fertility of the place, came and settled about, voluntarily offering themselves as vassals to the twins. More and more kalo patches were excavated, and the place became a thriving settlement. The spring became known as Ka Punahou (the new spring), and gave its name to the surrounding place.

About this time Kahaakea returned, and hearing of the persecutions to which his beloved children had been subjected, killed Hawea and then himself. Rocky Hill, the home of the children, was called after him, and is known by that name to the present day. Hawea has ever since then been a synonyme in the Hawaiian mind for a cruel stepmother.

The Mountain Mist and Waahila Rain afterward returned to the home of their infancy, Kaala, where they would stay a while, occasionally visiting Konahuanui and upper Manoa Valley, and may be met with in these places at the present day.

They also occasionally visited Punahou, which was under their especial care and protection; but when the land and spring passed into the hands of foreigners, who did not pay homage to the twins, and who allowed the springs to be defiled by the washing of unclean articles and by the bathing of unclean persons, the twins indignantly left the place, and retired to the head of Manoa Valley.

They sometimes pass swiftly over their old home on their way to Kaala, or Konahuanui, and on such occasions will sometimes linger sorrowfully for a few minutes about Rocky Hill. The rain-water pond of Kanawai is now always dry, as the shrubs and bushes which supplied the food of the twins favored of the gods have disappeared. Old natives say that there is now no inducement for the gentle rain of the Uakiowao and Uawaahila to visit those bare hills and plains, as they would find no food there.


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The Sturgeon

The Convent of Schwartz-Rheindorf, founded in 1152 under St. Benedict’s rule, enjoyed a fishing privilege marked by the annual appearance of two sturgeons, heralding prosperity. As the convent’s discipline waned, the fish grew scarce, culminating in a fateful decision to kill both sturgeons. A miraculous disappearance of the fish ensued, symbolizing divine retribution, and the river ceased yielding fish until the Reformation restored abundance.

Source
Folk-lore and Legends: German
Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh University Press
W.W. Gibbings, London, 1892


► Themes of the story

Divine Punishment: The convent’s declining discipline leads to the disappearance of the sturgeons, symbolizing retribution from higher powers for their transgressions.

Loss and Renewal: The disappearance of the sturgeons and the subsequent barren river reflect a cycle of loss, with the eventual return of abundance symbolizing renewal.

Harmony with Nature: The story highlights the connection between human behavior and the natural world, suggesting that moral integrity influences environmental harmony.

From the lore

Learn more about German Folklore


The Convent of Schwartz-Rheindorf was founded in the year of our Lord 1152 by the Bishop of Cologne, Arnold Graf von Wied, for the reception of noble ladies alone, and was placed by him under the strict rule of St. Benedict. The prelate, who died in the year 1159, lies buried beneath the high altar of the church.

Among the many other rights and privileges conferred on the convent by the Bishop was the right of fishing in the river, within certain limits above and below the convent’s territorial boundaries. This was a most valuable right for a long period.

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The certainty of a profitable fishing was always heralded by the appearance of two immense sturgeon. They came at the commencement of each year, harbingers of good luck, and they were ever succeeded by shoals of river fish, in such numbers as to be absolutely inexhaustible until the expiration of the season. Of these sturgeon the one, a huge male, always allowed himself to be taken by the fishermen, but the female was never captured. It was understood by those who knew all about these matters that on her freedom depended the fisher’s success. This good fortune lasted for centuries.

It was, however, remarked that as the discipline of the convent became more and more relaxed, and grace grew to be less and less among its inmates, the fishing became more and more unprofitable. The sturgeon, it is true, still made their appearance, but they were spent and thin, and altogether unlike those which had been wont of yore to visit the fishing-ground of the sisterhood. The abbess and the nuns, however, either could not or they would not perceive the cause of the falling off in the take, or the change in the appearance of the sturgeon, but the common people who dwelt in the vicinity of the convent, and especially those poor persons to whom the river had been heretofore a source of support, were neither slow in seeing the cause nor in publishing the consequences to the world. Thus stood matters: dissoluteness of life on the one hand, distress on the other; profligacy and poverty, extravagance and starvation, linked inseparably together.

It was midwinter. On the bank of the river stood the purveyor of the convent, accompanied by the lady abbess herself and a great number of the nuns. They waited to watch the first haul made by the fishermen on the New Year’s morning, according to the custom which had prevailed in the convent for centuries. It was not usual for the river to be open at that time, but this year there was not a piece of ice on its surface. The fishermen put out in their boats, and cast their nets into the current; then, making the circuit of the spot, they returned to the bank and commenced to haul them in. Little difficulty was at first experienced by them in this operation. For several years preceding the supply of fish had scarcely sufficed to defray the expense of catching. It would seem, however, as if fortune were inclined to smile on the sisterhood once more. The nets had not been more than half drawn in when the fishermen began to perceive that they contained something heavier than usual. The lady abbess and the nuns were made acquainted with the circumstance, and they watched, in eager expectancy, the landing of the fish. The nets were at length with much trouble hauled on shore.

“Hilloa!” said the principal fisherman, an aged man, to the purveyor of the convent, “hast thou ever seen such monsters before? My soul! but this will glad the hearts of the whole convent, and make many poor folk happy, an it be but the harbinger of a return to the old times.”

While he spoke two immense sturgeon were landed. The abbess and her train approached the landing-place, and admired the strength and superior size of the fish.

“It would be but folly to set one of them free,” she partially soliloquised and partially spoke to the purveyor. “The convent has not had such a treat for years past, and we absolutely require some change. I’ll warrant me they will eat delightfully.”

The purveyor, a wily Jewish-looking fellow, who passed for an Italian, at once assented to the observations of his mistress, and added a few remarks of his own in support of them. Not so, however, the old fisherman, who overheard the conversation, having approached the abbess with the purveyor to learn her will and pleasure as to the disposal of the fish.

“Nay, nay, master,” he interposed, in his rough way, “not so fast, not so fast. My father fished on this river for full fifty years, and my father’s father did the same; and fifty years have I drawn net here too, all in the service of the noble ladies of Schwartz-Rheindorf. Never, in that time, knew I other than this done with these fish–the one to be let free, the other to be given away among the poor. I’ll do nought else with them.”

The abbess and the purveyor were but ill-pleased to hear what the old man said.

“You must do as I bid you, Herman,” said the former.

“You must obey my lady, your mistress,” echoed the latter. “She is too good and gracious to ye.”

“Not I,” said the old man bluntly,–“not I. For all the broad lands on the Rhine I would not have hand, act, nor part in such a matter. Do as ye list, but I’ll be none your servant in the matter.”

The old man walked away as he said these words, and neither the entreaties of the abbess, the threats of the purveyor, nor the interposition of some of the nuns present could bring him back.

Others, however, were soon found among his companions who were less scrupulous; and the two fish were accordingly removed to the convent, and consigned to the care of the cook, to be served up for dinner that day.

The dinner-hour arrived–the sisterhood were all seated at table–the servitors, marshalled by the supple purveyor, made their appearance, bearing the expected banquet in large covered dishes. A hasty grace was muttered, and then every eye was turned to the covers. The abbess had ordered the sturgeon to be served up first.

“And now, sisters,” she said, with a complacent look of benignant condescension, “I hope soon to know how you approve of our dinner. It is my constant study to make you happy, and my efforts are unceasing to afford you every gratification in my power. Let us begin.”

The covers were removed in a twinkling by the servitors, the carvers clattered their knives and forks impatiently; but what was the surprise of all, when every dish as it was uncovered was found to be empty. The wrath of the abbess rose at the sight, and the zeal of the nuns knew no bounds in seconding her indignation. The cook was hurriedly sent for. He stood before the excited sisterhood an abject, trembling wretch, far more like one who expected to be made a victim of himself, than one who would voluntarily make victims of others.

“How is this, villain?” exclaimed the abbess, her face reddening with rage.

“How’s this, villain?” echoed threescore female voices, some of them not musical.

“Ay, how is this, hound?” growled the purveyor.

“Do you mock us?” continued the abbess, as the cook stood trembling and silent.

“Do you mock us?” echoed the purveyor, with as much dignity as he could impart into his thin, meagre figure.

“Speak!” said the abbess in a loud voice, while the cook cast his eyes around as if seeking aid against the excited throng the room contained,–“speak!”

Thus urged, the cook proceeded to explain–as far, at least, as he was able. He declared that he had cut up and cooked the sturgeon, according to the directions he had received from the purveyor, and that, when dinner was served up, he had sent them up dressed in the manner that official had directed.

The abbess and her nuns were much puzzled how to explain this extraordinary occurrence, and each busied herself in conjectures which, as usual in such cases, never approached the fact. At this juncture the aged fisherman entered the room.

“My lady,” he said to the abbess, when he learnt what had occurred, “it is the judgment of Heaven. Even now I saw the fish in the river. I knew them well, and I’ll swear to them if necessary. They floated away, swimming down the stream, and I am a much mistaken man if ever ye see them any more.”

The pleasurable anticipations of the day that the sisters had entertained were completely annihilated; but it would have been well for them if the consequences of their avarice and gluttony had ended with that hour. Never more did the sturgeon make their appearance, and the part of the stream which pertained to the convent thenceforth ceased to produce fish of any kind whatsoever. People say that the Reformation had the effect of wooing the finny tribe back to their old haunts. At all events, whatever may have been the cause, it is the fact that there is not at present a less plentiful supply in this spot than there is in any other part of that rich river.


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The Little Shroud

A grieving mother mourned her beloved young son, who passed away suddenly. Her endless tears caused his spirit to appear, revealing that her sorrow dampened his shroud, preventing his rest. One night, the child, now dry and at peace, urged her to accept his fate. Moved, she ceased weeping, embracing patience and faith, allowing her son to finally rest peacefully in his grave.

Source
Folk-lore and Legends: German
Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh University Press
W.W. Gibbings, London, 1892


► Themes of the story

Loss and Renewal: The mother’s journey through grief to acceptance signifies the universal experience of loss and the subsequent emotional renewal.

Ancestral Spirits: The appearance of the child’s spirit reflects the connection between the living and the departed, emphasizing the influence of ancestral presences.

Moral Lessons: The narrative imparts the lesson that excessive mourning can hinder the peace of departed loved ones, encouraging acceptance and emotional resilience.

From the lore

Learn more about German Folklore


There was once a woman who had a little son of about seven years old, who was so lovely and beautiful that no one could look upon him without being kind to him, and he was dearer to her than all the world beside. It happened that he suddenly fell ill and died, and his mother would not be comforted, but wept for him day and night. Shortly after he was buried he showed himself at night in the places where he had been used in his lifetime to sit and play, and if his mother wept, he wept also, and when the morning came he departed. Since his mother never ceased weeping, the child came one night in the little white shroud in which he had been laid in his coffin, and with the chaplet upon his head, and seating himself at her feet, upon the bed, he cried:

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“O mother, mother, give over crying, else I cannot stop in my coffin, for my shroud is never dry because of your tears, for they fall upon it.”

When his mother heard this she was sore afraid, and wept no more. And the babe came upon another night, holding in his hand a little taper, and he said–

“Look, mother, my shroud is now quite dry, and I can rest in my grave.”

Then she bowed to the will of Providence, and bore her sorrow with silence and patience, and the little child returned not again, but slept in his underground bed.


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Goomblegubbon, Beeargaii, and Ouyan

Goomblegubbon the bustard refused to share his grinding stone with his wives, Beeargah and Ouyan. Seeking revenge, they emptied their shared water source, fled with Beeargah’s children, and met two black fellows by a river. The men took them as wives, escaping Goomblegubbon’s pursuit by burning their tracks. Goomblegubbon, unable to cross the river, never saw his family again.

Source
Australian Legendary Tales
collected by Mrs. K. Langloh Parker
London & Melbourne, 1896


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: Beeargah and Ouyan devise a clever plan to escape, including emptying the water source and burning their tracks to prevent Goomblegubbon from following them.

Journey to the Otherworld: The wives’ departure from their home and crossing the river symbolizes a transition into a new phase of life, leaving behind their past.

Loss and Renewal: The story concludes with Goomblegubbon losing his family, while Beeargah and Ouyan find new partners, signifying an end and a new beginning.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aboriginal Australians


Goomblegubbon the bustard, his two wives, Beeargah the hawk, and Ouyan the curlew, with the two children of Beeargah, had their camps right away in the bush; their only water supply was a small dungle, or gilguy hole. The wives and children camped in one camp, and Goomblegubbon a short distance off in another. One day the wives asked their husband to lend them the dayoorl stone, that they might grind some doonburr to make durrie. But he would not lend it to them, though they asked him several times. They knew he did not want to use it himself, for they saw his durrie on a piece of bark, between two fires, already cooking.

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They determined to be revenged, so said:

“We will make some water bags of the opossum skins; we will fill them with water, then some day when Goomblegubbon is out hunting we will empty the dungle of water, take the children, and run away! When he returns he will find his wives and children gone and the dungle empty; then he will be sorry that he would not lend us the dayoorl.”

The wives soon caught some opossums, killed and skinned them, plucked all the hair from the skins, saving it to roll into string to make goomillahs, cleaned the skins of all flesh, sewed them up with the sinews, leaving only the neck opening. When finished, they blew into them, filled them with air, tied them up and left them to dry for a few days. When they were dry and ready to be used, they chose a day when Goomblegubbon was away, filled the water bags, emptied the dungle, and started towards the river.

Having travelled for some time, they at length reached the river. They saw two black fellows on the other side, who, when they saw the runaway wives and the two children, swam over to them and asked whence they had come and whither they were going.

“We are running away from our husband Goomblegubbon, who would lend us no dayoorl to grind our doonburr on, and we ran away lest we and our children should starve, for we could not live on meat alone. But whither we are going we know not, except that it must be far away, lest Goomblegubbon follow and kill us.”

The black fellows said they wanted wives, and would each take one, and both care for the children. The women agreed. The black fellows swam back across the river, each taking a child first, and then a woman, for as they came from the back country, where no creeks were, the women could not swim.

Goomblegubbon came back from hunting, and, seeing no wives, called aloud for them, but heard no answer. Then he went to their camp, and found them not. Then turning towards the dungle he saw that it was empty. Then he saw the tracks of his wives and children going towards the river. Great was his anger, and vowing he would kill them when he found them, he picked up his spears and followed their tracks, until he too reached the river. There on the other side he saw a camp, and in it he could see strange black fellows, his wives, and his children. He called aloud for them to cross him over, for he too could not swim. But the sun went down and still they did not answer. He camped where he was that night, and in the morning he saw the camp opposite had been deserted and set fire to; the country all round was burnt so that not even the tracks of the black fellows and his wives could be found, even had he been able to cross the river. And never again did he see or hear of his wives or his children.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page