Eme’mqut and Envious-One

Eme’mqut and Envious-One compare the beauty of their wives. Envious-One, after pampering his wife with whale-blubber, grows obsessed with her appearance. When Eme’mqut’s wife is revealed, Envious-One is so overwhelmed by her beauty that he faints and suffers from a severe reaction. Eventually, he recovers, but declares he’s had enough, and they part ways.

Source
Koryak Texts
by Waldemar Bogoras
American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume V
(edited by Franz Boas)

E. J. Brill – Leyden, 1917


► Themes of the story

Moral Lessons: The story highlights the consequences of excessive envy and obsession with superficial appearances.

Conflict with Authority: Envious-One’s actions can be seen as challenging societal norms or expectations regarding beauty and comparison.

Tragic Flaw: Envious-One’s downfall is caused by his own excessive envy and obsession with appearances.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Koryak people


Collected in the village of Kamenskoye, on Penshina Bay, with the help of Nicholas Vilkhin, a half-Russianized Koryak, Decmber 1900 – April, 1901.

[…] The next morning Eme’mqut saw Envious-One, and he said to him, “Where did you see him? Let us go and visit him.” Again they visited him, and said to him. “Oh, wait! we are going to roast the omasum on a flat stone.” Then Eme’mqut left Envious-One.

He began to busy himself with the omasum, and to roast it. He finished this. Then he went away. After some time he took a fine girl for a wife. Envious-One brought to his home his former (wife) Little U’wen. After a long time they said to each other. “Come here! Let us compare the beauty of our wives!”

Envious-One said, “All right! I will bring her.” She had an overcoat fringed with reindeer-mane. He took her along. While on the way, he washed her quite frequently with (liquid from) the chamber-vessel, and (by rubbing) forced the blood into her face.

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Then those two came. Eme’mqut’s wife was hidden. They were going to bring the wives. Envious-One fed his wife sumptuously, giving her plenty of whale-blubber. “Let us compare the beauty of our wives!”

They brought them in. “Ah, but she has long lashes! She has large buttocks!” All the time he kept jumping over to his wife and re-arranging the parting of her hair. “Oh, surely she will came out the victor!” Then they brought forth Eme’mqut’s wife. Envious-One swooned at the first look.

He had a diarrhea from that whale-blubber. [It seems that he had eaten some whale-blubber with his wife.] They took away the woman. Then he recovered his senses. He said, “I have slept.” And really he began to eat again the matter vomited from his insides. They brought in the woman again. He swooned.

That vomited matter, which he tried to swallow came out again. They took her away. He recovered his senses, and ate again that matter vomited from his insides. Then (he said), “I do not want it. Go away! I have had enough!”

The end.


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The kamak and his wife

A group of people lived peacefully until a Kamak and his wife demanded blubber, consuming it daily and threatening to eat the villagers once it ran out. The villagers fled to the sky via an arrow-formed road. The Kamaks searched for them, using divination and crude methods, but their plans backfired hilariously and fatally. The villagers later returned, rid the area of the Kamaks, and lived happily without fear of spirits.

Source
Koryak Texts
by Waldemar Bogoras
American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume V
(edited by Franz Boas)

E. J. Brill – Leyden, 1917


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The villagers face oppression from the Kamak and his wife, who demand resources and threaten their lives.

Cunning and Deception: The villagers cleverly escape by creating an arrow-formed road to the sky, outsmarting the Kamak and his wife.

Divine Punishment: The Kamak and his wife meet a fatal end due to their own misguided actions, suggesting a form of cosmic justice.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Koryak people


Collected in the village of Kamenskoye, on Penshina Bay, with the help of Nicholas Vilkhin, a half-Russianized Koryak, Decmber 1900 – April, 1901.

Some people lived in a certain place. One day a kamak and his wife looked down (through the entrance-hole). They said, “Halloo! have you not some blubber?” – “There is some in the cache.” They entered the cache, and began to eat blubber. Then they sang, “It tastes well. We are eating blubber.” The next morning it was the same. “Halloo! have you not some blubber?” – “There is some in the porch.” – “It tastes well. We are eating blubber; but when you have no more blubber, tomorrow we shall eat you.”

They fled upwards in the night-time. They threw an arrow (upwards), and it became a road. They fled along this road.

Those came again. “Halloo! have you not some blubber?” But there was no answer. “Let us jump in! They are hidden somewhere.” They entered, and searched in all the corners. There was nothing.

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They said, “Let us try the divining-stone!” [Literally “let us act with the grandmother”. “Grandmother” is used also for “divining-stone”. The reason is probably that divination with stones is chiefly practised by women, and that the divining-stone, though usually a round pebble or a piece of bone ornamented with beads and tassels, represents a female guardian of the family.] (The kamak-woman) made (her husband) stand with his legs apart. She used his penis as a divining-stone. “If they have fled to the morning dawn, we shall follow them. If they have fled to the sunset, we shall follow them. To the seaside also we shall follow them. If they have fled upwards, what then? God would not treat us very pleasantly. How can we follow them?”

He began to sway his penis. “Shall we go out through the same opening without any fear [without shame]. Let us go out through the vent-hole in the roof of the porch!” The kamak-woman said, “Take me on your shoulders!” He took her on his back. “Oh, you are strangling me!” (His head) thrust itself into her anus. “Oh, you are playing mischief!”

Finally they both died, and lay there. His head slipped into her anus. After a while (the fugitives) said, “Let us visit the house!” They visited it, and dragged out his head with an iron hook, and his head had become (quite) hairless.

“Oh, oh?” They threw them into the direction of the sunset. Then they lived and were happy. They were not harmed by spirits.

That is all.


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Ermine-People

The tale of the Ermine-People recounts their ostracism by the Big-Raven people, their retreat to a cave, and their struggle for survival. Amid surreal events, Ermine-Man suffers an injury, and unknowingly, the family consumes part of his flesh. Following his death, Ermine-Woman and her children transform into real ermines, marking their transition from humans to creatures of the wild.

Source
Koryak Texts
by Waldemar Bogoras
American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume V
(edited by Franz Boas)

E. J. Brill – Leyden, 1917


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The Ermine-People face rejection and mistreatment from the dominant Big-Raven people, highlighting struggles against societal hierarchy and exclusion.

Community and Isolation: After being ostracized, the Ermine-People retreat to a cave, emphasizing themes of seclusion and the challenges of living apart from the larger community.

Sacrifice: The family’s efforts to sustain themselves in a harsh environment, including the inadvertent act of consuming Ermine-Man’s flesh, underscore the harsh realities of survival.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Koryak people


Collected in the village of Kamenskoye, on Penshina Bay, with the help of Nicholas Vilkhin, a half-Russianized Koryak, Decmber 1900 – April, 1901.

Ermine-People were living. One Ermine-Man came home, and said, “You are asked to live with Big-Raven’s people.” He was telling lies. Nothing of the sort was said to him. They came to that house, and wanted to enter. Then they were beaten severely. They went away, and said, “We are rejected here.” They came home and began to talk, “Let us go and live in a cave!” They went and lived in a cave. Afterwards they were caught by a flood. They had to climb upwards.


Ermine-People lived. After some time Ermine-Woman brought forth a son. Ermine-Man said, “Ermine-Woman has brought forth a son.” He said, “With what shall we cut the navel-string?” – “With-Smell-Pusher-Away has an axe.” – “O Smell-Pusher! have you an axe?” – “No, I have not.”

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Then he came to With-Odor-Pusher-Away. “Halloo! Have you an axe?” – “No, I have not, but With-Odor-Averter has one.” He came to With-Odor-Averter. “O Odor-Averter! have you an axe?” – “Here it is!”

He took the axe, came home, and only then did they sever the navel-string. They began to arrange the birth-feast. They cooked for this one Ermine-Man. The master said, “Carry some meat to Big-Raven’s people!” They carried some meat. (One girl) went and came there. They said, “Why did you come?” – “The mother brought forth (a child).” They said, “Why did you come? You smell of excrement!”

They threw the meat to the dogs, and gave her back the empty dish. She went home again and said, “Oh, oh! Miti’ ate it all herself, (she gave) nothing to the old man.” – “Poor thing, that old man! Carry again some more meat there.” She carried the meat; and they said to her, “Why did you come?” and again Big-Raven threw her out of the house, together with her dish.

She remained there in a swoon the whole day, only then she came home. “Why did you stay there so long?” – “Eme’mqut held me back all the time, (saying ‘This is a) very good girl.’ Moreover, Eme’mqut said, ‘Go there, live together!’” – “Oh, but I have just now given birth to a child!” – “Have no care. I will carry it wrapped in a coverlet.”

They set off, and arrived there. “Why have those Ermine-People come? They smell of excrement.” They arrived there, and wanted to enter, but the others began to strike them. “Oh, they reject us!” – “(No,) they bid you welcome. Let mamma enter first!” Again Big-Raven began to strike them with a stick.

The daughter said, “I will go first. Eh, old man, why are you bidding me such a welcome? I can shake (my coat) myself.” They were rejected, and went away. After that they said, “Where shall we go? We will go to a cave.”

They went to a place rich in edible seaweed. Ermine-Man fell down from a cliff and fell in a swoon. Then he came to, and said, “Oh, it is a good cliff, it makes you motionless with pleasure, a very good place!” They descended into a cave, and slept there. Ermine-Man went out in the night-time to pass water; and there (on the sea), upright blocks of ice were submerged in the water. “O Stone-Face! what success have you had in catching fish?” [Stone-Face (Giwile’) – standing columns of natural rock frequent on the shore cliffs and mountains of these countries, also the large bowlders lying about are considered by the natives to be human-like beings, petrified, but still leading a mysterious life of their own. Ermine-Man pretends to have seen one of these beings catching fish in the sea, but it was only a standing block of ice, too unstable to be considered as a living being.] He went back into the house, “With whom have you been talking”’ He said, “(I inquired) what success Stone-Face has had catching fish with a small drag-net; and they answered, ‘All right!’” She said, “Now we shall eat some cooked fish.”

They went to sleep, and in a little while the sea-water came to them. “You have passed water.” The other one said, “It is you who have passed water.” They looked around, and said, “We are caught by water.” They began to climb up the cliff. (Ermine-Woman dragged up) all the children. Even all the straps were snapped (in two). They climbed up. He climbed first; then one of his sides fell down detached.

The others climbed up. “Cook (this meat)!” (Ermine-Woman) said, “Where does it come from?” He said, “The Chukchee passed by and left it.” [The Reindeer Koryak and the Reindeer Chukchee call each other mutually by the same name, Ta’nnitan.] They began to cook it. As soon as the (water in the) kettle began to boll, he felt unwell. The woman said, “What is the matter with you?” He said, “I am unwell.” They ate the meat, and he died.

The woman saw that one of his sides was missing. (She exclaimed,) “We have eaten one of his sides without knowing it! Where shall we go! To every cache, to other people’s caches.” They turned into real ermine.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

How a small kamak was transformed into a harpoon-line

Defying his mother’s warnings, a small kamak is caught in Big-Raven’s snare and transformed into a thong. Despite attempts by Frost-Man and coastal people to steal the line, the kamak remains vigilant. Ultimately, Eme’mqut rescues the line by disguising himself as a wooden whale, outsmarting the coastal people and bringing the stolen line back home, where it is kept safely in the inner room.

Source
Koryak Texts
by Waldemar Bogoras
American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume V
(edited by Franz Boas)

E. J. Brill – Leyden, 1917


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: Characters like Big-Raven and Frost-Man suggest interactions with entities beyond the mortal realm.

Conflict with Authority: The coastal people’s attempts to steal the thong represent challenges to ownership and control.

Cunning and Deception: The use of disguise and strategy to retrieve the stolen line underscores themes of wit and deceit.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Koryak people


Collected in the village of Kamenskoye, on Penshina Bay, with the help of Nicholas Vilkhin, a half-Russianized Koryak, Decmber 1900 – April, 1901.

A small kamak said to his mother, “I am hungry.” She said to him, “Go and eat something in the storeroom behind the sleeping-room!” He said, “I do not want to. I want to go to Big-Raven’s house.” The mother said, “Do not do it! You will die. You will be caught in a snare. – Go to the upper storeroom and eat something!” He said, “What for? Those provisions taste of the upper storeroom.” She said, “Go to the cache and eat something!” He said, “What for? Those provisions taste of the cache.”

Big-Raven spread a snare close to his elevated storehouse (raised on supports). The small kamak ran there, and was caught in a snare. He began to whimper; “Oh, I am caught, I am caught!” Big-Raven said, “It came to my mind to go and to look at this snare.” He came to it, and wanted to enter the storehouse, but stumbled over something lying in the way.

► Continue reading…

“What now, what is it?” – “It is I. I am caught.” The small kamak was crying, and brushing away his tears with his small fist. “Stop blubbering! I will take you to Miti’.” He brought the small kamak to his house, and said, “O, Miti! dance in honor of our catch!” She began to dance, “We have a small kamak!” Big-Raven said, “You dance in a wrong way. Ga’na, step forth and dance in honor of our catch!” She came out and began to dance, “We have a small ma’kak, we have a small ma’kak!” Big-Raven said, “Really this is right.” [Ga’na mixes up the sounds of the word ka’mak. Still Big-Raven finds it quite right.]

They took him into the house. The house-master said, “What shall we make out of you, a cover for the roof-hole?” – “Not this. If I am made into a cover for the roof-hole, I shall feel smoky, I shall feel cold.” The house-master said, “What shall we make out of you, a plug for the vent-hole?” – “Not this. If I am made into a plug for the vent-hole, I shall be afraid of evil spirits passing by.” The house-master said, “What, then, do you wish us to make of you? Perhaps a work-bag for Miti’.” He said, “Not this. I shall feel smothered.” The house-master said, “We shall make you into a thong.” The small kamak began to laugh and said, “Yes!”

They made him into a thong, they cut him duly, then they carried the line out and began to stretch it (tightly). Thus stretched, they (left it there). Big-Raven’s people went to sleep. Frost-Man and his people said, “Big-Raven has caught a small kamak. They made him into a thong. Let us go and steal it!” They found it, and began to untie it. Then it cried aloud, “Quick, get up! Already they are untying me!” Big-Raven said, “What is the matter with our small line? It wants to awaken us. Quick, let us get up!” They woke up, and said to the small kamak, “What is the matter with you? Why were you crying so loudly?” The small kamak said, “Frost-Man’s people wanted to carry me away.”

The people living down the coast heard (about the thing), – how Big-Raven caught a small kamak; and how they made him into a thong; and how no one succeeded in carrying it away, it was so watchful. Those people began to say, “We will go and carry it away.” They said, “Surely we will carry it away.” Big-Raven’s people went to sleep. The people living down the coast came and took the line. It wanted to awaken the other people, but it was unable to awaken them. “Oh, they are untying me already, they are carrying me away!” Indeed, they untied it and carried it away; they stole the line.

The others woke up, but there was no line whatever. It had been taken away. Big-Raven said, “People living down the coast have committed this theft. Indeed, they took it, nobody else.” Eme’mqut said, “A very good line was taken away, still we will bring it back.” Eme’mqut made a wooden whale and entered it. He went away and came to the people living down the coast. Those people were walking around. They were saying, “This is the first time that such a whale has come near to us. It is a very good whale.”

They attacked the whale, came near to it, and threw at it a harpoon with a new line. The small kamak lustily bit into the whale. Eme’mqut said to him under his breath, “Why are you biting me? I have come to fetch you home.” Eme’mqut threw into the boat of the whale-hunters some berries of Rubus Arcticus, and they began to eat them. Meanwhile Eme’mqut fled in all haste to his house. He carried away the new line, and took it home. They ceased carrying the line out of the house. They kept it always in the inner room, so the others could not steal it.

That is all.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Big-Raven and the mice

In this whimsical tale, Mouse-Girls discover a ringed seal and have it taken by Big-Raven. Seeking revenge, they cleverly manipulate Big-Raven by tricking him multiple times: defiling his food, distracting him with puddings, fastening red shreds to his eyes, painting his face with charcoal, and ultimately causing him to jump into a river, believing his own reflection to be a woman.

Source
Koryak Texts
by Waldemar Bogoras
American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume V
(edited by Franz Boas)

E. J. Brill – Leyden, 1917


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The Mouse-Girls employ cunning tactics to deceive Big-Raven multiple times, showcasing the classic trickster motif.

Revenge and Justice: After Big-Raven takes their ringed seal, the Mouse-Girls seek retribution through their clever schemes, highlighting a pursuit of justice.

Conflict with Authority: The Mouse-Girls challenge Big-Raven’s dominance, reflecting a struggle against a more powerful figure.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Koryak people


Collected in the village of Kamenskoye, on Penshina Bay, with the help of Nicholas Vilkhin, a half-Russianized Koryak, Decmber 1900 – April, 1901.

Some Mouse-Girls walked along the seashore. The youngest Mouse also wanted to follow. Her mother said, “Tie her (and leave her) on the seashore.” They bound her with two strings of her diaper. She began to squeal, “Pawawawa’!” and they said, “What is it?” – “I have found a genuine small nail.” – “Go to her!” They went to her. “What is it that you have found?” But it was only a small shell. “Oh, strike her!” They struck her, and she whimpered, “Igigi’!” After a while she turned to them again, and began as before, “What is it that I have found? Oh, indeed, it has nails! Oh, indeed, it has eyes! Oh, indeed, it has whiskers!” – “Go to her and see what she has found!” They came to her, and really it was a small ringed seal. Big-Raven said, “Eh, eh! Why are those Mouse-Girls shouting and dancing?” Miti’ said, “Oh, leave off! Why do you want to go to them?” But he went to them. “Well, there! Mouse-Girls, what is the matter with you?”

► Continue reading…

“Oh, nothing! only this Hairless-One grew angry with us.” He said, “Louse me!” One Mouse-Girl said, “I have pricked myself with my father’s awl.” One might think she were the daughter of some artisan. He said to another small girl, “Louse me!” – “I have pricked myself with my mother’s needle.” One might think she were the daughter of some seamstress. “O Hairless-One! louse me.” She said, “Eh, all right!” She loused him. He said, “Oh, say these words: ‘Grandfather’s lice taste of fat!’” [It seems that the Hairless Mouse-Girl, according to the custom of many native tribes of this country, was killing the lice with her teeth.]

Then he shook his head, and the small mice were scattered in all directions. Some fell into the sea, some into the coast-slime, others into the river, and others again on the pebbles. Big-Raven took the little ringed seal and carried it home. The Mouse-Girls crawled to the shore and asked one another, “Where did you fall?” – “I fell into the sea.” – “Then you were cold.” – “And where did you fall?” – “I fell on the small pebbles.” – “Then you were pricked.” – “And where did you fall?” – “I fell into the coast-slime.” – “Then you were cold.” – “And you, Hairless-One, where did you fall?” – “I fell on the moss [used as a child’s diaper] spread by mother.” – “Then you fell easy.”

They said, “Let us go home!” They went home and told their mother, “See, mamma! we have found a small ringed seal, but grandfather took it away.” – “Did he? Then we will fetch it back. O daughters! go and look into his house.” They looked in. Then they came back and said, “Eine’mqut is skinning it.” – “Now you there, [you Mouse-Girl,] go and look in!” She looked in. “Just now they are cooking it.” – “Now, you there, this one, go and look in there!” She looked in. “Just now they are taking the meat out of the kettle.” Mouse-Woman said, “Oh, I wish Big-Raven would say, ‘We will eat it tomorrow!’ We must find a shaman’s small stick (used in magic). Oh, you there, small Mouse-Girl! take this bundle of grass (on which magic had been practised) and carry it to Big-Raven’s house. There drop it through the vent-hole.”

They (the Mice) took it and carried it there, and dropped it into the house. Big-Raven immediately said, “Miti’, we had better eat this meat tomorrow.” And she said, “All right!” – “Oh, you, small Mouse-Girl! go and look into the house!” – “Just now Miti’ is arranging the bed.” – “And now you, go and have a look!” – “Just now they have gone to sleep, they are snoring.” – “Now, there, let us go!” They took bags and iron pails, went there, and put all the cooked meat into them, also what was left of the broth. They defecated (into the kettle), also filled Miti’s and Big-Raven’s boots with small pebbles.

Next morning they awoke. “Miti’, get up! Let us eat!” Miti’ began to put on her boots. “Ah, ah, ah!” – “What is the matter with you?” – “Oh, nothing!” Big-Raven then put on his boots. “Ah, ah, ah!” – “And what is the matter with you? You cry now, just as I did.” – “Oh, stop talking, bring the cooked meat, heat the broth!” Miti’ drank some broth, and immediately cried out, “It tastes of excrement!” – “Oh, bring it here!” Then Big-Raven also cried, “It tastes of excrement!” – “Mouse-Women have defiled us.” – “I will not forgive this. I will stun them with blows. Bring me my big club!” She gave it to him, and he started to go to the Mouse-Women. “Oh, grandfather is coming. Tell him, ‘Eat some pudding of stone-pine nuts!’” “What good are those puddings of stone-pine nuts! I have no teeth.” – “Then have some cloud-berry-pudding.” “Yes, I will eat some of the cloud-berry-pudding.” He ate of the pudding. “”Grandfather, lie down on your back and have a nap!” – “Yes, I will have a nap, lying thus on my back.”

He slept, and they fastened to his eyes some red shreds. “Grandfather, enough, get up!” – “All right! now I will go home.” He went home; and when he was approaching, and came close to the house, he shouted all of a sudden, “Miti’, tear in twain the worst one of our sons, to appease the fire!” Without any reason she tore her son in twain. “And where is the fire? just now you said, ‘It burns.’ What happened to your eyes? They have shreds fastened to the eyelids. The Mouse-Women have defiled you.” He said, “Hm! now at last grew angry. Bring me my club. I will go there and club them.”

He went there. “Oh, grandfather is coming! Say to him, ‘Have some pudding of root of Polygonum viviparum!’” – “What for?” “Then have some pudding of berries of Rubus Arcticus.” – “Yes, I will have some pudding of berries of Rubus Arcticus.” He entered, and began to eat the pudding. “Grandfather, lie down on your side and have a nap!” – “All right! I will lie down on my side and have a nap.”

He slept, and they painted his face with charcoal. “O grandfather! get up, the day is breaking!” – “Yes, all right! I will get up.” He awoke. “Grandfather, have a drink from the river there!” – “All right! I will drink.” He went to the river. He began to drink, and there he saw in the water his own image. “Halloo, Painted-Woman! I will drop a stone hammer as a present for you.” Oh, he dropped it. “Halloo, Painted-Woman! I will drop down my own body! Halloo, Painted-Woman! shall I marry you?” He jumped into the water.

That is all.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Hare story

A clever Hare ventures to the Man-Slayer’s home, narrowly escapes being cooked, and outwits his would-be captors using wit and agility. After killing Man-Slayer, he tricks the Man-Slayer’s wife into a fatal fall with the help of an Eagle-Woman. Together, they turn her remains into practical stakes for reindeer. The myth emphasizes cunning over brute strength and resourcefulness in survival.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The Hare embodies the trickster archetype, using his cunning to outsmart the Man-Slayer and his wife.

Conflict with Authority: The Hare challenges and ultimately overcomes the Man-Slayer, a figure of power and threat.

Transformation: The story concludes with the transformation of the Man-Slayer’s wife into stakes for reindeer, symbolizing change and adaptation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Written down by the cossack Innocent Bereskin, from the words of Mary Chahin, a Russianized Yukaghir woman, in the village of Pokhotsk, on the Lower Kolyma, 1895.

There was a Hare. He lived with his wife. They had no children. The Hare said to his wife, “O wife! I am going now to the Man-Slayer to see what he is doing.” He attached his reindeer to the sledge and went away. After a while he saw a large reindeer-herd. It was that of the Man-Slayer. Man-Slayer was working near his house, making a sledge. The Hare came, and said, “How are you, Man-Slayer?” — Man-Slayer said, “I am well. Come into my house, and tell my wife that she is to kill you and to cook your meat, and I will come in to eat it.” The Hare said, “I cannot find the entrance.” Man-Slayer grew angry, and aimed a blow at him with his hatchet. The Hare was frightened, and ran into the house.

He looked around, and saw that the entrance was no longer there, only the vent-hole overhead. He jumped up; but could not reach the vent-hole, and fell back to the ground. The wife of Man-Slayer called to her children, “Here is a Hare! Bring me my knife!”

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The Hare was frightened, and said, “Well, now, grandmother, do not kill me so soon! Better tie me to a long line! I am so fat, I will try and jump about. Then my meat will be more to your taste.” The old woman did so, — tied him to a long line. Meanwhile she prepared her kettle. The Hare gathered his forces, and again jumped up toward the vent-hole, but again he could not reach the vent-hole. Then he said, “O grandmother! how many dishes have you in your house?” She said, “I have three dishes.” — “Oh,” said the Hare, “my meat will be too much for these three dishes.” He jumped again, but could not reach the vent-hole. Then he said again, “O grandmother! how many dishes have you in your house?” She said, “Four dishes.” — “Oh, my meat will be too much for these four dishes.” Then he jumped again directly through the vent-hole, bit off the line, and ran away. The old woman saw it, and called, “O old man! catch the Hare!” The old man went in pursuit of the Hare. He caught the Hare, and was going to kill him. The Hare said, “Oh, well, grandfather, do not kill me so soon! I want first to say good-by to the Sun. Then I shall ask something of you; and at the same time you may sharpen your hatchet!”

Man-Slayer began to sharpen his hatchet. The Hare said to him, “What month is coming now?” Man-Slayer said, “I do not know. If you know, tell me about it.” The Hare said, “It is the month of wild geese, when the wild geese are coming here again.” — “Is that so?” — “Yes, it is! And look there! Some wild geese are passing there on high.” — “Where are they?” — “Here, directly overhead!” Man-Slayer raised his head, and the Hare snatched his hatchet away, and struck him on the neck. Man-Slayer fell down. The Hare cut his body into pieces and filled a large bag. Then he mounted to the roof of the house and threw the bag down the vent-hole. “Here, old woman! cook this Hare!” The wife rejoiced, and fell to dressing the meat. The children were skipping about. One said, “Give me the liver!” The other said, “Give me the kidney!” She distributed the pieces; but as soon as one smelled of his piece, he threw it away.

The mother grew angry, and asked, “Why do you throw the pieces away?” They said, “Well, this meat has a smell of our father.” She smelled of the meat herself, and cried aloud. Then she rushed out, but the Hare was gone. She gave pursuit. The Hare saw her, and looked for a hiding-hole. There was none. Then he saw an eagle-nest on the top of a larch-tree. The Eagle-Woman put on a woman’s combination-suit, descended to the ground from her nest, and was going to work at a wooden dish. The Hare came to her, and implored, “O Eagle! hide me in your wide breeches!” The Eagle took off her combination-suit, hid the Hare in it, and put it on the ground. She put the dish over it, and sat down on the dish. The Man-Slaying-Woman came, and asked, “O Eagle! have you not seen a Hare of mine, which I wanted to catch?” — “I saw him,” said the Eagle. He passed by, and ran up to the sky.” — “Oh, alas! how can I find him now?” The Eagle said, “Take a seat on my back! I will carry you up to the sky. Then you may catch the Hare.” — “Oh, quick! take me there!” The Eagle put out her back, and the Man-Slaying-Woman sat upon it. The Eagle flew upwards, and then said to the Man-Slaying-Woman, “Well, now, look down, and say whether the earth is far enough away!” The Man-Slaying-Woman said, “The earth is vanishing from view.” — “Oh,” said the Eagle, “now hold on tight! I am going to turn a little.” She turned her back downwards. The Man-Slaying-Woman lost her grip, and fell down, head foremost, to the earth, (landing) near the nest of the Eagle. Her head and her whole body penetrated into the ground. Only the legs as far as the knees remained out of the ground. The Hare dashed out from his hiding-place, seized a stone hammer, and hammered with it on the old woman’s heels. Then he said to the Eagle, “Well, my friend, now these will be good stakes for attaching our reindeer to.


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Qolento’

A man sends his sons to serve the Sun-Chief. The elder son is executed, prompting the younger to prepare for revenge. After impressing a nearby Sun-Chief with his skills and marrying his daughter, he confronts the first Sun-Chief. A fierce battle ends in the younger brother’s victory, reclaiming his people’s dignity, goods, and freedom.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The younger brother seeks to avenge his elder brother’s execution by the Sun-Chief, ultimately confronting and defeating him to restore his family’s honor.

Hero’s Journey: The narrative follows Qolento’s transformative adventure from a young man seeking to avenge his brother to a hero who reclaims his people’s dignity and freedom.

Conflict with Authority: Qolento’ challenges the oppressive rule of the Sun-Chief, ultimately overthrowing him.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Nuten-qeu’, a Maritime Chukchee man from the village of Nunae’mun, in the village of Uni’sak, at Indian Point, May, 1900.

A man lived at the village of Kigi’ni. He had two sons. The Sun-Chief (Tirk-e’rem [the Czar]) sent his men to this country. The people came to the man, and said, “The Sun-Chief wants one of your sons in his employ.” He had him for a while; then he became displeased with him, and caused his head to be cut off. Two years passed, and then a third year. The elder son does not come back; and of course he could not come, since his head had been cut off. The younger brother grew to manhood. All the time he was exercising, — running and jumping up with a load upon his shoulders. So he became quite strong, and made a spear for himself. Its point was as long as the blade of a paddle. The shaft was as thick as a tent-pole. In the spring other people came, sent by the Sun-Chief, and said to the old man, “The Sun-Chief wants your other son in his service.” — “I will not give him. I am quite old, and have no other children. And where is my first son? He does not appear anymore.”

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They went away. The son said, “Why have you refused their request? Since my elder brother took this road, let me take it also. Why have you refused? Better send me along with them.” In due time they came again. “The Sun-Chief wants to have your other son, at least as his guest.” — “All right! take him!” They went away.

On the road there lived another Sun-Chief, nearer than the first one. They came to him. He had a large house, strongly fortified. His daughter came out and immediately returned home. “A guest has come!” The father came out and said, “Well, now, show us your skill in fencing!” Qolento’ began to brandish his spear. He brandished it, and made various passes and side-strokes. The sun was on the left hand, then it came over to the right hand, and then was near setting. He still brandished his spear. “Oh,” said the Sun-Chief, “you are quite good! I want to take you for my son-in-law.” He was quite kind to him. So in the night he lay down with the girl and made her his wife. The next morning he departed, and took along the spear of his father-in-law, since the shaft of his own became too pliable from mere exercise. They came to the first Sun-Chief. He was lying on his back and snoring lustily. His arms and legs were spread wide apart. Near his penis was a small dog attached to a tying-stick. It was small and slender, but for all that watchful. Its ears pricked up at every noise, howsoever slight. Qolento’ opened a window and crept through it. The dog attacked him; but he jumped upward, and the dog missed and fell down. He began to trample upon the dog, intending to kill it.

Then the dog spoke in the manner of men, “Do not trample upon me! I am ready to serve you henceforward as my master.” — “All right! then you must awaken this one.” — “Oh, oh!” It sprang towards the sleeping man and bit his right hand. The man said, “How strange! This dog is biting his own master.” Then he saw the visitor. “Oh, it is you? Why did you come when I was sleeping? Did you want to attack me in my sleep? Come, now!” They came out. Near the houses there were a number of driving-sledges piled up quite high one on another. They jumped upon the pile and began to fight. They fought the whole day with their spears. The Sun-Chief grew tired. His eyes became white, and on the corners of his mouth there was thin foam. Then at last the young man caught him on the spear-point between his legs and hurled him off. He jumped after him from behind, and kicked him with all his might. Then he ran after him and jumped over him. The Sun-Chief fell down and swooned. As soon as he came to consciousness, he filled a pipe with tobacco and had a smoke. “Oh, my! but why do you deride me? Cut off my head, since you are the victor!” — “I will not.” — “Oh, oh!” He smoked another pipe. “Enough of this! Kill me!” — “I will not!” — “This house of mine, and all the wealth in this trading-hut (i.e., storehouse) of mine, you may take it all.” — “I do not want all this.” — “Oh, well, hurry up! Enough of your derision! Despatch me quick!” — “Oh, oh! All right!” He struck him twice with his spear and put his eyes out. “There, you have it!”

All around upon staffs human heads were elevated, all of them Chukchee. He took them all and went away. He took along also the dog and his newly married wife. He led away a long train of pack-horses and of driving-reindeer. All were loaded with tea, tobacco, sugar, rifles, lead, ammunition, etc. He took all this home. They lived.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Ma’ne and Mana’qton

A tale of brotherly devotion unfolds as Ma’ne rescues his imprisoned brother Mana’qton from Russian captivity. Through cunning and bravery, Ma’ne confronts a Russian commander, forces him to disarm, and challenges local authorities with an incredible leap. Despite successfully freeing his brother, Ma’ne ultimately meets a tragic end, killed by Russian gunfire after a final confrontation.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Hero’s Journey: Ma’ne undertakes a transformative adventure to rescue his brother, facing numerous challenges and adversaries along the way.

Sacrifice: Ma’ne risks and ultimately sacrifices his life for the sake of his brother’s freedom.

Conflict with Authority: The narrative centers on Ma’ne’s defiance against Russian captors and their oppressive control.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Aemu’lin, a Reindeer Chukchee man, in a camp near the middle course of the Anadyr River, November, 1900.

There were two brothers, Ma’ne and Mana’qton. In war times Mana’qton was taken captive by the Russians, and put into a dark prison. They fed him and gave him to drink. But he was not permitted to undress to satisfy his natural wants. Therefore his breeches became full of excrement, and in the end he could no longer move. A great Russian commander was moving along the shore in a large heavy boat. He went up-stream. Several young men were walking on the shore, towing the boat. Ma’ne concealed himself behind the bushes and watched them. They came nearer. They were making great efforts, because the boat was heavy; and of course they were unarmed, because all the arms were in the boat. When they came quite close, Ma’ne sprang out and attacked them. He stabbed all of them with his spear. They did not resist, because they were too weary from towing. When all were killed, Ma’ne seized the tow-line. The commander was alone in the boat, holding the rudder.

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Ma’ne tugged at the tow-line. “You there! All the arms that you have in the boat! throw them into the water! Otherwise I shall let go the tow-line! [the current was strong, and the boat, set free, would probably have capsized] The commander took up the rifles and long knives (swords), and threw them into the water. Ma’ne drew the boat close to himself. “Why have you put my brother into the dark prison? Set him free!” — “All right!” says the commander. “Come to Markova!” They moved on. Ma’ne was towing the boat all alone. [A quite similar episode is to be met in Russian tales referring to Yermak, the Conqueror of Siberia. It was probably borrowed by the Chukchee from the Cossacks.] They came to Markova. The commander said, “Set Mana’qton free from prison!”

But the Russian “transformed shaman” opposed it. [Yirka’-la’ul, most probably a Russian pope, who is equivalent here to a “transformed shaman” of the Chukchee, because his upper garment resembles a woman’s robe.] He said, “I do not believe that you were able to tow the boat all alone; but if you really did do it, I propose a test. Two Russian men shall hold a long knife as high as their heads. You must jump over that knife.” They held that knife high over their heads. He thought, “I shall not be able to do it. I shall die. Still my brother is also dying. Let me try!” — “Oh, oh, oh!” He drew a deep breath, almost with a moan, then made a bound, and jumped over the knife. He returned and jumped back over the knife. To and fro he kept jumping over the Russian knife poised on high.

“Oh, oh!” says the Russian shaman, “You are very nimble. Bring Mana’qton here!” They brought Mana’qton. He was so weak, he could not walk. They carried him in. They ripped open his breeches with a knife, washed him, and made him clean. Then he rose to his feet. Ma’ne said to the brother, “Go to the shore!” He asked the Russians for tea and sugar and tobacco. They gave him nothing. He struck the shaman in the face and killed him. Then he fled toward the river. The Russian young men shot with theirs rifles, and hit him on the head. So he was killed and died there.

The end.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The girls as avengers

A hunter’s two daughters, witnessing their father being robbed by five violent brothers, train themselves to become strong. Motivated by filial devotion and a desire to protect their father, they ultimately kill the violence-doers and their entire clan, restoring justice to their village.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The daughters seek retribution against those who wronged their father and restore order to their community.

Conflict with Authority: The violent brothers represent an oppressive force within the village, and the sisters challenge and overthrow this authority.

Cultural Heroes: The daughters become foundational figures by taking decisive action to protect their community, embodying the qualities of cultural heroes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Loloi’gin, a Maritime Chukchee man, in the village of Che’chin, May, 1901

There was a hunter, a very good one, the only one in the village. He was killing ringed seals, large thong-seals. Five brothers, doers of violence, robbed the people of their food. Two daughters of the hunter grew up, and said, “Our father has fed us till we are full-grown. Shall we permit him to be robbed any more?” They pitied their father.

So they began to exercise, became quite strong, and at last killed the violence-doers, with all their kin.

► Continue reading…

Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Reindeer-Breeder and the Ai’wan

A reindeer-breeding family’s youngest daughter is mistreated by her Ai’wan in-laws after they slaughter her herd. Guided by the Upper Being, she journeys through a magical winter landscape, reunites with her family, and ultimately seeks revenge. Her husband, who was swallowed by a whale, is gruesomely executed by her and her sisters for his past violence.

Source
The Jessup North Pacific Expedition
edited by Franz Boas
Memoir of the American Museum
of Natural History – New York

Volume VIII
1. Chukchee Mythology
by Waldemar Bogoras
Leiden & New York, 1910


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The young woman faces mistreatment from her in-laws, who exert power over her after slaughtering her reindeer herd.

Journey to the Otherworld: Guided by the Upper Being, she embarks on a journey through a magical winter landscape, symbolizing a venture into a realm beyond the ordinary.

Revenge and Justice: She ultimately seeks retribution for the wrongs committed against her, culminating in the execution of her husband and his family.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chukchee people


Told by Viye’nto the Blind, a Maritime Chukchee man, at Mariinsky Post, October, 1900.

A wealthy reindeer-breeder lived on the seashore. He had no sons, but four daughters, who kept watch over the herd. He had two large herds, and two daughters as herdsmen in each herd. Nearest to him lived an Ai’wan, in a permanent settlement, — a wicked old man, a doer of violence, — because he had five sons. He said to his eldest son, “Go and ask for one of the girls in marriage; and if they refuse, we will take one of their herds.” After a while he himself went over to his reindeer-breeding neighbor, and spoke thus:

“Well, then, we are neighbors. For quite a long time we have talked to each other. You get your food from your herd, your source of life, and I get mine from man’s exertions.” — “Yes, that is so!” says the reindeer-breeder. “Would it not, then, be better for us to join forces? You could give over one of your sources of life to your daughter, and keep the other one for yourself.”

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“All right! I consent.” — “You could wander with the reindeer, and some of us would help you. And the others would also stay on the seashore, subsisting on sea-meat. My eldest son and I — we should wander inland along with you, and for the summer-time we should come back to the seashore. If we feel dull, we might visit each other, tasting new food in common.” — “All right!” said the reindeer-breeder.

He listened to the Ai’wan’s words, and consented to act according to his offer. Therefore he gave his youngest daughter in marriage to the Ai’wan’s son, along with one herd. Spring came. The reindeer-breeder went away, and the son-in-law remained behind. Then the snow melted, and summer came. The son of the Ai’wan says, “A reindeer-herd is a bad thing. I do not want it. I can live by hunting, killing walrus and whale. Hunting is a joyful pursuit.” Therefore with the first snow he wanted to visit the village, and went there, taking the herd along. When he was near the village, he cried, “Oh, tie up the dogs. The herd is coming!” Then the herd also, that was a little behind, came to the village. He said, “Let us slaughter the whole herd! I do not want it. Slaughter the driving-reindeer while still in harness! Let us eat meat!” They began slaughtering. The driving-reindeer were stabbed while still in harness. The ground grew all red with blood. At last they had enough, and cried, “Give a part of this meat to the poor, to those who are starving!”

The woman was sorrowful on account of the herd. Her sisters-in-law took her handsome clothes made of spotted fawn-skins from her. These clothes they put on themselves, and had her clothed in old bad hairless seal-skin. At last she could not suffer it any longer, and left the village by night, taking with her a single reindeer, one of her own driving-team, — a single one, that had escaped being butchered. She led it along behind her, having no sledge to drive. It was midwinter, cold and dreary. Travelling was hard, and the snow heavy. Dawn came, and the sun rose. It grew light around her, though the walking was not easier than before. She moved on, leading her reindeer, and plodding through the snow; but in reality she was ascending skywards along a ray of light, because the Upper Being, the Being of the Reindeer people, saw her and knew all about her. His compassion toward the reindeer was very great, because they were slaughtered; and it was his intention to cheer her up after her loss. So she was walking upon the ground under the thick-falling snow, but was moving skyward, though she did not notice it. She was tired and cold, since food there was none, and her clothes were very poor. At last the reindeer spoke in human language. It exclaimed, “Halloo!” She answered, “Halloo!” — “You are quite tired. Mount, at least, upon my back! I will carry you a little onward. I feel sorry for you.” She mounted the reindeer, and after a while felt still colder, and also more fatigued and hungry. The reindeer stopped, and scraped the snow with its hoof, as if preparing a place for camping: Then it says, “Halloo!” She answers, “Halloo!” — “At least, eat something! and you will be warmer.” She looked down, and saw upon the snow a round place scraped bare. There upon the ground lay something like boiled meat. She ate of it, and felt warm. Then she looked ahead of her, and saw a reindeer-herd. Looking still more attentively, she recognized the reindeer. They were those of her father. Some spotted ones she recognized as her own reindeer. All these were the sacrificed reindeer, those given away, which after that became the reindeer of the Upper Being. Then at last she said, “Whose reindeer are these? They look like the reindeer of my father, but whose camp may this be?” And this was the camp of the Upper Being, of the Deity of the Reindeer people. The Old Being is in his house. His appearance is different from that of men. He has ears on his temples, a big nose, and a broad mouth across his whole face. He says to his daughter, “What kind of a woman is staying there on the outskirts of our camp? Why does she not come over here and enter? Who knows? Perhaps it is the same poor thing whose herd was slaughtered of late by the Ai’wanat, the sedentary dwellers. I saw how the ground grew red with blood. This was a great pity. Go and call her to come along.” The daughter of the Upper Being came to the woman, and said, “Friend, why do you not come to the house? Father bade me call you there.”

“Well, well! we are entering,” cried the girl. The Upper Being looked upon the woman and waved his hand. Even a tear rose to his eye. “Oh, then it is really you! Your poor herd! — But why did your father, being a reindeer-breeder, listen to the words of a sedentary Ai’wan? Oh, how badly they acted toward you!” He drew from the floor near his seat a big stopper. A round hole was revealed in the floor. “Here! look down!” She looked down, and there was her father’s house. He made her descend through that hole. She walked along, leading her single reindeer. The reindeer spoke again, and said, “When you arrive home, do not accept anointing with blood from their reindeer. Anoint yourself from your own reindeer!” They reached the camp early in the morning. The people in the tents were still sleeping. She sat upon a sledge. She sang aloud, but did not enter the tent. Her mother awoke. “Oh, oh! Why is it that the herdsmen in the herd are so heedless? They yell their songs so loudly, that even here in the camp we cannot sleep.” Then she said to a second daughter, “Go out and see what it is! Why are they singing the tunes of that one, the deceased one?” For the Ai’wanat have said that she is dead. At the first meeting they declared that she was gone, and, besides, had taken all the herd. They said that the herd was visited by lameness, became greatly reduced, and then was gone altogether, even to the last reindeer. The daughter went out and looked on. “Who are you, sitting here, clad in old seal-skin? Where do you come from?” — “Where do I come from! After you gave me away to the Ai’wanat, you soon forgot me. You have not even thought of paying me a visit: so I have come to you on a visit.” And really how could they have visited her, since the Ai’wanat declared that she was dead? The girl rushed back into the sleeping-room. “Oh,” says she, “she is here!” As soon as the father heard it, he jumped out quite naked. “Oh, oh, here you are!” They were quite glad, and laughed all the time. She said, “Do not bring the herd for the anointing-sacrifice. I will anoint from my own reindeer.” So they lived on.

In the mean time her recent husband, the Ai’wan, the old man’s son, the violence-doer, the slaughterer of reindeer, wanted to visit an island in the bay. He said, “I will go by canoe, taking my long harpoon with me, and maybe I shall land there and stay there for a while.” He paddled off, and on the way saw a whale, a very big one. He was going to throw his harpoon at the whale; but the whale drew a breath and pulled him in, and he was soon in the whale’s inside, in complete darkness. Oh, it is bad there! He hardly keeps alive, slicing the whale’s intestines with his knife, and eating them raw. He defecates also. The bowels of the whale are all covered with filth. The whale rushes from place to place. It is suffering acute pain. Its interior is being cut up. At last the whale died. The wind bore it away to the open sea. It was carried to and fro all the way around the land where live the Ai’wanat, and then it was stranded on the very shore where that reindeer-breeder took up his abode. Then the Ai’wan cut through one of the whale’s sides with his knife, and at last got out of it. He looked before him and recognized the houses. “Well,” says he in his mind, “what will they do to me when she is dead? Anyway, I am now on firm ground.” He walked to the tents. Then he said to the old man, “I was swallowed by a whale, and now I have landed here. I said before, ‘At least, here are some strangers’ houses, and these are our houses.’ What though she was struck down by disease and then died, and even took along the herd with her, and it has been reduced by lameness and then destroyed! Notwithstanding all this, I am still yours, as before.”

The old man said, “All right! Come in!” He entered the house. The woman concealed herself for a while. They had a meal. All at once the woman appeared. “Here you are, you violence-doer! You slaughtered all my herd quite wantonly. I shall also try to do violence.” They caught him, the women only, tore the clothes from his back, pinioned him. Then they cut off all the flesh from his bones, slice by slice. He was still alive. Gradually he lost his force, and died.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page