The Story of Longa-Poa

It must be borne in mind that Taliai-tupou was not a Tongan but a Fijian, and regarded the legend from a Fijian point of view. For instance, the Tongans were not cannibals, and the words he puts into the mouth of Fekai as to the bokolas could not have been spoken by a Tongan woman.

Source
Tales from Old Fiji
by Lorimer Fison
Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co.
at the Ballantyne Press
by Alexander Moring Ltd
London, 1904


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: Longa-Poa’s wife, Fekai, wields significant power over him due to her royal lineage, creating a dynamic where Longa-Poa, despite his own status, is subjugated to her authority.

Family Dynamics: The tumultuous relationship between Longa-Poa and Fekai highlights complex familial interactions, particularly the challenges faced when power imbalances exist within a marriage.

Good vs. Evil: Fekai’s cruel and domineering behavior contrasts sharply with Longa-Poa’s more tempered demeanor, setting up a classic dichotomy between malevolent and benevolent forces within the household.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Fijians


by the Lord of Naiau

There was once, so our fathers said, a chief in Tonga whose name was Longa-poa, a chief great and mighty, strong of arm, bold of heart, wise in council, and mighty in war. He was of the royal clan, and was reverenced by his own people, and feared by all who dwelt in the other islands. But, great and mighty as he was, there was nevertheless one before whom he trembled and quaked even – Fekai, the “Ferocious One,” his own wife, the daughter of the king, a woman tall of stature and loud of tongue, whose soul was altogether evil. A wretched man was Longa-poa, for he feared her greatly; nor dare he lift his club against her, after the manner of other chiefs, who kept their wives in order each by the strength of his arm; for useful indeed is the club for women, and quiet is the house that is ruled by the stick.

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But she was the daughter of a “Sacred King”; and he could not lift his hand against her, for she was nearer to the gods than he.

So it fell on a certain day that Longa-poa came back from Haa-pai, whither he had gone sailing with his warriors because the War-King Kano-ku-bolu, the “Heart of Samoa,” had said, “Let Longa-poa hoist his sail and go to the men of Haa-pai, that they may know the evil of their ways, in that they have not sent the yearly tribute.” And he came back, bringing the tribute, a great store of wealth; for the souls of the Haa-pai folk were small before him, and they feared because of their revolt. Therefore they gave much more than the appointed gifts; and Longa-poa was glad of heart as he came sailing back to Tonga with his deep-laden canoes; and a joyful chief was the War-King when the property was brought to his Great House. He said to his men, “Bring hither a pig, that Longa-poa may eat. Make ready a feast for him, and for his men. Good is his sailing! A happy voyage! Eat now, Longa-poa, and then go away to your house. Is not your wife waiting for you there?” Whereupon a cloud came over the face of Longa-poa, which had brightened up when the king spoke of the pig.

So, after the feast was over, he went his way; and coming to the house, he found his wife there, beating one of her women with a stick, as her manner was, for she was always either beating or scolding, and indeed often both of the two at once. When he lifted the mat that hung in the doorway, she turned round and saw him.

“You are come back, then!” said she, in a scornful voice.

“I am come, Fekai,” answered Longa-poa. “And where, then, are the bodies of your foes?” asked the Ferocious One, twitching a tuft of hair from the head of the girl that she had been beating; for she had clutched her by the hair with one hand, while she was thrashing her with the other; nor had she let go when her lord came in, “Where are your bokolas?” she cried. “Let our share be dragged up to the house, and let the young men — the lazy, the useless ones — let them make ready the ovens.”

“There are no bokolas, O Fekai,” said Longa-poa. “Their souls were small, the men of Haa-pai, and they brought a peace-offering, giving also great store of wealth. Therefore they live, and there are no hokolas.”

Great then was the Ferocious One’s wrath. Her eyes glared, and the foam flew from her lips, as she flung the tuft of hair, that she had pulled out, in the face of her lord — great chief as he was — a thing not to be endured by any man. “Let that be your food!” she cried. “Cursed be the winds that brought you back! Man of a watery soul! Weak one! Coward! A chief, perhaps? Truly a great chief! A mighty lord!” And rushing upon him, she smote him with the stick with which she had just been beating the girl. He leaped to his feet and fled from the house, and she ran after him, cursing him, till she was out of breath and could follow him no longer.

Longa-poa ran to the seaside, where he sat down on the prow of his canoe, which was hauled up on to the beach; and covering his face with his hands, he wept aloud, while his young men gathered round him, sitting it his feet in awe-struck silence.

“Are you all here?” said he at length; “Lolo-hea, Pulu, Tama-eiki, are you all here?”

“We are all here, my lord,” answered Lolo-hea in a subdued tone, for he was full of distress at the sorrow of his chief, and so were they all.

“Let the canoe float!” said the wretched chief. “Drag her down to the deep water!” And the young men leaped to the work with a loud shout; and they dragged the great canoe into the deep water till it was well afloat, and no longer grated along the sand. Then said Longa-poa, as he rose to his feet, tall and strong: “Listen to me,” he cried. “Hear my words this day, and let them sink down into your souls. I am going away. Henceforth let no man say that Longa-poa is a Tongan. A stranger am I in the land where that woman dwells. You, therefore, whose souls are small, you who are afraid, go back to the shore, and stay with the women. But you who love your chief, you whose hearts are strong, come with me, and we will find a new land wherein we may dwell. My words are spoken!”

Then there was a great silence, and the young men looked into each other’s faces.

“I will go with my lord,” said Pulu. And as he spoke, the tears ran down his cheeks; for he thought of Fonua, the young girl to whom he had spoken, and whose friends were then making ready the marriage-feast. A fine young chief was Pulu, and beautiful exceedingly was the girl Fonua. “We will all go,” said Lolo-hea. “We will follow you, Longa-poa. If we die in the midst of the waters, we will all die together; and if we find a strange land, we will fight with its people, making them our servants, and you shall reign over us and them.” And thus said they all.

THE SAILING OF THE EXILES

So when they had hastily gathered food and water they hoisted the sail, and the great canoe moved swiftly over the waters till the land grew dark behind them, and the sun went down into the western sea.

Then cried Longa-poa in a cheery voice from the top of the deck-house where he was sitting: “Let not your hearts be sore, my men. Good is our sailing! A good wind! A smooth sea! It will be a fine night, for there are many stars. See also how they twinkle! Therefore will this north-east wind continue to blow. Strike up a song, that our hearts may be glad; for that woman will not live for ever, and we shall yet go back to our own land in peace.”

Then Moala, the gleeman, began the canoe-chaunt, and the young men clapped their hands, keeping time as they took up the strain, while Longa-poa cheered them on from the top of the deck-house, singing also himself in company with them. But when they came to the part of the chaunt where it is said,

“The sun has set, and the land is far away,”

the strong voice of Moala faltered, and grew weak and quavering, like the voice of a little child — of a little child that is about to weep; and lowering their heads, the young men wept with a bitter weeping, as they thought of their land now hidden in the darkness, of their homes, their kinsfolk, and their friends, all left behind without so much as a word of parting, and never more to be seen by them again.

But Longa-poa sang on, as he sat on the top of the deck-house. Changing the strain, in a loud voice and a stern, he chaunted a song of war. It rang out over the waters full and clear above the noise of the weeping, as it told how their tribe had taken the stronghold of Vavau in the olden days. Nor was it long before the young men raised their heads, and the noise of the weeping ceased; for their souls grew hot within them as they hearkened to the words; till, when the chief came to the song of triumph which their fathers sang after the victory, they leaped to their feet, shouting the war-cry, and joined with him in that terrible chaunt which is called “The Song of Death.”

Thus they went sailing throughout that night and the following day, passing island after island of the group, until at last Niua sank down into the waters behind them; after which no land was seen for many days, and the crew said to one another, “We have passed the ends of the earth. There is now nothing but water.” Nevertheless they came to other lands, sailing continually, till the canoe became to them even as their house, and the sea their land; nor were they content to stay quietly ashore; but ever after a few days they longed to be sailing again. True children of the sea had they become.

Too long were it to tell you of all the mighty deeds they wrought in the lands to which the winds carried them; of all their fightings and feastings, and of all the hunger and thirst and hardships they endured. How Moala, the gleeman, was treacherously slain on the beach of an island, which stands alone in the midst of the sea, being thrust through the back with a spear as he was gathering firewood; wherefore Longa-poa smote all that people, men, women, and children, leaving not one alive; so that the land is empty even unto this day. How Pulu forgot Fonua, being ensnared by a young girl of another land, who prevailed upon him to hide himself in the mangroves when his comrades sailed away, that he might be her husband; and how she murdered him on that very night as he lay asleep, and shared his body out among her friends. How Longa-poa, coming back in the morning to look for Pulu, found her people feasting upon the body, and the head stuck on the point of a spear, which was thrust into the ground in the midst of the public square; whereupon the Tongans, shouting their war-cry, rushed forward, and smote the townsfolk with a great and terrible slaughter, leaving none alive but a few, who fled to the hills, and so escaped. How, sailing thence for many days without seeing land, they grew desperate in their hunger, and ran their canoe down upon a sleeping whale, leaping all of them upon him, stabbing him with their spears, and so fighting with and killing him. How thereupon they grew mad with pride, and said, “We are gods! We are gods! No children of men could have done the mighty deeds that we have done.” And how the gods heard them, and were sore displeased, and took counsel together how they should slay them. All this were too long to tell.

But after that the exiles had killed the whale, nothing went well with them; for how can they prosper with whom the gods are wroth? First, there smote them suddenly a raging blast, that tore their sail, breaking the mast also, and coming near to sink the canoe. But they baled her out, and fought stoutly with the tempest, scudding before it for many days, till they were well-nigh spent with hunger and weariness. Then they came to a land where they thought to rest their limbs and recruit; but the people crept secretly upon them in the night, and killed three of them before they could snatch up their weapons to fight with. Two more also fell, and Longa-poa himself was shot through the arm by an arrow as they attacked the town in the morning. Nevertheless they took the place, and burnt it to the ground, with all the townsfolk. Here they made another sail for themselves, and cut a new mast in the place of that which the storm had broken, resting also for many days, until the chiefs wound was healed. After this they sailed away again, and then came the end.

FEKAI ENDS HER SCOLDING

When they had been two days at sea, Longa-poa said to one of the young men, “Climb now to the mast-head and look around. There may perchance be land in sight.”

“There is nothing, sir,” cried the youth from aloft, when he had looked all around. But just as he was about to glide down the mast his eye caught a little speck far away on the waters to windward, and he shouted, “A sail! A sail!”

Glad then were the hearts of the Tongans; and seizing their weapons, they struck up the “Song of Death” as the strange canoe ran swiftly down towards them. But when they were very near, and had risen to their feet, making ready to leap on board and smite with the club, then suddenly the chieFs heart became as water, and scrambling down from the roof of the deck-house he thrust the steersman away from the big sheer-oar, and luffed close up into the wind. Great then was the wonder of his crew; but not long did they wonder; for from the strange canoe a laugh rang out across the water, loud, and fierce, and shrill. And they trembled as they heard it; for they knew the voice — it was the voice of Fekai!

“Good is your sailing!” shrieked that terrible woman. “Good is your sailing! A happy voyage! Long have we been looking for you, and now we have found you at last. O villainous chief! O crew of rascals! We have you at last. Rise, my men, and let these, our friends, see what manner of gifts we have brought them.” And, springing to their feet with a dreadful shout, they brandished their weapons of war. “These are our gifts,” they cried. “Come now and take them!”

And the hearts of Longa-poa and his men died within them as they looked upon the faces of the other crew, and saw that every one of them was their bitter foe. There was Lutui, the Haa-pai chief, whose brother Longa-poa had slain, and Mafi, whose wife he had taken away by force, giving her to one of his own men — the wife of a chief to a commoner — an insult never to be forgotten. This he had done unwillingly on the urging of Fekai herself, against whom Mafi’s wife had offended. There too was Fuaki, whose house he had burned, and Moa, whose face he had smashed with a back-handed blow of his club. Old Napa, also, of Navau was among them, whose two sons he had killed at sea, running their canoe down in the midst of the waters because they had kept their flag flying when he was in sight. Napa was old and grey-headed, and his limbs were feeble; yet he stood there shaking a heavy club, and shouting more savagely than them all; for the thought of his two lads burned within his soul, and made him strong. These and many more had Fekai gathered together to hunt her lord, for she longed to kill him; and now, after many days, they met in the open sea.

So Longa-poa fled before his wife, trying to escape; but so equal in their speed were the two canoes, that he could not shake her off, nor could she come nearer to him, for she had gone to leeward when he luffed up into the wind to prevent her from running him down, and now both canoes were sailing close-hauled, with Longa-poa’s to windward. For three days they thus sailed, he fleeing and she pursuing — a wretched time; for when it was day, Longa-poa and his men could see their foes chasing them; and during the night the awful voice of Fekai ceased not to ring in their ears as she taunted and reviled them.

On the fourth day land was seen; and Longa-poa said to his men, “Let us go ashore on that island. Here will we make a stand against our foes. We shall be there before them, for we are still leading. Leap ashore quickly, my men, as soon as the canoe touches the beach; then shall we be all in order, and ready to smite them as they land.”

So they steered for the shore, and Fekai yelled with joy. “They are going to land,” she cried; “now we have them! They are going to flee to the land.”

But when they were not yet near the island a great and terrible thing befell; for they sailed into water that was leaping and bubbling like a boiling pot; and a raging current seized the two canoes, whirling them round and round, and carrying them nearer and nearer to a great black rock, where the water plunged downwards, white and roaring, into a deep, dark cavern, which was — as our fathers said — one of the places where men’s ghosts went down to Bulu, the land of spirits. Here the two canoes were brought close together; but no one thought of smiting his foe, for they all crouched down in speechless terror, and even Fekai was silent. Her canoe was the first to go. Never before had her tongue been idle; but silent she went to her death, and there was an end to her scolding.

When Longa-poa saw her canoe plunge down into the abyss, his soul came back to him again. “She is gone!” he cried; and he laughed in the face of Death. “Cheer up, my men, for there is yet a chance. Stand you all ready, and when we come close to the rock, leap for your lives.”

And even as he spoke, the canoe was caught by the downward rush, and whirled swiftly towards the rock.

“Leap!” shouted Longa-poa, springing forward with a mighty bound, and clutching a bush which grew out of a cleft in the rock. It was a fearful leap; and he, alone of them all, reached the shore. Looking back, he saw that they had all gone down, excepting one young man, who, though he fell into the water, had leaped far enough to clutch the rock with his hands. He held on for a moment, and then with a cry of “Farewell, my chief!” he loosed his hold, and gave himself to death. A pang smote the heart of Longa-poa; but so full of joy was he at the thought of being now rid of Fekai for evermore, that his being left thus alone in a strange land seemed but a little thing; and clambering over the rock, he came to a sandy beach, where he lay down at the foot of a palm tree and fell asleep, for he was faint and weary.

THE TREE OF FEASTS

Nevertheless, when he awoke in the morning his soul was very sad, for he thought of his brave men, of all the wars to which they had followed him; how true and faithful they had ever been, even when he led them into the very jaws of death. Moreover, he now began to think of Tonga, his native land, and the longing to return thither was like a burning fire in his soul. But how was he to get back? His canoe was sunk, and his men were dead! Truly in an evil case was Longa-poa! He began to be very hungry also, for heaviness of soul does not do away with emptiness of stomach. So he said, “If I stay here I shall perish with hunger; I will go and look for food. If the dwellers on this land meet me and kill me, I can but die.” So, taking a heavy stick in his hand, he set forth on his search after something to eat.

All that day he searched, but nothing did he find, neither food, nor dwelling, nor any living thing — not so much as even a crab, for it was an empty land. There were palms along the beach, but the coconuts on them were small, not one of them was as large as an orange; and when the second night came on Longa-poa threw himself upon the ground in utter despair, weeping and moaning because of his wretched fate. Then there came a shrill voice to his ears from the darkness above him, calling, “Longa-poa! Longa-poa!”

“Who calls me?” he cried, springing to his feet in great fear; but still the voice continued its call, “Longa-poa! Longa-poa!”

“Here am I, my lord,” he said again; “here is that wretched man. But who are you, my lord? Who is it that speaks to me?” And moving round the palm-tree, at the foot of which he had been lying, he saw a strange thing between him and the star-lit sky, for just on the very end of a long palm-leaf, which would not have supported the weight of a rat without bending, there sat astride a little old man, bobbing up and down as the leaf swayed and tossed in the night wind. Very little was he, no taller than the length of an arm from hand to elbow; but his head was big, and so were his eyes, which glared through the darkness, glowing like firebrands, so that Longa-poa could see the face of the little old man because of the brightness that shone from his eyes; and his heart died within him, for he knew that it was a god who had spoken.

“What are you crying for, Longa-poa?” asked the little old man. “What are you crying for? You are a god, you know. You said so when you killed the whale. What then are you crying for? It is not the custom of the gods to weep?”

Then was the chief terribly afraid; and he crouched down on the ground, clapping his hands softly. “Be not angry, my lord,” said he in a low tone. “Let not your soul be evil against me. Those were foolish words. But many are dead; let that suffice; is it not enough?”

“Where is your wife, Longa-poa?” asked the little old man again, chuckling a grim laugh as he swayed up and down on the end of the palm-leaf. “Where is Fekai? Where can I find that excellent woman? Why did you flee from her, Longa-poa? You are a god, you know. You said so when you killed the whale. Why then did you run away? It is not the custom of the gods to flee before women.”

“I wish you had her to wife,” said Longa-poa within himself. “She would make you glad to run away, god though you be.” But he took good care not to utter his thought aloud, and his only answer was a groan.

“Where are your men, Longa-poa?” cried the little old man. “Where are those great and mighty gods? They are gods, you know. They said so when they killed the whale. Surely they are not drowned in the whirlpool over there! It is not the custom of the gods to drown,” And once more Longa-poa answered with a groan.

“Are you hungry, Longa-poa?” his tormentor asked. “What are your worshippers about? for you are a god, you know. Why do they not make a feast for you? It is not the way of the gods to be hungry. They eat and are full.”

Then was the chiefs soul hot within him, and he was mad with rage; nevertheless he answered not a word, and the little old man mocked on.

“Do you want to go back to Tonga, Longa-poa?” said he with a grin. “Where is your canoe? Is it at anchor, or is it perhaps hauled up on the beach? Call your men, Longa-poa; hoist your sail and start, for the wind is fair. You are a god, you know, and the gods go whither they will.”

“Look you!” cried Longa-poa, starting to his feet, “let there be an end to these words of yours. It is enough. I will bear with you no longer. My canoe is sunk; my men are drowned; I am hungry; I want to go to Tonga; a stranger am I in a strange land. These are the things that made me weep. And now come down from the tree and kill me if you like. I can but die, and death is not so bitter as are bitter words to one who is helpless and without a friend.”

Then the little old man screamed with laughter. Long and loud laughed he from his perch on the palm-leaf. “Well spoken, Longa-poa!” he cried at last. “Good are your words! You are a brave man after all, though you be not a god, and I will take pity upon you. Be of good cheer, for your troubles are over. Get ready now an oven, for your hunger must first be appeased.”

“You are mocking me,” said Longa-poa. “Why should I make ready an oven? Where is the food?”

“Dig out the oven and heat it,” said the other. “That is your share of the work, the food is mine.” So he got ready the oven, digging it in the sand, and putting dry sticks in it with stones on the top of them, and the god dropped a fire-stick down to him to light the wood. After a time the little old man spoke again —

“Is the oven ready?” he asked. “Are the stones well heated? Go now to that tree on your right hand and break ofF a small branch. Bring it hither. Lay it on the hot stones, and cover the oven with plenty of earth.”

But the chief was very angry. “This is worse than all your taunts,” he cried. “What is the use of baking a stick? Come down from the tree and kill me at once!”

“Do as I bid you, foolish man!” the god replied. “Follow my words, and your hunger shall be satisfied. Why should you wish to die?”

Then Longa-poa laid the branch in the oven and covered it up, heaping the earth carefully over it. And having done this, he sat down in silence and in great unbelief, while the little old man, with the big head and fiery eyes, went on swinging himself up and down on the end of the palm-leaf

“The food is cooked,” he cried at length. “Dig up your feast, Longa-poa, for it is ready.”

And Longa-poa cleared the earth from the top of the oven, expecting to find nothing but a scorched branch in it. But as soon as he thrust in the piece of wood he had used as a digging-stick a savoury steam rose up into his nostrils, and he shouted aloud for joy.

“It smells well,” said the little old man, sniffing the air. “Ah, the pleasant smell! Dig, Longa-poa, dig! and let us feast together.”

A joyful man was Longa-poa when he had cleared away the earth with which the oven had been covered; for there, under the large leaves which he had laid upon the branch, as the custom is before the earth-covering is put upon the food in an oven, he saw a great pig, and ducks, and fowls, and turtle, and all manner of fish, and yams, and sweet potatoes — a rich feast, all well cooked, pleasant to see, and sweet to smell. “Here now is a wonderful thing!” said Longa-poa.

So they ate together till their hunger was satisfied. Longa-poa made full amends for his long abstinence; but, though he was so many sizes larger than his companion — all but his head — he could not eat one-tenth part as much as the little old man did, and he was lost in wonderment to know how he had bestowed it.

“I am thirsty,” said the little old man at last.

“Climb one of these palms, Longa-poa, and throw down me green coconuts, that we may drink.” “The nuts are small, my lord,” the chief replied. “There is not one full-grown one on the island. Have I not been searching all the day?”

“Climb nevertheless,” said the other, and Longa-poa did as he bade him, throwing down a cluster of the little nuts. Then, coming down from the tree, he fixed a pointed stick slanting in the ground, with which he tore off the husks; and piercing the eye of a nut, he gave it to the little old man, and then made one ready for himself He drank and drank again till his thirst was fully satisfied, and when he ceased there was milk still in the nut, although he had drunk till he could drink no more. “Here again is a wonderful thing!” he cried. “Truly this is a land of wonders.” At this the little old man laughed a merry laugh.

“And now, Longa-poa,” said he, “it is time that you were going, if you want to get to Tonga before sunrise.”

“To Tonga!” cried the chief in a doleful voice, while his eyes grew moist. “Tonga before sunrise! Wonderful was the feast, and wonderful the nut; but Tonga before sunrise, that were the most wonderful of all! Why! the stars are already growing pale in the east. Take pity upon me, my lord, and mock me no more.”

“Man of an unbelieving soul!” said the god. “Why will you still doubt my words? Is it then so great a thing that I should be able to send you back to your home before the sun rises from the sea? Not so! It is but a little thing. Go now to the tree whence you cut the branch, and take thence a slip, that you may plant it in Tonga, and hunger no more for ever. Then come back hither to me.”

So Longa-poa did as the god bade him; and when he returned, behold a bird great and terrible! — so tall that the tops of the palms looked but breast-high against it, as it walked upon the ground, and he was afraid.

“Fear not!” said the little old man. “It is my bird, and it will do you no harm. Tie yourself to its legs with your waistcloth. Tie yourself tight to it above its knee, and fear not. It will take you back to your land; and when you reach Tonga, plant then at once that slip from the Tree of Feasts. Plant it before sunrise. Be sure to do that. Before sunrise; do not forget! And now, Longa-poa, farewell, for it is time to go; the middle of the night is past.”

“I am your man, my lord,” said the chief, as he tied himself to the leg of the bird above its knee. “ Henceforth and for ever will I be your man, for you surely are the mightiest of all the gods.” And therewith the great bird spread its wings and flew swiftly away. When it rose from the earth it drew up its legs and thus held him tightly to its breast so that he went safely and at his ease.

“Farewell, Longa-poa,” shouted the little old man after him, in his shrill voice that carried so far. “Farewell! Remember to plant the slip before sunrise I And, Longa-poa! if ever you chance to kill another whale, don’t reckon yourself therefore to be a god.” And a shrill cackle of laughter came faintly up, as the bird rose higher and higher into the night.

When the day had begun to break over the land, the bird alighted upon Tonga-tibu, near to the town of the king; whereupon Longa-poa untied himself from its leg, and ran up into the town, wellnigh beside himself with joy; and whom should he see coming out of the king’s house, but his own little son, Vea, his only child! And, when he saw him, he had no thought for aught else, albeit the twig was still in his hand, for had he not his boy in his arms, clinging round his neck, and crying aloud, “My father! My father! It is my father. He is not dead, as they told me. He has come back to me again. My father! My own father!” And the shouting woke the king.

“What is this?” he cried in anger. “What is the meaning of this?” and seizing his club, he rushed out of doors. But, when he saw who it was, he threw down the club, and running up to Longa-poa, he caught him in his arms, and kissed him, weeping over him, for he loved him, and had long thought that he had been dead.

Quickly spread the news, and soon the whole town was in an uproar, all the people running together towards the king’s house to see the great chief who had just returned to his own. Only Fonua came not with them, for she was ashamed. She had grown tired of waiting for Pulu, and had married one-eyed Lua, who beat her every day.

“Come into the house, Longa-poa,” said the king, “for the sun is hot outside.”

“The sun!” cried Longa-poa with a start, and looking down upon the twig which he still carried in his hand, he continued, “The sun! Wretched man that I am!” And hastily scratching a hole in the ground with his fingers, he thrust the slip into it, and called some of the men to put a fence round it at once. To this the king gave permission at his request, for it was within his own precincts. “What is it? Why are you troubled, Longa-poa?” he asked. “Let us go into the house,” was the reply, “and I will tell you all. It is a long tale, and sad.”

So they went in together, and the house was filled with people who had a place there; and Longa-poa told all that had befallen him, to which the king and the people listened in breathless silence, till he had done; and then the king said, “Marvellous things are these!” and the people answered, “It is true!”

There was much rejoicing that day in Tonga-tabu because the great chief — the wise, the mighty, the pillar of the land — who had been mourned as dead, had at last returned. But there was much weeping also among the kinsfolk of the dead.

“And so Fekai is gone!” said the king. “Truly she was a wonderful woman. Let us make ready to-day her death-feast. A rich feast, my people, for she was a great lady, and the daughter of a king.”

So the people made ready the death-feast, and mourned for Fekai, because she was dead. Many voices were loud in their wail, but never an eye was wet with tears; and when the old man, Afu, spoke aloud, the feast being over, and said, “She who never did aught but evil while she lived, has done good in her death; for on her account I have eaten, and am full,” they all burst into a roar of laughter, and Longa-poa’s laugh was the loudest of all.

Now the king had no sons. Daughters had he in plenty, but his wife had given him no sons. So, when he died in the following year, Longa-poa was made Tui, or Master, of Tonga, and ruled in his stead, for he was of the royal kin, and all the people honoured him. A good king was Longa-poa, for he learned many things from what had befallen him during his travels; so that he became kinder of heart, and more humble of soul, than he was when Fekai threw the tuft of hair in his face, and drove him away with her stick.

The slip, which he planted from the Tree of Feasts, grew up strong and flourishing; but when he baked a branch of it, as he had done in the empty land, no savoury steam came forth from the oven, and nothing but a branch was found therein, when it was afterwards uncovered; for had not the sun risen before the slip was planted? And often, as he looked upon the tree, he said with a sigh, “Oh that I had remembered the words of the little old man!” And thus here ends the Story of Longa-poa.


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The Punahou Spring

In the Kaala Mountains lived Kahaakea and his twins, Kauawaahila and Kauakiowao, who suffered under their jealous stepmother Hawea. Protected by their late mother’s spirit, the twins fled persecution, surviving on wild food and creating Punahou Spring with help from their ancestor, a water god. Eventually, their father avenged them. The story ties Hawaiian legends to the natural features of Punahou and its surroundings.

Source
Hawaiian Folk Tales
a collection of native legends
compiled by Thos. G. Thrum
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1907


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The narrative delves into the complex relationships within a family, highlighting the twins’ suffering under their jealous stepmother and their bond with their late mother’s protective spirit.

Trials and Tribulations: The twins face numerous challenges, including persecution, deprivation, and displacement, testing their resilience and determination.

Loss and Renewal: The twins experience loss through their mother’s death and their hardships but find renewal in their survival, the creation of the spring, and their father’s eventual return and retribution.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Hawaiians


by Mrs. E.M. Nakuina

There formerly lived on the Kaala Mountains a chief called Kahaakea. He had two children, boy and girl, twins, whose mother had died at their birth. The brother was Kauawaahila (Waahila Rain), and the girl Kauakiowao (Mountain Mist). Kahaakea was very tenderly attached to his motherless children, and after a while took to himself a wife, thinking thus to provide his children with a mother’s care and love. This wife was called Hawea and had a boy by her former husband. This boy was deformed and ugly, while the twins were very beautiful. The stepmother was jealous of their beauty, and resented the universal admiration expressed for them, while no one noticed her boy except with looks of aversion.

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She was very considerate toward the twins when their father was present, but hated and detested them most violently. When they were about ten years old their father had occasion to go to Hawaii, and had to remain away a long time. He felt perfectly safe in leaving his children with his wife, as she had always feigned great love for them, and had successfully concealed from him her real feelings in regard to them. But as soon as he was fairly away she commenced a series of petty persecutions of the poor children.

It seems the mother of the children had been “uhae ia” at her death. That is, certain prayers, invocations, fasting, and humiliation had been performed by certain relatives of the deceased, and quantities of prepared awa, black, unblemished pig, red fish, and all the customary food of the gods, had been prepared and offered with the object of strengthening the spirit of the departed and of attracting it strongly, as well as giving it a sort of power and control over mundane affairs and events. So when Hawea began to persecute her stepchildren, the spirit of their own mother would assist and protect them.

The persecutions of the stepmother at last became unendurable to the twins. She not only deprived them of food, clothing, and water, but subjected them besides to all sorts of indignities and humiliations. Driven to desperation, they fled to Konahuanui, the mountain peak above the Pali of Nuuanu; but were soon discovered and driven away from there by the cruel Hawea. They then went to the head of Manoa Valley. The stepmother was not at all pleased at their getting out of the way of her daily persecutions, and searched for them everywhere. She finally tracked them by the constant appearance of rainbows at the head of Manoa Valley, those unfailing attendants of rain and mist. The children were again driven away and told to return to Kaala, where they would be constantly under her eye; but they ran and hid themselves in a small cave on the side of the hill of Kukaoo, whose top is crowned by the temple of the Menehunes. Here they lived some time and cultivated a patch of sweet potatoes, their food at this time being grasshoppers and greens. The greens were the leaves and the tender shoots of the popolo, aheahea, pakai, laulele and potato vines, cooked by rolling hot stones around and among them in a covered gourd. This is called the puholoholo.

When their potato tubers were fit to be eaten, the brother (Waahila Rain) made a double imu (oven), having a kapu, or sacred side, for his food and a noa, or free side, for his sister. The little cave that was their dwelling was also divided in two, a sacred and a free part, respectively, for brother and sister. The cave can still be seen, and the wall of stone dividing it in two was still intact a few years ago, as also was the double imu. In olden times it was tabooed to females to appear at any eating-place of the males.

When their crops were fairly ripe, the stepmother found them again, and drove them away from their cave, she appropriating the fruit of their labors. The children fled to the rocky hills just back of Punahou, where they found two small caves, which the brother and sister occupied, respectively, as dwellings. The rolling plains and small ravines of the surrounding country, and of what was later known as the Punahou pasture, were not then covered with manienie grass, but with the indigenous shrubs and bushes, tall limas, aheaheas, popolo, etc., making close thickets, with here and there open spaces covered with manienie-akiaki, the valuable medicinal grass of the olden times. These shrubs and bushes either bore edible fruit or flowers, or the leaves and tender shoots made nourishing and satisfying food when cooked in the way previously described. The poor children lived on these and grasshoppers, and sometimes wild fowl.

One day the sister, Kauakiowao, told her brother that she wanted to bathe, and complained of their having taken up their residence in a place where no water could be found. Her brother hushed her complaint by telling her that it was a safe place, and one where their stepmother would not be likely to look for them, but he would try to get her some water. In his trips around the neighborhood for fruit and greens he had noticed a large rain-water pond to the east of the hill on which they dwelt. This pond was called Kanawai. Here he sometimes came to snare wild ducks. He also had met and knew the Kakea water god, a moo, who had charge of and controlled all the water sources of Manoa and Makiki Valleys. This god was one of the ancestors of the children on the mother’s side, and was on the best of terms with Waahila rain. The boy paid him a visit, and asked him to assist him to open a watercourse from the pond of Kanawai to a place he indicated in front of and below the caves inhabited by himself and his sister. The old water god not only consented to help his young relative, but promised to divide the water supply of the neighboring Wailele spring, and let it run into the watercourse that the boy would make, thus insuring its permanence.

Waahila Rain then went to the pond of Kanawai and dived under, the water god causing a passage to open underground to the spot indicated, and swam through the water underground till he came out at the place now known as the Punahou Spring. The force of the rushing waters as they burst through the ground soon sufficed to make a small basin, which the boy proceeded to bank and wall up, leaving a narrow outlet for the surplus waters. With the invisible help of the old water god, he immediately set to work to excavate a good-sized pond for his sister to swim in, and when she awoke from a noonday nap, she was astonished to behold a lovely sheet of water where, in the morning, was only dry land. Her brother was swimming and splashing about in it, and gayly called to his sister to come and try her bathing-place.

Kauawaahila afterward made some kalo patches, and people, attracted by the water and consequent fertility of the place, came and settled about, voluntarily offering themselves as vassals to the twins. More and more kalo patches were excavated, and the place became a thriving settlement. The spring became known as Ka Punahou (the new spring), and gave its name to the surrounding place.

About this time Kahaakea returned, and hearing of the persecutions to which his beloved children had been subjected, killed Hawea and then himself. Rocky Hill, the home of the children, was called after him, and is known by that name to the present day. Hawea has ever since then been a synonyme in the Hawaiian mind for a cruel stepmother.

The Mountain Mist and Waahila Rain afterward returned to the home of their infancy, Kaala, where they would stay a while, occasionally visiting Konahuanui and upper Manoa Valley, and may be met with in these places at the present day.

They also occasionally visited Punahou, which was under their especial care and protection; but when the land and spring passed into the hands of foreigners, who did not pay homage to the twins, and who allowed the springs to be defiled by the washing of unclean articles and by the bathing of unclean persons, the twins indignantly left the place, and retired to the head of Manoa Valley.

They sometimes pass swiftly over their old home on their way to Kaala, or Konahuanui, and on such occasions will sometimes linger sorrowfully for a few minutes about Rocky Hill. The rain-water pond of Kanawai is now always dry, as the shrubs and bushes which supplied the food of the twins favored of the gods have disappeared. Old natives say that there is now no inducement for the gentle rain of the Uakiowao and Uawaahila to visit those bare hills and plains, as they would find no food there.


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Kalelealuaka

Kaopele, born miraculously, experiences repeated trances where his spirit travels, earning a connection to divine forces. His son, Kalelealuaka, trained in combat and strategy, rises to prominence through cunning, strength, and mystical abilities. By defeating rivals like Kualii and winning the admiration of King Kakuhihewa, Kalelealuaka achieves sovereignty, solidifies his legacy, and brings peace to the land. His life intertwines myth, valor, and familial devotion.

Source
Hawaiian Folk Tales
a collection of native legends
compiled by Thos. G. Thrum
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1907


► Themes of the story

Hero’s Journey: Kalelealuaka’s progression from training in combat to achieving sovereignty mirrors the classic hero’s transformative adventure.

Cunning and Deception: Kalelealuaka employs strategic thinking and cunning to overcome rivals like Kualii, showcasing the use of wit to achieve goals.

Family Dynamics: The deep bond between Kaopele and his son, Kalelealuaka, underscores the complexities of familial relationships and devotion.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Hawaiians


by Dr. N.B. Emerson

Kaopele was born in Waipio, Hawaii. When born he did not breathe, and his parents were greatly troubled; but they washed his body clean, and having arrayed it in good clothes, they watched anxiously over the body for several days, and then, concluding it to be dead, placed it in a small cave in the face of the cliff. There the body remained from the summer month of Ikiki (July or August) to the winter month of Ikua (December or January), a period of six months. At this time they were startled by a violent storm, thunder and lightning, and the rumbling of an earthquake. At the same time appeared the marvellous phenomenon of eight rainbows over the mouth of the cave.

► Continue reading…

Above the din of the storm the parents heard the voice of the awakened child calling to them:

“Let your love rest upon me,
O my parents, who have thrust me forth,
Who have left me in the cavernous cliff,
Who have heartlessly placed me in the
Cliff frequented by the tropic bird!
O Waiaalaia, my mother!
O Waimanu, my father!
Come and take me!”

The yearning love of the mother earnestly besought the father to go in quest of the infant; but he protested that search was useless, as the child was long since dead. But, unable longer to endure a woman’s teasing, which is the same in all ages, he finally set forth in high dudgeon, vowing that in case of failure he would punish her on his return.

On reaching the place where the babe had been deposited, its body was not to be found. But lifting up his eyes and looking about, he espied the child perched on a tree, braiding a wreath from the scarlet flowers of the lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha). “I have come to take you home with me,” said the father. But the infant made no answer. The mother received the child to her arms with demonstrations of the liveliest affection. At her suggestion they named the boy Kaopele, from the name of their goddess, Pele.

Six months after this, on the first day (Hilo) of the new moon, in the month of Ikiki, they returned home from working in the fields and found the child lying without breath, apparently dead. After venting their grief for their darling in loud lamentations, they erected a frame to receive its dead body.

Time healed the wounds of their affection, and after the lapse of six moons they had ceased to mourn, when suddenly they were affrighted by a storm of thunder and lightning, with a quaking of the earth, in the midst of which they distinguished the cry of their child, “Oh, come; come and take me!”

They, overjoyed at this second restoration of their child to them, and deeming it to be a miracle worked by their goddess, made up their minds that if it again fell into a trance they would not be anxious, since their goddess would awake their child and bring it to life again.

But afterward the child informed them of their mistake, saying: “This marvel that you see in me is a trance; when I pass into my deep sleep my spirit at once floats away in the upper air with the goddess, Poliahu. We are a numerous band of spirits, but I excel them in the distance of my flights. In one day I can compass this island of Hawaii, as well as Maui, Oahu, and Kauai, and return again. In my flights I have seen that Kauai is the richest of all the islands, for it is well supplied with food and fish, and it is abundantly watered. I intend to remain with you until I am grown; then I shall journey to Kauai and there spend the rest of my life.” Thus Kaopele lived with his parents until he was grown, but his habit of trance still clung to him.

Then one day he filled them with grief by saying: “I am going, aloha.”

They sealed their love for each other with tears and kisses, and he slept and was gone. He alighted at Kula, on Maui. There he engaged in cultivating food. When his crops were nearly ripe and ready to be eaten he again fell into his customary deep sleep, and when he awoke he found that the people of the land had eaten up all his crops.

Then he flew away to a place called Kapapakolea, in Moanalua, on Oahu, where he set out a new plantation. Here the same fortune befell him, and his time for sleep came upon him before his crops were fit for eating. When he awoke, his plantation had gone to waste.

Again he moves on, and this time settles in Lihue, Oahu, where for the third time he sets out a plantation of food, but is prevented from eating it by another interval of sleep. Awakening, he finds his crops overripe and wasted by neglect and decay.

His restless ambition now carries him to Lahuimalo, still on the island of Oahu, where his industry plants another crop of food. Six months pass, and he is about to eat of the fruits of his labor, when one day, on plunging into the river to bathe, he falls into his customary trance, and his lifeless body is floated by the stream out into the ocean and finally cast up by the waters on the sands of Maeaea, a place in Waialua, Oahu.

At the same time there arrived a man from Kauai in search of a human body to offer as a sacrifice at the temple of Kahikihaunaka at Wailua, on Kauai, and having seen the corpse of Kaopele on the beach, he asks and obtains permission of the feudal lord (Konohiki) of Waialua to take it. Thus it happens that Kaopele is taken by canoe to the island of Kauai and placed, along with the corpse of another man, on the altar of the temple at Wailua.

There he lay until the bones of his fellow corpse had begun to fall apart. When six moons had been accomplished, at midnight there came a burst of thunder and an earthquake. Kaopele came to life, descended from the altar, and directed his steps toward a light which he saw shining through some chinks in a neighboring house. He was received by the occupants of the house with that instant and hearty hospitality which marks the Hawaiian race, and bidden to enter (“mai, komo mai“).

Food was set before him, with which he refreshed himself. The old man who seemed to be the head of the household was so much pleased and impressed with the bearing and appearance of our hero that he forthwith sought to secure him to be the husband of his granddaughter, a beautiful girl named Makalani. Without further ado, he persuaded him to be a suitor for the hand of the girl, and while it was yet night, started off to obtain the girl’s consent and to bring her back with him.

The young woman was awakened from her slumbers in the night to hear the proposition of her grandfather, who painted to her in glowing colors the manly attractions of her suitor. The suit found favor in the eyes of the girl’s parents and she herself was nothing loath; but with commendable maidenly propriety she insisted that her suitor should be brought and presented to her, and that she should not first seek him.

The sun had hardly begun to lift the dew from the grass when our young hero, accompanied by the two matchmakers, was brought into the presence of his future wife. They found favor in each other’s eyes, and an ardent attachment sprang up on the instant. Matters sped apace. A separate house was assigned as the residence of the young couple, and their married life began felicitously.

But the instincts of a farmer were even stronger in the breast of Kaopele than the bonds of matrimony. In the middle of the night he arose, and, leaving the sleeping form of his bride, passed out into the darkness. He went mauka until he came upon an extensive upland plain, where he set to work clearing and making ready for planting. This done, he collected from various quarters shoots and roots of potato (kalo), banana (waoke), awa, and other plants, and before day the whole plain was a plantation. After his departure his wife awoke with a start and found her husband was gone. She went into the next house, where her parents were sleeping, and, waking them, made known her loss; but they knew nothing of his whereabouts. Much perplexed, they were still debating the cause of his departure, when he suddenly returned, and to his wife’s questioning, answered that he had been at work.

She gently reproved him for interrupting their bridal night with agriculture, and told him there would be time enough for that when they had lived together a while and had completed their honeymoon. “And besides,” said she, “if you wish to turn your hand to agriculture, here is the plat of ground at hand in which my father works, and you need not go up to that plain where only wild hogs roam.”

To this he replied: “My hand constrains me to plant; I crave work; does idleness bring in anything? There is profit only when a man turns the palm of his hand to the soil: that brings in food for family and friends. If one were indeed the son of a king he could sleep until the sun was high in the heavens, and then rise and find the bundles of cooked food ready for him. But for a plain man, the only thing to do is to cultivate the soil and plant, and when he returns from his work let him light his oven, and when the food is cooked let the husband and the wife crouch about the hearth and eat together.”

Again, very early on the following morning, while his wife slept, Kaopele rose, and going to the house of a neighbor, borrowed a fishhook with its tackle. Then, supplying himself with bait, he went a-fishing in the ocean and took an enormous quantity of fish. On his way home he stopped at the house where he had borrowed the tackle and returned it, giving the man also half of the fish. Arrived at home, he threw the load of fish onto the ground with a thud which waked his wife and parents.

“So you have been a-fishing,” said his wife. “Thinking you had again gone to work in the field, I went up there, but you were not there. But what an immense plantation you have set out! Why, the whole plain is covered.”

His father-in-law said, “A fine lot of fish, my boy.”

Thus went life with them until the crops were ripe, when one day Kaopele said to his wife, who was now evidently with child, “If the child to be born is a boy, name it Kalelealuaka; but if it be a girl, name it as you will, from your side of the family.”

From his manner she felt uneasy and suspicious of him, and said, “Alas! do you intend to desert me?”

Then Kaopele explained to his wife that he was not really going to leave her, as men are wont to forsake their wives, but he foresaw that that was soon to happen which was habitual to him, and he felt that on the night of the morrow a deep sleep would fall upon him (puni ka hiamoe), which would last for six months. Therefore, she was not to fear.

“Do not cast me out nor bury me in the ground,” said he. Then he explained to her how he happened to be taken from Oahu to Kauai and how he came to be her husband, and he commanded her to listen attentively to him and to obey him implicitly. Then they pledged their love to each other, talking and not sleeping all that night.

On the following day all the friends and neighbors assembled, and as they sat about, remarks were made among them in an undertone, like this, “So this is the man who was placed on the altar of the heiau at Wailua.” And as evening fell he bade them all aloha, and said that he should be separated from them for six months, but that his body would remain with them if they obeyed his commands. And, having kissed his wife, he fell into the dreamful, sacred sleep of Niolo-kapu.

On the sixth day the father-in-law said: “Let us bury your husband, lest he stink. I thought it was to be only a natural sleep, but it is ordinary death. Look, his body is rigid, his flesh is cold, and he does not breathe; these are the signs of death.”

But Makalani protested, “I will not let him be buried; let him lie here, and I will watch over him as he commanded; you also heard his words.” But in spite of the wife’s earnest protests, the hard-hearted father-in-law gathered strong vines of the koali (convolvulus), tied them about Kaopele’s feet, and attaching to them heavy stones, caused his body to be conveyed in a canoe and sunk in the dark waters of the ocean midway between Kauai and Oahu.

Makalani lived in sorrow for her husband until the birth of her child, and as it was a boy, she called his name Kalelealuaka.

PART II

When the child was about two months old the sky became overcast and there came up a mighty storm, with lightning and an earthquake. Kaopele awoke in his dark, watery couch, unbound the cords that held his feet, and by three powerful strokes raised himself to the surface of the water. He looked toward Kauai and Oahu, but love for his wife and child prevailed and drew him to Kauai.

In the darkness of night he stood by his wife’s bed and, feeling for her, touched her forehead with his clammy hand. She awoke with a start, and on his making himself known she screamed with fright, “Ghost of Kaopele!” and ran to her parents. Not until a candle was lighted would she believe it to be her husband. The step-parents, in fear and shame at their heartless conduct, fled away, and never returned. From this time forth Kaopele was never again visited by a trance; his virtue had gone out from him to the boy Kalelealuaka.

When Kalelealuaka was ten years old Kaopele began to train the lad in athletic sports and to teach him all the arts of war and combat practised throughout the islands, until he had attained great proficiency in them. He also taught him the arts of running and jumping, so that he could jump either up or down a high pali, or run, like a waterfowl on the surface of the water. After this, one day Kalelealuaka went over to Wailua, where he witnessed the games of the chiefs. The youth spoke contemptuously of their performances as mere child’s play; and when his remark was reported to the King he challenged the young man to meet him in a boxing encounter. When Kalelealuaka came into the presence of the King his royal adversary asked him what wager he brought. As the youth had nothing with him, he seriously proposed that each one should wager his own body against that of the other one. The proposal was readily accepted. The herald sounded the signal of attack, and both contestants rushed at each other. Kalelealuaka warily avoided the attack by the King, and hastened to deliver a blow which left his opponent at his mercy; and thereupon, using his privilege, he robbed the King of his life, and to the astonishment of all, carried away the body to lay as a sacrifice on the altar of the temple, hitherto unconsecrated by human sacrifice, which he and his father Kaopele had recently built in honor of their deity.

After a time there reached the ear of Kalelealuaka a report of the great strength of a certain chief who lived in Hanalei. Accordingly, without saying anything about his intention, he went over to the valley of Hanalei. He found the men engaged in the game of throwing heavy spears at the trunk of a cocoanut-tree. As on the previous occasion, he invited a challenge by belittling their exploits, and when challenged by the chief, fearlessly proposed, as a wager, the life of one against the other. This was accepted, and the chief had the first trial. His spear hit the stem of the huge tree and made its lofty crest nod in response to the blow. It was now the turn of Kalelealuaka to hurl the spear. In anticipation of the failure of the youth and his own success, the chief took the precaution to station his guards about Kalelealuaka, to be ready to seize him on the instant. In a tone of command our hero bade the guards fall back, and brandishing his spear, stroked and polished it with his hands from end to end; then he poised and hurled it, and to the astonishment of all, lo! the tree was shivered to pieces. On this the people raised a shout of admiration at the prowess of the youth, and declared he must be the same hero who had slain the chief at Wailua. In this way Kalelealuaka obtained a second royal sacrifice with which to grace the altar of his temple.

One clear, calm evening, as Kalelealuaka looked out to sea, he descried the island of Oahu, which is often clearly visible from Kauai, and asked his father what land that was that stood out against them. Kaopele told the youth it was Oahu; that the cape that swam out into the ocean like a waterfowl was Kaena; that the retreating contour of the coast beyond was Waianae. Thus he described the land to his son. The result was that the adventurous spirit of Kalelealuaka was fired to explore this new island for himself, and he expressed this wish to his father. Everything that Kalelealuaka said or did was good in the eye of his father, Kaopele. Accordingly, he immediately set to work and soon had a canoe completely fitted out, in which Kalelealuaka might start on his travels. Kalelealuaka took with him, as travelling companion, a mere lad named Kaluhe, and embarked in his canoe. With two strokes of the paddle his prow grated on the sands of Waianae.

Before leaving Kauai his father had imparted to Kalelealuaka something of the topography of Oahu, and had described to him the site of his former plantation at Keahumoe. At Waianae the two travellers were treated affably by the people of the district. In reply to the questions put them, they said they were going sight-seeing. As they went along they met a party of boys amusing themselves with darting arrows; one of them asked permission to join their party. This was given, and the three turned inland and journeyed till they reached a plain of soft, whitish rock, where they all refreshed themselves with food. Then they kept on ascending, until Keahumoe lay before them, dripping with hoary moisture from the mist of the mountain, yet as if smiling through its tears. Here were standing bananas with ripened, yellow fruit, upland kalo, and sugar cane, rusty and crooked with age, while the sweet potatoes had crawled out of the earth and were cracked and dry. It was the very place where Kaopele, the father of Kalelealuaka, had years before set out the plants from which these were descended.

“This is our food, and a good place, perhaps, for us to settle down,” said Kalelealuaka; “but before we make up our minds to stay here let me dart an arrow; and if it drops soon we shall stay, but if it flies afar we shall not tarry here.” Kalelealuaka darted his arrow, while his companions looked on intently. The arrow flew along, passing over many a hill and valley, and finally rested beyond Kekuapoi, while they followed the direction of its wonderful flight. Kalelealuaka sent his companions on to find the arrow, telling them at the same time to go to the villages and get some awa roots for drink, while he would remain there and put up a shelter for them.

On their way the two companions of Kalelealuaka encountered a number of women washing kalo in a stream, and on asking them if they had seen their arrow flying that way they received an impertinent answer; whereupon they called out the name of the arrow, “Pua-ne, Pua-ne,” and it came to their hands at once. At this the women ran away, frightened at the marvel.

The two boys then set to gathering awa roots, as they had been bidden. Seeing them picking up worthless fragments, a kind-hearted old man, who turned out to be the konohiki of the land, sent by his servants an abundance of good food to Kalelealuaka.

On their return the boys found, to their astonishment, that during their absence Kalelealuaka had put up a fine, large house, which was all complete but the mats to cover the floors. The kind-hearted konohili remarked this, and immediately sent her servants to fetch mats for the floors and sets of kapa for bedding, adding the command, “And with them bring along some malos” (girdles used by the males). Soon all their wants were supplied, and the three youths were set up in housekeeping. To these services the konohiki, through his attendants, added still others; some chewed and strained the awa, while others cooked and spread for them a bountiful repast. The three youths ate and drank, and under the drowsy influence of the awa they slept until the little birds that peopled the wilderness about them waked them with their morning songs; then they roused and found the sun already climbing the heavens.

Now, Kalelealuaka called to his comrades, and said, “Rouse up and let us go to cultivating.” To this they agreed, and each one set to work in his own way, working his own piece of ground. The ground prepared by Kalelealuaka was a strip of great length, reaching from the mountain down toward the ocean. This he cleared and planted the same day. His two companions, however, spent several days in clearing their ground, and then several days more in planting it. While these youths occupied their mountain home, the people of that region were well supplied with food. The only lack of Kalelealuaka and his comrades was animal food (literally, fish), but they supplied its place as well as they could with such herbs as the tender leaves of the popolo, which they cooked like spinach, and with inamona made from the roasted nuts of the kukui tree (Aleurites molluccana).

One day, as they were eking out their frugal meal with a mess of popolo cooked by the lad from Waianae, Kalelealuaka was greatly disgusted at seeing a worm in that portion that the youth was eating, and thereupon nicknamed him Keinohoomanawanui (sloven, or more literally, the persistently unclean). The name ever after stuck to him. This same fellow had the misfortune, one evening, to injure one of his eyes by the explosion of a kukui nut which he was roasting on the fire. As a result, that member was afflicted with soreness, and finally became blinded. But their life agreed with them, and the youths throve and increased in stature, and grew to be stout and lusty young men.

Now, it happened that ever since their stay at their mountain house, Lelepua (arrow flight), they had kept a torch burning all night, which was seen by Kakuhihewa, the King of Oahu, and had caused him uneasiness.

One fine evening, when they had eaten their fill and had gone to bed, Kalelealuaka called to Keinohoomanawanui and said, “Halloo there! are you asleep?”

And he replied, “No; have I drunk awa? I am restless. My eyes will not close.”

“Well,” said Kalelealuaka, “when you are restless at night, what does your mind find to do?”

“Nothing,” said the Sloven.

“I find something to think about,” said Kalelealuaka.

“What is that?” said the Sloven.

“Let us wish” (kuko, literally, to lust), said Kalelealuaka.

“What shall we wish?” said the Sloven.

“Whatever our hearts most earnestly desire,” said Kalelealuaka. Thereupon they both wished. The Sloven, in accordance with his nature, wished for things to eat,–the eels, from the fish-pond of Hanaloa (in the district of Ewa), to be cooked in an oven together with sweet potatoes, and a bowl of awa.

“Pshaw, what a beggarly wish!” said Kalelealuaka. “I thought you had a real wish. I have a genuine wish. Listen: The beautiful daughters of Kakuhihewa to be my wives; his fatted pigs and dogs to be baked for us; his choice kalo, sugar cane, and bananas to be served up for us; that Kakuhihewa himself send and get timber and build a house for us; that he pull the famous awa of Kahauone; that the King send and fetch us to him; that he chew the awa for us in his own mouth, strain and pour it for us, and give us to drink until we are happy, and then take us to our house.”

Trembling with fear at the audacious ambition of his concupiscent companion, the Sloven replied, “If your wish should come to the ears of the King, we shall die; indeed, we should die.”

In truth, as they were talking together and uttering their wishes, Kakuhihewa had arrived, and was all the time listening to their conversation from the outside of their house. When the King had heard their conversation he thrust his spear into the ground outside the inclosure about Kalelealuaka’s house, and by the spear placed his stone hatchet (pahoa), and immediately returned to his residence at Puuloa. Upon his arrival at home that night King Kakuhihewa commanded his stewards to prepare a feast, and then summoned his chiefs and table companions and said, “Let us sup.” When all was ready and they had seated themselves, the King said, “Shall we eat, or shall we talk?”

One of them replied: “If it please the King, perhaps it were better for him to speak first; it may be what he has to say touches a matter of life and death; therefore, let him speak and we will listen.”

Then Kakuhihewa told them the whole story of the light seen in the mountains, and of the wishes of Kalelealuaka and the Sloven.

Then up spoke the soldiers, and said: “Death! This man is worthy to be put to death; but as for the other one, let him live.”

“Hold,” said the King, “not so fast! Before condemning him to death, I will call together the wise men, priests, wizards, and soothsayers; perchance they will find that this is the man to overcome Kualii in battle.” Thereupon all the wise men, priests, wizards, and soothsayers were immediately summoned, and after the King had explained the whole story to them they agreed with the opinion of the soldiers. Again the King interposed delay, and said, “Wait until my wise kahuna Napuaikamao comes; if his opinion agrees with yours, then, indeed, let the man be put to death; but if he is wiser than you, the man shall live. But you will have eaten this food in vain.”

So the King sent one of his fleetest runners to go and fetch Napuaikamao. To him the King said, “I have sent for you to decide what is just and right in the case of these two men who lived up in the region of Waipio.” Then he went on to state the whole case to this wise man.

“In regard to Keinohoomanawanui’s wish,” said the wise man, “that is an innocent wish, but it is profitless and will bring no blessing.” At the narration of Kalelealuaka’s wish he inclined his head, as if in thought; then lifting his head, he looked at the King and said: “O King, as for this man’s wish, it is an ambition which will bring victory to the government. Now, then, send all your people and fetch house-timber and awa.”

As soon as the wise man had given this opinion, the King commanded his chief marshal, Maliuhaaino, to set every one to work to carry out the directions of this counsellor. This was done, and before break of day every man, woman, and child in the district of Ewa, a great multitude, was on the move.

Now, when the Sloven awoke in the morning and went out of doors, he found the stone hatchet (pahoa) of the King, with his spear, standing outside of the house. On seeing this he rushed back into the house and exclaimed to his comrades, “Alas! our wishes have been overheard by the King; here are his hatchet and his spear. I said that if the King heard us we should die, and he has indeed heard us. But yours was the fatal ambition; mine was only an innocent wish.”

Even while they were talking, the babble of the multitude drew near, and the Sloven exclaimed, “Our death approaches!”

Kalelealuaka replied, “That is not for our death; it is the people coming to get timber for our houses.” But the fear of the Sloven would not be quieted.

The multitude pressed on, and by the time the last of them had reached the mountain the foremost had returned to the sea-coast and had begun to prepare the foundations for the houses, to dig the holes for the posts, to bind on the rafters and the small poles on which they tied the thatch, until the houses were done.

Meantime, some were busy baking the pigs and the poi-fed dogs in ovens; some in bringing the eels of Kanaloa and cooking them with potatoes in an oven by themselves.

The houses are completed, everything is ready, the grand marshal, Maliuhaaino, has just arrived in front of the house of the ambitious youth Kalelealuaka, and calls out “Keinohoomanawanui, come out!” and he comes out, trembling. “Kalelealuaka, come out!” and he first sends out the boy Kaluhe and then comes forth himself and stands outside, a splendid youth. The marshal stands gazing at him in bewilderment and admiration. When he has regained his equanimity he says to him, “Mount on my back and let us go down.”

“No,” said Kalelealuaka, “I will go by myself, and do you walk ahead. I will follow after; but do not look behind you, lest you die.”

As soon as they had started down, Kalelealuaka was transported to Kuaikua, in Helemano. There he plunged into the water and bathed all over; this done, he called on his ancestral shades (Aumakua), who came and performed on him the rite of circumcision while lightning flashed, thunder sounded, and the earth quaked.

Kaopele, on Kauai, heard the commotion and exclaimed, “Ah! my son has received the purifying rite–the offspring of the gods goes to meet the sovereign of the land” (Alii aimoku).

Meanwhile, the party led by Maliuhaaino was moving slowly down toward the coast, because the marshal himself was lame. Returning from his purification, Kalelealuaka alighted just to the rear of the party, who had not noticed his absence, and becoming impatient at the tedious slowness of the journey,–for the day was waning, and the declining sun was already standing over a peak of the Waianae Mountains called Puukuua,–this marvellous fellow caught up the lame marshal in one hand and his two comrades in the other, and, flying with them, set them down at Puuloa. But the great marvel was, that they knew nothing about being transported, yet they had been carried and set down as from a sheet.

On their arrival at the coast all was ready, and the people were waiting for them. A voice called out, “Here is you house, Keinohoomanawanui!” and the Sloven entered with alacrity and found bundles of his wished-for eels and potatoes already cooked and awaiting his disposal.

But Kalelealuaka proudly declined to enter the house prepared for himself when the invitation came to him, “Come in! this is your house,” all because his little friend Kaluhe, whose eyes had often been filled with smoke while cooking luau and roasting kukui nuts for him, had not been included in the invitation, and he saw that no provision had been made for him. When this was satisfactorily arranged Kalelealuaka and his little friend entered and sat down to eat. The King, with his own hand, poured out awa for Kalelealuaka, brought him a gourd of water to rinse his mouth, offered him food, and waited upon him till he had supplied all his wants.

Now, when Kalelealuaka had well drunken, and was beginning to feel drowsy from the awa, the lame marshal came in and led him to the two daughters of Kakuhihewa, and from that time these two lovely girls were his wives.

PART III

Thus they lived for perhaps thirty days (he mau anabulu), when a messenger arrived, announcing that Kualii was making war at Moanalua. The soldiers of Kakuhihewa quickly made themselves ready, and among them Keinohoomanawanui went out to battle. The lame marshal had started for the scene the night before.

On the morning of the day of battle, Kalelealuaka said to his wives that he had a great hankering for some shrimps and moss, which must be gathered in a particular way, and that nothing else would please his appetite. Thereupon, they dutifully set out to obtain these things for him. As soon as they had gone from the house Kalelealuaka flew to Waianae and arrayed himself with wreaths of the fine-leaved maile (Maile laulii). which is peculiar to that region. Thence he flew to Napeha, where the lame marshal, Maliuhaaino, was painfully climbing the hill on his way to battle. Kalelealuaka cheerily greeted him, and the following dialogue occurred:

K. “Whither are you trudging, Maliuhaaino?”

M. “What! don’t you know about the war?”

K. “Let me carry you.”

M. “How fast you travel! Where are you from?”

K. “From Waianae.”

M. “So I see from your wreaths. Yes, carry me, and Waianae shall be yours.”

At the word Kalelealuaka picked up the cripple and set him down on an eminence mauka of the battlefield, saying, “Remain you here and watch me. If I am killed in the fight, you return by the same way we came and report to the King.”

Kalelealuaka then addressed himself to the battle, but before attacking the enemy he revenged himself on those who had mocked and jeered at him for not joining the forces of Kakuhihewa. This done, he turned his hand against the enemy, who at the time were advancing and inflicting severe loss in the King’s army.

To what shall we compare the prowess of our hero? A man was plucked and torn in his hand as if he were but a leaf. The commotion in the ranks of the enemy was as when a powerful waterfowl lashes the water with his wings (O haehae ka manu, Ke ale nei ka wai). Kalelealuaka moved forward in his work of destruction until he had slain the captain who stood beside the rebel chief, Kualii. From the fallen captain he took his feather cloak and helmet and cut off his right ear and the little finger of his right hand. Thus ended the slaughter that day.

The enthusiasm of the cripple was roused to the highest pitch on witnessing the achievements of Kalelealuaka, and he determined to return and report that he had never seen his equal on the battlefield.

Kalelealuaka returned to Puuloa, and hid the feather cloak and helmet under the mats of his bed, and having fastened the dead captain’s ear and little finger to the side of the house, lay down and slept.

After a while, when the two women, his wives, returned with the moss and shrimps, he complained that the moss was not gathered as he had directed, and that they had been gone such a long time that his appetite had entirely left him, and he would not eat of what they had brought. At this the elder sister said nothing, but the younger one muttered a few words to herself; and as they were all very tired they soon went to sleep.

They had slept a long while when the tramp of the soldiers of Kakuhihewa was heard, returning from the battle. The King immediately asked how the battle had gone. The soldiers answered that the battle had gone well, but that Keinohoomanawanui alone had greatly distinguished himself. To this the King replied he did not believe that the Sloven was a great warrior, but when the cripple returned he would learn the truth.

About midnight the footsteps of the lame marshal were heard outside of the King’s house. Kakuhihewa called to him, “Come, how went the battle?”

“Can’t you have patience and let me take breath?” said the marshal. Then when he had rested himself he answered, “They fought, but there was one man who excelled all the warriors in the land. He was from Waianae. I gave Waianae to him as a reward for carrying me.”

“It shall be his,” said the King.

“He tore a man to pieces,” said the cripple, “as he would tear a banana-leaf. The champion of Kualii’s army he killed, and plundered him of his feather cloak and helmet.”

“The soldiers say that Keinohoomanawanui was the hero of the day,” said the King.

“What!” said the cripple. “He did nothing. He merely strutted about. But this man–I never saw his equal; he had no spear, his only weapons were his hands; if a spear was hurled at him, he warded it off with his hair. His hair and features, by the way, greatly resemble those of your son-in-law.”

Thus they conversed till daybreak.

After a few days, again came a messenger announcing that the rebel Kualii was making war on the plains of Kulaokahua. On hearing this Kakuhihewa immediately collected his soldiers. As usual, the lame marshal set out in advance the evening before the battle.

In the morning, after the army had gone, Kalelealuaka said to his wives, “I am thirsting for some water taken with the snout of the calabash held downward. I shall not relish it if it is taken with the snout turned up.” Now, Kalelealuaka knew that they could not fill the calabash if held this way, but he resorted to this artifice to present the two young women from knowing of his miraculous flight to the battle. As soon as the young women had got out of sight he hastened to Waialua and arrayed himself in the rough and shaggy wreaths of uki from the lagoons of Ukoa and of hinahina from Kealia. Thus arrayed, he alighted behind the lame marshal as he climbed the hill at Napeha, slapped him on the back, exchanged greetings with him, and received a compliment on his speed; and when asked whence he came, he answered from Waialua. The shrewd, observant cripple recognized the wreaths as being those of Waialua, but he did not recognize the man, for the wreaths with which Kalelealuaka had decorated himself were of such a color–brownish gray–as to give him the appearance of a man of middle age. He lifted the cripple as before, and set him down on the brow of Puowaina (Punch Bowl Hill), and received from the grateful cripple, as a reward for his service, all the land of Waialua for his own.

This done, Kalelealuaka repeated the performances of the previous battle. The enemy melted away before him, whichever way he turned. He stayed his hand only when he had slain the captain of the host and stripped him of his feather cloak and helmet, taking also his right ear and little finger. The speed with which Kalelealuaka returned to his home at Puuloa was like the flight of a bird. The spoils and trophies of this battle he disposed of as before.

The two young women, Kalelealuaka’s wives, turned the nozzle of the water-gourd downward, as they were bidden, and continued to press it into the water, in the vain hope that it might rise and fill their container, until the noonday sun began to pour his rays directly upon their heads; but no water entered their calabash. Then the younger sister proposed to the elder to fill the calabash in the usual way, saying that Kalelealuaka would not know the difference. This they did, and returned home.

Kalelealuaka would not drink of the water, declaring that it had been dipped up. At this the younger wife laughed furtively; the elder broke forth and said: “It is due to the slowness of the way you told us to employ in getting the water. We are not accustomed to the menial office of fetching water; our father treated us delicately, and a man always fetched water for us, and we always used to see him pour the water into the gourd with the nozzle turned up, but you trickily ordered us to turn the nozzle down. Your exactions are heartless.”

Thus the women kept complaining until, by and by, the tramp of the returning soldiers was heard, who were boasting of the great deeds of Keinohoomanawanui. The King, however, said: “I do not believe a word of your talk; when my cripple comes he will tell me the truth. I do not believe that Keinohoomanawanui is an athlete. Such is the opinion I have formed of him. But there is a powerful man, Kalelealuaka,–if he were to go into battle I am confident he would perform wonders. Such is the opinion I have formed of him, after careful study.”

So the King waited for the return of the cripple until night, and all night until nearly dawn. When finally the lame marshal arrived, the King prudently abstained from questioning him until he had rested a while and taken breath; then he obtained from him the whole story of this new hero from Waialua, whose name he did not know, but who, he declared, resembled the King’s son-in-law, Kalelealuaka.

Again, on a certain day, came the report of an attack by Kualii at Kulaokahua, and the battle was to be on the morrow. The cripple, as usual, started off the evening before. In the morning, Kalelealuaka called to his wives, and said: “Where are you? Wake up. I wish you to bake a fowl for me. Do it thus: Pluck it; do not cut it open, but remove the inwards through the opening behind; then stuff it with luau from the same end, and bake it; by no means cut it open, lest you spoil the taste of it.”

As soon as they had left the house he flew to Kahuku and adorned his neck with wreaths of the pandanus fruit and his head with the flowers of the sugar cane, thus entirely changing his appearance and making him look like a gray-haired old man. As on previous days, he paused behind the cripple and greeted him with a friendly slap on the back. Then he kindly lifted the lame man and set him down at Puowaina. In return for this act of kindness the cripple gave him the district of Koolau.

In this battle he first slew those soldiers in Kakuhihewa’s army who had spoken ill of him. Then he turned his hand against the warriors of Kualii, smiting them as with the stroke of lightning, and displaying miraculous powers. When he had reached the captain of Kualii’s force, he killed him and despoiled his body of his feather cloak and helmet, taking also a little finger and toe. With these he flew to the cripple, whom he lifted and bore in his flight as far as Waipio, and there dropped him at a point just below where the water bursts forth at Waipahu.

Arrived at his house, Kalelealuaka, after disposing of his spoils, lay down and slept. After he had slept several hours, his wives came along in none too pleased a mood and awoke him, saying his meat was cooked. Kalelealuaka merely answered that it was so late his appetite had gone, and he did not care to eat.

At this slight his wives said: “Well, now, do you think we are accustomed to work? We ought to live without work, like a king’s daughters, and when the men have prepared the food then we should go and eat it.”

The women were still muttering over their grievance, when along came the soldiers, boasting of the powers of Keinohoomanawanui, and as they passed Kalelealuaka’s door they said it were well if the two wives of this fellow, who lounges at home in time of war, were given to such a brave and noble warrior as Keinohoomanawanui.

The sun was just sinking below the ocean when the footsteps of the cripple were heard at the King’s door, which he entered, sitting down within. After a short time the King asked him about the battle. “The valor and prowess of this third man were even greater than those of the previous ones; yet all three resemble each other. This day, however, he first avenged himself by slaying those who had spoken ill of him. He killed the captain of Kualii’s army and took his feather cloak and helmet. On my return he lifted me as far as Waipahu.”

In a few days again came a report that Kualii had an army at a place called Kahapaakai, in Nuuanu. Maliuhaaino immediately marshalled his forces and started for the scene of battle the same evening.

Early the next morning Kalelealuaka awakened his wives, and said to them: “Let us breakfast, but do you two eat quietly in your own house, and I in my house with the dogs; and do not come until I call you.” So they did, and the two women went and breakfasted by themselves. At his own house Kalelealuaka ordered Kaluhe to stir up the dogs and keep them barking until his return. Then he sprang away and lighted at Kapakakolea, where he overtook the cripple, whom, after the usual interchange of greetings, he lifted, and set down at a place called Waolani.

On this day his first action was to smite and slay those who had reviled him at his own door. That done, he made a great slaughter among the soldiers of Kualii; then, turning, he seized Keinohoomanawanui, threw him down and asked him how he became blinded in one eye.

“It was lost,” said the Sloven, “from the thrust of a spear, in a combat with Olopana.”

“Yes, to be sure,” said Kalelealuaka, “while you and I were living together at Wailuku, you being on one side of the stream and I on the other, a kukui nut burst in the fire, and that was the spear that put out your eye.”

When the Sloven heard this, he hung his head. Then Kalelealuaka seized him to put him to death, when the spear of the Sloven pierced the fleshy part of Kalelealuaka’s left arm, and in plucking it out the spear-head remained in the wound.

Kalelealuaka killed Keinohoomanawanui and beheaded him, and, running to the cripple, laid the trophy at his feet with the words: “I present you, Maliuhaaino, with the head of Keinohoomanawanui.” This done, he returned to the battle, and went on slaying until he had advanced to the captain of Kualii’s forces, whom he killed and spoiled of his feather cloak and helmet.

When Kualii saw that his chief captain, the bulwark of his power, was slain, he retreated and fled up Nuuanu Valley, pursued by Kalelealuaka, who overtook him at the head of the valley. Here Kualii surrendered himself, saying: “Spare my life. The land shall all go to Kakuhihewa, and I will dwell on it as a loyal subject under him and create no disturbance as long as I live.”

To this the hero replied: “Well said! I spare your life on these terms. But if you at any time foment a rebellion, I will take your life! So, then, return, and live quietly at home and do not stir up any war in Koolau.” Thus warned, Kaulii set out to return to the “deep blue palis of Koolau.”

While the lame marshal was trudging homeward, bearing the head of the Sloven, Kalelealuaka alighted from his flight at his house, and having disposed in his usual manner of his spoils, immediately called to his wives to rejoin him at his own house.

The next morning, after the sun was warm, the cripple arrived at the house of the King in a state of great excitement, and was immediately questioned by him as to the issue of the battle, “The battle was altogether successful,” said the marshal, “but Keinohoomanawanui was killed. I brought his head along with me and placed it on the altar mauka of Kalawao. But I would advise you to send at once your fleetest runners through Kona and Koolau, commanding everybody to assemble in one place, that I may review them and pick out and vaunt as the bravest that one whom I shall recognize by certain marks–for I have noted him well: he is wounded in the left arm.”

Now, Kakuhihewa’s two swiftest runners (kukini) were Keakealani and Kuhelemoana. They were so fleet that they could compass Oahu six times in a forenoon, or twelve times in a whole day. These two were sent to call together all the men of the King’s domain. The men of Waianae came that same day and stood in review on the sandy plains of Puuloa. But among them all was not one who bore the marks sought for. Then came the men of Kona, of Waialua, and of Koolau, but the man was not found.

Then the lame marshal came and stood before the King and said: “Your bones shall rest in peace, Kalani. You had better send now and summon your son-in-law to come and stand before me; for he is the man.” Then Kakuhihewa arose and went himself to the house of his son-in-law, and called to his daughters that he had come to get their husband to go and stand before Maliuhaaino.

Then Kalelealuaka lifted up the mats of his bed and took out the feather cloaks and the helmets and arrayed his two wives, and Kaluhe, and himself. Putting them in line, he stationed the elder of his wives first, next to her the younger, and third Kaluhe, and placing himself at the rear of the file, he gave the order to march, and thus accompanied he went forth to obey the King’s command.

The lame marshal saw them coming, and in ecstasy he prostrated himself and rolled over in the dust, “The feather cloak and the helmet on your elder daughter are the ones taken from the captain of Kualii’s army in the first day’s fight; those on your second daughter from the captain of the second day’s fight; while those on Kalelealuaka himself are from the captain killed in the battle on the fourth day. You will live, but perhaps I shall die, since he is weary of carrying me.”

The lame marshal went on praising and eulogizing Kalelealuaka as he drew near. Then addressing the hero, he said: “I recognize you, having met you before. Now show your left arm to the King and to this whole assembly, that they may see where you were wounded by the spear.”

Then Kalelealuaka bared his left arm and displayed his wound to the astonished multitude. Thereupon Kakuhihewa said: “Kalelealuaka and my daughters, do you take charge of the kingdom, and I will pass into the ranks of the common people under you.” After this a new arrangement of the lands was made, and the country had peace until the death of Kakuhihewa; Kalelealuaka also lived peacefully until death took him.


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Kapeepeekauila; or, The Rocks of Kana

The legend of Kapeepeekauila revolves around the northern Molokai landmark of Haupu and its dramatic cliffs. Kapeepeekauila, a hairy man, captures Hina, wife of Hakalanileo. After failed attempts by warriors, Kana and his brother Niheu intervene. Despite setbacks, Kana ultimately defeats Kapeepeekauila by destroying the enchanted kamani tree, restoring Hina, and reshaping the cliffs. The rocks of Haupu remain as enduring symbols of Kana’s triumph.

Source
Hawaiian Folk Tales
a collection of native legends
compiled by Thos. G. Thrum
A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, 1907


► Themes of the story

Quest: Kana and his brother Niheu embark on a mission to rescue Hina from Kapeepeekauila, facing numerous challenges along the way.

Family Dynamics: The narrative delves into the relationships between Hina, her husband Hakalanileo, and their sons Kana and Niheu, emphasizing familial bonds and responsibilities.

Transformation: The destruction of the enchanted kamani tree and the subsequent reshaping of the cliffs symbolize significant changes in the physical and metaphysical landscape.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Hawaiians


by Rev. A.O. Forbes

On the northern side of the island of Molokai, commencing at the eastern end and stretching along a distance of about twenty miles, the coast is a sheer precipice of black rock varying in height from eight hundred to two thousand feet. The only interruptions to the continuity of this vast sea wall are formed by the four romantic valleys of Pelekunu, Puaahaunui, Wailau, and Waikolu. Between the valleys of Pelekunu and Waikolu, juts out the bold, sharp headland of Haupu, forming the dividing ridge between them, and reminding one somewhat of an axe-head turned edge upward. Directly in a line with this headland, thirty or forty rods out in the ocean, arise abruptly from the deep blue waters the rocks of Haupu, three or four sharp, needle-like points of rock varying from twenty to one hundred feet in height.

► Continue reading…

This is the spot associated with the legend of Kapeepeekauila, and these rocks stand like grim sentinels on duty at the eastern limit of what is now known as the settlement of Kalawao. The legend runs as follows:

Keahole was the father, Hiiaka-noholae was the mother, and Kapeepeekauila was the son. This Kapeepeekauila was a hairy man, and dwelt on the ridge of Haupu.

Once on a time Hakalanileo and his wife Hina, the mother of Kana, came and dwelt in the valley of Pelekunu, on the eastern side of the ridge of Haupu.

Kapeepeekauila, hearing of the arrival of Hina, the beautiful daughter of Kalahiki, sent his children to fetch her. They went and said to Hina, “Our royal father desires you as his wife, and we have come for you.”

“Desires me for what?” said she.

“Desires you for a wife,” said they.

This announcement pleased the beautiful daughter of Kalahiki, and she replied, “Return to your royal father and tell him he shall be the husband and I will be the wife.”

When this message was delivered to Kapeepeekauila, he immediately sent a messenger to the other side of the island to summon all the people from Keonekuina to Kalamaula; for we have already seen that he was a hairy man, and it was necessary that this blemish should be removed. Accordingly, when the people had all arrived, Kapeepeekauila laid himself down and they fell to work until the hairs were all plucked out. He then took Hina to wife, and they two dwelt together on the top of Haupu.

Poor Hakalanileo, the husband of Hina, mourned the loss of his companion of the long nights of winter and the shower-sprinkled nights of summer. Neither could he regain possession of her, for the ridge of Haupu grew till it reached the heavens. He mourned and rolled himself in the dust in agony, and crossed his hands behind his back. He went from place to place in search of some powerful person who should be able to restore to him his wife. In his wanderings, the first person to whom he applied was Kamalalawalu, celebrated for strength and courage. This man, seeing his doleful plight, asked, “Why these tears, O my father?”

Hakalanileo replied, “Thy mother is lost.”

“Lost to whom?”

“Lost to Kapeepee.”

“What Kapeepee?”

“Kapeepee-kauila.”

“What Kauila?”

“Kauila, the dauntless, of Haupu.”

“Then, O father, thou wilt not recover thy wife. Our stick may strike; it will but hit the dust at his feet. His stick, when it strikes back, will hit the head. Behold, measureless is the height of Haupu.”

Now, this Kamalalawalu was celebrated for his strength in throwing stones. Of himself, one side was stone, and the other flesh. As a test he seized a large stone and threw it upwards. It rose till it hit the sky and then fell back to earth again. As it came down, he turned his stony side toward it, and the collision made his side rattle. Hakalanileo looked on and sadly said, “Not strong enough.”

On he went, beating his breast in his grief, till he came to the celebrated Niuloihiki. Question and answer passed between them, as in the former case, but Niuloihiki replied, “It is hopeless; behold, measureless is the height of Haupu.”

Again he prosecuted his search till he met the third man of fame, whose name was Kaulu. Question and answer passed, as before, and Kaulu, to show his strength, seized a river and held it fast in its course. But Hakalanileo mournfully said, “Not strong enough.”

Pursuing his way with streaming eyes, he came to the fourth hero, Lonokaeho by name. As in the former cases, so in this, he received no satisfaction. These four were all he knew of who were foremost in prowess, and all four had failed him. It was the end, and he turned sadly toward the mountain forest, to return to his home.

Meantime, the rumor had reached the ears of Niheu, surnamed “the Rogue.” Some one told him a father had passed along searching for some one able to recover him his wife.

“Where is this father of mine?” inquired Niheu.

“He has gone inland,” was the reply.

“I’ll overtake him; he won’t escape me,” said Niheu. So he went after the old man, kicking over the trees that came in his way. The old man had gone on till he was tired and faint, when Niheu overtook him and brought him back to his house. Then Niheu asked him, “What made you go on without coming to the house of Niheu?”

“What, indeed,” answered the old man; “as though I were not seeking to recover thy mother, who is lost!”

Then came question and answer, as in former cases, and Niheu said, “I fear thou wilt not recover thy wife, O my father. But let us go inland to the foster son of Uli.” So they went. But Niheu ran on ahead and told Kana, the foster son of Uli: “Behold, here comes Hakalanileo, bereft of his wife. We are all beat.”

“Where is he?” inquired Kana.

“Here he is, just arrived.”

Kana looked forth, and Hakalanileo recoiled with fear at the blazing of his eyes.

Then spoke Niheu: “Why could you not wait before looking at our father? Behold, you have frightened him, and he has run back.”

On this, Kana, remaining yet in the house, stretched forth his hand, and, grasping the old man in the distance, brought him back and sat him on his lap. Then Kana wept. And the impudent Niheu said, “Now you are crying; look out for the old man, or he will get water-soaked.”

But Kana ordered Niheu to bestir himself and light a fire, for the tears of Kana were as the big dropping rains of winter, soaking the plain. And Kana said to the old man, “Now, dry yourself by the fire, and when you are warm, tell your story.”

The old man obeyed, and when he was warm enough, told the story of his grief. Then said Kana, “Almost spent are my years; I am only waiting for death, and behold I have at last found a foeman worthy of my prowess.”

Kana immediately espoused the cause of Hakalanileo, and ordered his younger brother, Niheu, to construct a canoe for the voyage. Poor Niheu worked and toiled without success until, in despair, he exclaimed, upbraidingly, “Thy work is not work; it is slavery. There thou dwellest at thy ease in thy retreat, while with thy foot thou destroyest my canoe.”

Upon this, Kana pointed out to Niheu a bush, and said, “Can you pull up that bush?”

“Yes,” replied Niheu, for it was but a small bush, and he doubted not his ability to root it up; so he pulled and tugged away, but could not loosen it.

Kana looking on, said, tauntingly, “Your foeman will not be overcome by you.”

Then Kana stretched forth his hands, scratching among the forests, and soon had a canoe in one hand; a little more and another canoe appeared in the other hand. The twin canoes were named Kaumueli. He lifted them down to the shore, provided them with paddles, and then appointed fourteen rowers. Kana embarked with his magic rod called Waka-i-lani. Thus they set forth to wage war upon Kapeepeekauila. They went on until the canoes grounded on a hard ledge.

Niheu called out, “Behold, thou sleepest, O Kana, while we all perish.”

Kana replied, “What is there to destroy us? Are not these the reefs of Haupu? Away with the ledges, the rock points, and the yawning chasms! Smite with Waka-i-lani, thy rod.”

Niheu smote, the rocks crumbled to pieces, and the canoes were freed. They pursued their course again until Niheu, being on the watch, cried out, “Why sleepest thou, O Kana? Here we perish, again. Thy like for sleeping I never saw!”

“Wherefore perish?” said Kana.

“Behold,” replied Niheu, “the fearful wall of water. If we attempt to pass it, it will topple over and destroy us all.”

Then said Kana: “Behold, behind us the reefs of Haupu. That is the destruction passed. As for the destruction before us, smite with thy rod.”

Niheu smote, the wall of water divided, and the canoes passed safely through. Then they went on their course again, as before. After a time, Niheu again called out, “Alas, again we perish. Here comes a great monster. If he falls upon us, we are all dead men.”

And Kana said, “Look sharp, now, and when the pointed snout crosses our bow, smite with thy rod.”

And he did so, and behold, this great thing was a monster fish, and when brought on board it became food for them all. So wonderfully great was this fish that its weight brought the rim of the canoes down to the water’s edge.

They continued on their way, and next saw the open mouth of the sharp-toothed shark–another of the outer defences of Haupu–awaiting them.

“Smite with thy rod,” ordered Kana.

Niheu smote, and the shark died.

Next they came upon the great turtle, another defence of Haupu. Again the sleepy Kana is aroused by the cry of the watchful Niheu, and the turtle is slain by the stroke of the magic rod. All this was during the night. At last, just as the edge of the morning lifted itself from the deep, their mast became entangled in the branches of the trees. Niheu flung upward a stone. It struck. The branches came rattling down, and the mast was free. On they went till the canoes gently stood still. On this, Niheu cried out, “Here you are, asleep again, O Kana, and the canoes are aground!”

Kana felt beneath; there was no ground. He felt above; the mast was entangled in weeds. He pulled, and the weeds and earth came down together. The smell of the fresh-torn weeds was wafted up to Hale-huki, the house where Kapeepeekauila lived. His people, on the top of Haupu, looked down on the canoes floating at the foot. “Wondrous is the size of the canoes!” they cried. “Ah! it is a load of opihis (shell-fish) from Hawaii for Hina,” for that was a favorite dish with her.

Meantime, Kana despatched Niheu after his mother. “Go in friendly fashion,” said the former.

Niheu leaped ashore, but slipped and fell on the smooth rocks. Back he went to the canoes.

“What sort of a coming back is this?” demanded Kana.

“I slipped and fell, and just escaped with my life,” answered Niheu.

“Back with you!” thundered Kana.

Again the luckless Niheu sprang ashore, but the long-eyed sand-crabs (ohiki-makaloa) made the sand fly with their scratching till his eyes were filled. Back to the canoes again he went. “Got it all in my eyes!” said he, and he washed them out with sea-water.

“You fool!” shouted Kana; “what were you looking down for? The sand-crabs are not birds. If you had been looking up, as you ought, you would not have got the sand in your eyes. Go again!”

This time he succeeded, and climbed to the top of Haupu. Arriving at the house, Hale-huki, where Hina dwelt, he entered at once. Being asked “Why enterest thou this forbidden door?” he replied:

“Because I saw thee entering by this door. Hadst thou entered some other way, I should not have come in at the door.” And behold, Kapeepeekauila and Hina sat before him. Then Niheu seized the hand of Hina and said, “Let us two go.” And she arose and went.

When they had gone about half-way to the brink of the precipice, Kapeepeekauila exclaimed, “What is this? Is the woman gone?”

Mo-i, the sister of Kana, answered and said, “If you wish the woman, now is the time; you and I fight.”

Great was the love of Kapeepeekauila for Hina, and he said, “No war dare touch Haupu; behold, it is a hill, growing even to the heavens.” And he sent the kolea (plover) squad to desecrate the sacred locks of Niheu; for the locks of Niheu were kapu, and if they should be touched, he would relinquish Hina for very shame. So the kolea company sailed along in the air till they brushed against the sacred locks of Niheu, and for very shame he let go his mother and struck at the koleas with his rod and hit their tail feathers and knocked them all out, so that they remain tailless to this day. And he returned to the edge of the shore, while the koleas bore off Hina in triumph.

When Niheu reached the shore, he beat his forehead with stones till the blood flowed; a trick which Kana perceived from on board the canoes. And when Niheu went on board he said, “See! we fought and I got my head hurt.”

But Kana replied, “There was no fight; you did it yourself, out of shame at your defeat.”

And Niheu replied, “What, then, shall we fight?”

“Yes,” said Kana, and he stood up.

Now, one of his legs was named Keauea and the other Kaipanea, and as he stood upon the canoes, he began to lengthen himself upward until the dwellers on top of Haupu exclaimed in terror, “We are all dead men! Behold, here is a great giant towering above us.”

And Kapeepeekauila, seeing this, hastened to prune the branches of the kamani tree (Calophyllum inophyllum), so that the bluff should grow upward. And the bluff rose, and Kana grew. Thus they strove, the bluff rising higher and Kana growing taller, until he became as the stalk of a banana leaf, and gradually spun himself out till he was no thicker than a strand of a spider’s web, and at last he yielded the victory to Kapeepeekauila.

Niheu, seeing the defeat of Kana, called out, “Lay yourself along to Kona, on Hawaii, to your grandmother, Uli.”

And he laid himself along with his body in Kona, while his feet rested on Molokai. His grandmother in Kona fed him until he became plump and fat again. Meanwhile, poor Niheu, watching at his feet on Molokai, saw their sides fill out with flesh while he was almost starved with hunger. “So, then,” quoth he, “you are eating and growing fat while I die with hunger.” And he cut off one of Kana’s feet for revenge.

The sensation crept along up to his body, which lay in Kona, and Kana said to his grandmother, Uli, “I seem to feel a numbness creeping over me.”

And she answered, and said, “Thy younger brother is hungry with watching, and seeing thy feet grow plump, he has cut off one of them; therefore this numbness.” Kana, having at last grown strong and fat, prepared to wage war again upon Kapeepeekauila. Food was collected in abundance from Waipio, and when it was prepared, they embarked again in their canoes and came back to Haupu, on Molokai. But his grandmother, Uli, had previously instructed him to first destroy all the branches of the kamani tree of Haupu. Then he showed himself, and began again to stretch upward and tower above the bluff. Kapeepeekauila hastened again to trim the branches of the kamani, that the bluff might grow as before; but behold, they were all gone! It was the end; Kapeepeekauila was at last vanquished. The victorious Kana recovered his sister, Mo-i, restored to poor Hakalanileo his wife, Hina, and then, tearing down the bluff of Haupu, kicked off large portions of it into the sea, where they stand to this day, and are called “The Rocks of Kana.”


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Lion Who Took a Woman’s Shape

A woman’s quest for food turns into a tragic and magical tale. After encountering a lion and enduring a deadly pursuit, she is devoured and replaced by the lion disguised in her skin. Her family discovers the deception, kills the lion, and miraculously revives the woman from her heart. Restored to life, she resumes her duties but chooses to remain unmarried.

Source
South-African Folk Tales
by James A. Honey, M.D.
New York,1910


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: The lion uses disguise to infiltrate the woman’s household, highlighting themes of trickery.

Resurrection: The woman is miraculously revived from her heart after being devoured by the lion.

Family Dynamics: The story explores the interactions and bonds within the woman’s family, especially in their response to her disappearance and the lion’s deception.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Bushmen


Some Women, it is said, went out to seek roots and herbs and other wild food. On their way home they sat down and said, “Let us taste the food of the field.” Now they found that the food picked by one of them was sweet, while that of the others was bitter. The latter said to each other, “Look here! this Woman’s herbs are sweet.” Then they said to the owner of the sweet food, “Throw it away and seek for other.” So she threw away the food, and went to gather more. When she had collected a sufficient supply, she returned to join the other Women, but could not find them.

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She went therefore down to the river, where Hare sat lading water, and said to him, “Hare, give me some water that I may drink.” But he replied, “This is the cup out of which my uncle (Lion) and I alone may drink.”

She asked again: “Hare, draw water for me that I may drink.” But Hare made the same reply. Then she snatched the cup from him and drank, but he ran home to tell his uncle of the outrage which had been committed.

The Woman meanwhile replaced the cup and went away. After she had departed Lion came down, and, seeing her in the distance, pursued her on the road. When she turned round and saw him coming, she sang in the following manner:

“My mother, she would not let me seek herbs,
Herbs of the field, food from the field. Hoo!”

When Lion at last came up with the Woman, they hunted each other round a shrub. She wore many beads and arm-rings, and Lion said, “Let me put them on!” So she lent them to him, but he afterwards refused to return them to her.

They then hunted each other again round the shrub, till Lion fell down, and the Woman jumped upon him, and kept him there. Lion (uttering a form of conjuration) said:

“My Aunt! it is morning, and time to rise;
Pray, rise from me!”

She then rose from him, and they hunted again after each other round the shrub, till the Woman fell down, and Lion jumped upon her. She then addressed him:

“My Uncle! it is morning, and time to rise;
Pray, rise from me!”

He rose, of course, and they hunted each other again, till Lion fell a second time. When she jumped upon him he said:

“My Aunt! it is morning, and time to rise;
Pray, rise from me!”

They rose again and hunted after each other. The Woman at last fell down. But this time when she repeated the above conjuration, Lion said:

“Hè Kha! Is it morning, and time to rise?”

He then ate her, taking care, however, to leave her skin whole, which he put on, together with her dress and ornaments, so that he looked quite like a woman, and then went home to her kraal.

When this counterfeit woman arrived, her little sister, crying, said, “My sister, pour some milk out for me.” She answered, “I shall not pour you out any.” Then the Child addressed their Mother: “Mama, do pour out some for me.” The Mother of the kraal said, “Go to your sister, and let her give it to you!” The little Child said again to her sister, “Please, pour out for me!” She, however, repeated her refusal, saying, “I will not do it.” Then the Mother of the kraal said to the little One, “I refused to let her (the elder sister) seek herbs in the field, and I do not know what may have happened; go therefore to Hare, and ask him to pour out for you.”

So then Hare gave her some milk; but her elder sister said, “Come and share it with me.” The little Child then went to her sister with her bamboo (cup), and they both sucked the milk out of it. Whilst they were doing this, some milk was spilt on the little one’s hand, and the elder sister licked it up with her tongue, the roughness of which drew blood; this, too, the Woman licked up.

The little Child complained to her Mother: “Mama, sister pricks holes in me and sucks the blood.” The Mother said, “With what Lion’s nature your sister went the way that I forbade her, and returned, I do not know.”

Now the Cows arrived, and the elder sister cleansed the pails in order to milk them. But when she approached the Cows with a thong (in order to tie their fore-legs), they all refused to be milked by her.

Hare said, “Why do not you stand before the Cow?” She replied, “Hare, call your brother, and do you two stand before the Cow.” Her husband said, “What has come over her that the Cows refuse her? These are the same Cows she always milks.” The Mother (of the kraal) said, “What has happened this evening? These are Cows which she always milks without assistance. What can have affected her that she comes home as a woman with a Lion’s nature?”

The elder daughter then said to her Mother, “I shall not milk the Cows.” With these words she sat down. The Mother said therefore to Hare, “Bring me the bamboos, that I may milk. I do not know what has come over the girl.”

So the Mother herself milked the cows, and when she had done so, Hare brought the bamboos to the young wife’s house, where her husband was, but she (the wife) did not give him (her husband) anything to eat. But when at night time she fell asleep, they saw some of the Lion’s hair, which was hanging out where he had slipped on the Woman’s skin, and they cried, “Verily! this is quite another being. It is for this reason that the Cows refused to be milked.”

Then the people of the kraal began to break up the hut in which Lion lay asleep. When they took off the mats, they said (conjuring them), “If thou art favourably inclined to me, O Mat, give the sound ‘sawa'” (meaning, making no noise).

To the poles (on which the hut rested) they said, “If thou art favourably inclined to me, O Pole, thou must give the sound ‘gara.'”

They addressed also the bamboos and the bed-skins in a similar manner.

Thus gradually and noiselessly they removed the hut and all its contents. Then they took bunches of grass, put them over the Lion, and lighting them, said, “If thou art favourably inclined to me, O Fire, thou must flare up, ‘boo boo,’ before thou comest to the heart.”

So the Fire flared up when it came towards the heart, and the heart of the Woman jumped upon the ground. The Mother (of the kraal) picked it up, and put it into a calabash.

Lion, from his place in the fire, said to the Mother (of the kraal), “How nicely I have eaten your daughter.” The Woman answered, “You have also now a comfortable place!”

Now the Woman took the first milk of as many Cows as had calves, and put it into the calabash where her daughter’s heart was; the calabash increased in size, and in proportion to this the girl grew again inside it.

One day, when the Mother (of the kraal) went out to fetch wood, she said to Hare, “By the time that I come back you must have everything nice and clean.” But during her Mother’s absence, the girl crept out of the calabash, and put the hut in good order, as she had been used to do in former days, and said to Hare, “When Mother comes back and asks, ‘Who has done these things?’ you must say, ‘I, Hare, did them.'” After she had done all, she hid herself on the stage.

When the Mother of the kraal came home, she said, “Hare, who has done these things? They look just as they used when my daughter did them.” Hare said, “I did the things.” But the Mother would not believe it, and looked at the calabash. Seeing it was empty, she searched the stage and found her daughter. Then she embraced and kissed her, and from that day the girl stayed with her Mother, and did everything as she was wont in former times; but she now remained unmarried.


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Lion Who Thought Himself Wiser Than His Mother

Lion and Gurikhoisip quarreled over who would go to the rain-field, ultimately parting angrily. Ignoring his mother’s warning about Man’s weapons and dogs, Lion ambushed Gurikhoisip. Gurikhoisip, aided by his dogs, speared Lion, who fled wounded. Despite his mother’s earlier cautions, Lion succumbed to his injuries while lamenting. His mother mourned him, recalling her warnings about Gurikhoisip’s strength and weapons.

Source
South-African Folk Tales
by James A. Honey, M.D.
New York,1910


► Themes of the story

Tragic Flaw: Lion’s arrogance and overconfidence result in his demise.

Moral Lessons: The narrative teaches the importance of heeding wise counsel and the consequences of hubris.

Family Dynamics: The interaction between Lion and his mother highlights familial relationships and the impact of defying parental guidance.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Bushmen


It is said that when Lion and Gurikhoisip (the Only man), together with Baboon, Buffalo, and other friends, were playing one day at a certain game, there was a thunderstorm and rain at Aroxaams. Lion and Gurikhoisip began to quarrel. “I shall run to the rain-field,” said Lion. Gurikhoisip said also, “I shall run to the rain-field.” As neither would concede this to the other, they separated (angrily). After they had parted, Lion went to tell his Mother those things which they had both said.

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His Mother said to him, “My son! that Man whose head is in a line with his shoulders and breast, who has pinching weapons, who keeps white dogs, who goes about wearing the tuft of a tiger’s tail, beware of him!” Lion, however, said, “Why need I be on my guard against those whom I know?” Lioness answered, “My Son, take care of him who has pinching weapons!” But Lion would not follow his Mother’s advice, and the same morning, when it was still pitch dark, he went to Aroxaams, and laid himself in ambush. Gurikhoisip went also that morning to the same place. When he had arrived he let his dogs drink, and then bathe. After they had finished they wallowed. Then also Man drank; and, when he had done drinking, Lion came out of the bush. Dogs surrounded him as his Mother had foretold, and he was speared by Gurikhoisip. Just as he became aware that he was speared, the Dogs drew him down again. In this manner he grew faint. While he was in this state, Gurikhoisip said to the Dogs, “Let him alone now, that he may go and be taught by his Mother.” So the Dogs let him go. They left him, and went home as he lay there. The same night he walked towards home, but whilst he was on the way his strength failed him, and he lamented:

“Mother! take me up!
Grandmother! take me up! Oh me! Alas!”

At the dawn of day his Mother heard his wailing, and said–

“My Son, this is the thing which I have told thee:
“‘Beware of the one who has pinching weapons,
Who wears a tuft of tiger’s tail,
Of him who has white dogs!
Alas! thou son of her who is short-eared,
Thou, my short-eared child!
Son of her who eats raw flesh,
Thou flesh-devourer;
Son of her whose nostrils are red from the prey,
Thou with blood-stained nostrils!
Son of her who drinks pit-water,
Thou water-drinker!'”


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The Hunt of Lion and Jackal

Lion and Jackal hunted an eland together. After Jackal cleverly tricked Lion by creating a false blood trail and stealing the eland’s fat, Lion caught him but was deceived again by Jackal’s excuses. Jackal pretended to serve Lion’s family but instead fed his own. Mocking Lion’s cubs, Jackal fled with his family, showcasing his cunning and leaving Lion outwitted.

Source
South-African Folk Tales
by James A. Honey, M.D.
New York,1910


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The Jackal embodies the trickster archetype, using cunning tactics to deceive the Lion, such as creating a false blood trail and stealing the eland’s fat.

Conflict with Authority: The Jackal challenges the Lion’s dominance, representing a struggle against a more powerful adversary through wit and subversion.

Family Dynamics: The story touches on familial relationships, as the Jackal prioritizes feeding his own family over fulfilling his obligations to the Lion’s family, reflecting themes of loyalty and responsibility.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Bushmen


Lion and Jackal, it is said, were one day lying in wait for Eland. Lion shot (with a bow) and missed, but Jackal hit and sang out, “Hah! hah!” Lion said, “No, you did not shoot anything. It was I who hit.” Jackal answered, “Yea, my father, thou hast hit.”

Then they went home in order to return when the eland was dead, and cut it up. Jackal, however, turned back, unknown to Lion, hit his nose so that the blood ran on the spoor of the eland, and followed their track thus, in order to cheat Lion.

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When he had gone some distance, he returned by another way to the dead eland, and creeping into its carcass, cut out all the fat.

Meanwhile Lion followed the blood-stained spoor of Jackal, thinking that it was eland blood, and only when he had gone some distance did he find out that he had been deceived. He then returned on Jackal’s spoor, and reached the dead eland, where, finding Jackal in its carcass, he seized him by his tail and drew him out with a swing.

Lion upbraided Jackal with these words: “Why do you cheat me?”

Jackal answered: “No, my father, I do not cheat you; you may know it, I think. I prepared this fat for you, father.”

Lion said: “Then take the fat and carry it to your mother” (the lioness); and he gave him the lungs to take to his own wife and children.

When Jackal arrived, he did not give the fat to Lion’s wife, but to his own wife and children; he gave, however, the lungs to Lion’s wife, and he pelted Lion’s little children with the lungs, saying:

“You children of the big-pawed one!
You big-pawed ones!”

He said to Lioness, “I go to help my father” (the lion); but he went far away with his wife and children.


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The Bunbundoolooeys

Bunbundoolooey, a mother pigeon, forgets her baby in a goolay while hunting. The baby grows into a man alone. Years later, the mother remembers and seeks him. She finds her son’s tracks leading to a camp and joyfully reunites with him. However, the son, harboring anger for her abandonment, rejects her and kills her with a stone before continuing to his camp.

Source
Australian Legendary Tales
collected by Mrs. K. Langloh Parker
London & Melbourne, 1896


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The narrative centers on the relationship between a mother and her son, highlighting the consequences of neglect and abandonment.

Revenge and Justice: The son’s act of killing his mother upon their reunion serves as retribution for her earlier neglect, embodying the theme of revenge.

Conflict with Authority: The son’s rejection and violent response to his mother’s authority underscore a challenge to familial hierarchy.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aboriginal Australians


The mother Bunbundoolooey put her child, a little boy Bunbundoolooey, who could only just crawl, into her goolay. Goolay is a sort of small netted hammock, slung by black women on their backs, in which they carry their babies and goods in general. Bunbundoolooey, the pigeon, put her goolay across her back, and started out hunting.

When she had gone some distance she came to a clump of bunnia or wattle trees. At the foot of one of these she saw some large euloomarah or grubs, which were good to cat.

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She picked some up, and dug with her yam stick round the roots of the tree to get more. She went from tree to tree, getting grubs at every one. That she might gather them all, she put down her goolay, and hunted further round.

Soon in the excitement of her search, she forgot the goolay with the child in it, and wandered away. Further and further she went from the Dunnia clump, never once thinking of her poor birrahlee, or baby. On and still on she went, until at length she reached a far country.

The birrablee woke up, and crawled out of the goolay. First he only crawled about, but soon he grew stronger, and raised himself, and stood by a tree. Then day by day he grew stronger and walked alone, and stronger still he grew, and could run. Then he grew on into a big boy, and then into a man, and his mother he never saw while he was growing from birrahlee to man.

But in the far country at length one day Bunbundoolooey, the mother, remembered the birrablee she had left.

“Oh,” she cried, “I forgot my birrahlee. I left my birrablee where the Dunnias grow in a far country. I must go to my birrahlee. My poor birrahlee! I forgot it. Mad must I have been when I forgot him. My birrahlee! My birrahlee!”

And away went the mother as fast as she could travel back to the Dunnia clump in the far country. When she reached the spot she saw the tracks of her birrablee, first crawling, then standing, then walking, and then running. Bigger and bigger were the tracks she followed, until she saw they were the tracks of a man. She followed them until she reached a camp. No one was in the camp, but a fire was there, so she waited, and while waiting looked round. She saw her son had made himself many weapons, and many opossum rugs, which he had painted gaily inside.

Then at last she saw a man coming towards the camp, and she knew he was her birrahlee, grown into a man. As he drew near she ran out to meet him, saying:

“Bunbundoolooey, I am your mother. The mother who forgot you as a birrahlee, and left you. But now I have come to find you, my son. Long was the journey, my son, and your mother was weary, but now that she sees once more her birrahlee, who has grown into a man, she is no longer weary, but glad is her heart, and loud could she sing in her joy. Ah, Bunbundoolooey, my son! Bunbundoolooey, my son!”

And she ran forward with her arms out, as if to embrace him.

But stern was the face of Bunbundoolooey, the son, and no answer did he make with his tongue. But he stooped to the ground and picked therefrom a big stone. This swiftly he threw at his mother, hitting her with such force that she fell dead to the earth.

Then on strode Bunbundoolooey to his camp.


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The Cookooburrahs and the Goolahgool

Googarh, the iguana, and his wives neglected to leave water for Cookooburrah’s two young sons, who nearly perished from thirst. Their elder brother, Cookooburrah, rescued them by splitting the water-holding tree, releasing a stream. When the hunters returned, they were overwhelmed by the new river. Ignored and mocked by her sons, the hunters drowned, punished for their neglect.

Source
Australian Legendary Tales
collected by Mrs. K. Langloh Parker
London & Melbourne, 1896


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The elder brother’s protective care for his siblings reflects the importance of familial bonds and responsibilities.

Revenge and Justice: The fate of the neglectful hunters highlights a natural justice for their failure to fulfill their responsibilities.

Sacred Objects: The goolahgool tree acts as a significant, almost mystical source of water and survival.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aboriginal Australians


Googarh, the iguana, was married to Moodai, the opossum and Cookooburrah, the laughing jackass. Cookooburrah was the mother of three sons, one grown up and living away from her, the other two only little boys. They had their camps near a goolahgool, whence they obtained water. A goolahgool is a water-holding tree, of the iron bark or box species. It is a tree with a split in the fork of it, and hollow below the fork. After heavy rain, this hollow trunk would be full of water, which water would have run into it through the split in the fork. A goolahgool would hold water for a long time.

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The blacks knew a goolahgool, amongst other trees, by the mark which the overflow of water made down the trunk of the tree, discolouring the bark.

One day, Googarh, the iguana, and his two wives went out hunting, leaving the two little Cookooburrahs at the camp. They had taken out water for themselves in their opossum skin water bags, but they had left none for the children, who were too small to get any from the goolahgool for themselves, so nearly perished from thirst. Their tongues were swollen in their mouths, and they were quite speechless, when they saw a man coming towards them. When he came near, they saw it was Cookooburrah, their big brother. They could not speak to him and answer, when he asked where his mother was. Then he asked them what was the matter. All they could do was to point towards the tree. He looked at it, and saw it was a goolahgool, so he said: “Did your mother leave you no water?” They shook their heads. He said: “Then you are perishing for want of a drink, my brothers?” They nodded. “Go,” he said “a little way off, and you shall see how I will punish them for leaving my little brothers to perish of thirst.” He went towards the tree, climbed up it, and split it right down. As he did so, out gushed the water in a swiftly running stream. Soon the little fellows quenched their thirst and then, in their joy, bathed in the water, which grew in volume every moment.

In the meantime, those who had gone forth to hunt were returning, and as they came towards their camp they met a running stream of water. “What is this?” they said, “our goolahgool must have burst,” and they tried to dam the water, but it was running too strongly for them. They gave up the effort and hurried on towards their camp. But they found a deep stream divided them from their camp. The three Cookooburrahs saw them, and the eldest one said to the little fellows: “You call out and tell them to cross down there, where it is not deep.” The little ones called out as they were told, and where they pointed Googarh and his wives waded into the stream. Finding she was getting out of her depth, Cookooburrah the laughing jackass cried out: “Goug gour gah gah. Goug gour gah gah. Give me a stick. Give me a stick.”

But from the bank her sons only answered in derision: “Goug gour gah gah. Goug gour gah gah.” And the three hunters were soon engulfed in the rushing stream, drawn down by the current and drowned.


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Gooloo the Magpie, and the Wahroogah

Gooloo, an old and wicked woman, deceives a tribe of women into leaving their children in her care while they gather food. Once the mothers depart, she abducts the children, locking them in her hidden home. The mothers return to an empty camp, their children missing. Despite hearing distant cries, neither they nor the men can find them, leaving the tribe mourning their loss and regretting their trust in Gooloo.

Source
Australian Legendary Tales
collected by Mrs. K. Langloh Parker
London & Melbourne, 1896


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: Gooloo deceives the mothers by persuading them to leave their children in her care, only to abduct them once the mothers depart.

Family Dynamics: The narrative centers on the relationship between the mothers and their children, highlighting the trust placed in caregivers and the devastating impact of betrayal on familial bonds.

Moral Lessons: The tale imparts a cautionary message about the dangers of misplaced trust and the importance of vigilance in protecting one’s family.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aboriginal Australians


Gooloo was a very old woman, and a very wicked old woman too, as this story will tell. During all the past season, when the grass was thick with seed, she had gathered much doonburr, which she crushed into meal as she wanted it for food. She used to crush it on a big flat stone with small flat stones–the big stone was called a dayoorl. Gooloo ground a great deal of the doonburr seed to put away for immediate use, the rest she kept whole, to be ground as required.

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Soon after she had finished her first grinding, a neighbouring tribe came along and camped near where she was. One day the men all went out hunting, leaving the women and the children in the camp. After the men had been gone a little while, Gooloo the magpie came to their camp to talk to the women. She said, “Why do you not go hunting too? Many are the nests of the wurranunnahs round here, and thick is the honey in them. Many and ripe are the bumbles hanging now on the humble trees; red is the fruit of the grooees, and opening with ripeness the fruit of the guiebets. Yet you sit in the camp and hunger, until your husbands return with the dinewan and bowrah they have gone forth to slay. Go, women, and gather of the plenty that surrounds you. I will take care of your children, the little Wahroogabs.”

“Your words are wise,” the women said. “It is foolish to sit here and hunger, when near at hand yams are thick in the ground, and many fruits wait but the plucking. We will go and fill quickly our comebees and goolays, but our children we will take with us.”

“Not so,” said Gooloo, “foolish indeed were you to do that. You would tire the little feet of those that run, and tire yourselves with the burden of those that have to be carried. No, take forth your comebees and goolays empty, that ye may bring back the more. Many are the spoils that wait only the hand of the gatherer. Look ye, I have a durrie made of fresh doonburr seed, cooking just now on that bark between two fires; that shall your children eat, and swiftly shall I make them another. They shall eat and be full ere their mothers are out of sight. See, they come to me now, they hunger for durrie, and well will I feed them. Haste ye then, that ye may return in time to make ready the fires for cooking the meat your husbands will bring. Glad will your husbands be when they see that ye have filled your goolays and comebees with fruits, and your wirrees with honey. Haste ye, I say, and do well.”

Having listened to the words of Gooloo, the women decided to do as she said, and, leaving their children with her, they started forth with empty comebees, and armed with combos, with which to chop out the bees’ nests and opossums, and with yam sticks to dig up yams.

When the women had gone, Gooloo gathered the children round her and fed them with durrie, hot from the coals. Honey, too, she gave them, and bumbles which she had buried to ripen. When they had eaten, she hurried them off to her real home, built in a hollow tree, a little distance away from where she had been cooking her durrie. Into her house she hurriedly thrust them, followed quickly herself, and made all secure. Here she fed them again, but the children had already satisfied their hunger, and now they missed their mothers and began to cry. Their crying reached the ears of the women as they were returning to their camp. Quickly they came at the sound which is not good in a mother’s ears. As they quickened their steps they thought how soon the spoils that lay heavy in their comebees would comfort their children. And happy they, the mothers, would feel when they fed the Wahroogahs with the dainties they had gathered for them. Soon they reached the camp, but, alas! where were their children? And where was Gooloo the magpie?

“They are playing wahgoo,” they said, “and have hidden themselves.”

The mothers hunted all round for them, and called aloud the names of their children and Gooloo. But no answer could they hear and no trace could they find. And yet every now and then they heard the sound of children wailing. But seek as they would they found them not. Then loudly wailed the mothers themselves for their lost Wahroogahs, and, wailing, returned to the camp to wait the coming of the black fellows. Heavy were their hearts, and sad were their faces when their husbands returned. They hastened to tell the black fellows when they came, how Gooloo had persuaded them to go hunting, promising if they did so that she would feed the hungry Wahroogahs, and care for them while they were away, but–and here they wailed again for their poor Wahroogahs. They told how they had listened to her words and gone; truth had she told of the plenty round, their comebees and goolays were full of fruits and spoils they had gathered, but, alas! they came home with them laden only to find their children gone and Gooloo gone too. And no trace could they find of either, though at times they heard a sound as of children wailing.

Then wroth were the men, saying: “What mothers are ye to leave your young to a stranger, and that stranger a Gooloo, ever a treacherous race? Did we not go forth to gain food for you and our children? Saw ye ever your husbands return from the chase empty handed? Then why, when ye knew we were gone hunting, must ye too go forth and leave our helpless ones to a stranger? Oh, evil, evil indeed is the time that has come when a mother forgets her child. Stay ye in the camp while we go forth to hunt for our lost Wahroogahs. Heavy will be our hands on the women if we return without them.”

The men hunted the bush round for miles, but found no trace of the lost Wahroogahs, though they too heard at times a noise as of children’s voices wailing.

But beyond the wailing which echoed in the mothers’ ears for ever, no trace was found of the children. For many days the women sat in the camp mourning for their lost Wahroogahs, and beating their heads because they had listened to the voice of Gooloo.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page