The Tri’gudihltu’xun and the two bears

In a large village, a woman reluctant to marry joins a berry-picking trip, falls asleep, and awakens to find herself taken as a wife by two men, who are actually brown bears in disguise. They live together, and she bears them three children. Longing for her parents, she expresses her desire to visit them. Her husbands build a sled, load it with provisions, and transport her and their daughter back to her village, instructing her not to look at them during the journey. Upon arrival, she reunites with her family, and her bear husbands depart.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The story explores the relationship between the woman, her bear-husbands, and their children, highlighting complex family interactions.

Conflict with Nature: The woman’s integration into a family with bear-men represents a union and potential conflict between human society and the natural world.

Journey to the Otherworld: The woman’s life with the bear-men can be seen as a journey into a realm beyond normal human experience, akin to an otherworldly adventure.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


There was once a big village where there lived some one who was unwilling to marry. Now, they used to go to get berries; and once they started off, and the Tri’gudihltu’xun went with them in a canoe. At last they came to the path that led to the berry-patch. Now, the Tri’gudihltu’xun did not pick berries, for she was very sleepy; and at length she put down her bowl, and lay down under a spruce and went to sleep. After a while, she felt herself crowded, and awoke, and looked, and saw that it was a brown bear. She went to sleep again, and awoke, and got up, and there were two big men there. “You shall be our wife,” said they; so they took her for their wife. Now, they were always fishing. Day after day they kept at it.

► Continue reading…

“Do not watch us,” they said to their wife, and she promised that they would not. So they went out and closed the door, and soon afterward there was a splashing down at the water. At that she made a little opening in the side of the house, and looked; and there they were, standing in the water, throwing out fish. Soon they came up into the house. “Go out now,” they said, “and take a look down there!” So she went down and looked around. There was a great quantity of fish. Then she went into the house.

So then a year passed by, and she conceived a child. Poor thing! She bore him with great difficulty.

Now, they took good care of him; and in the morning one of his fathers took the little fellow and went out of the house with him. He walked around with him outside, and cut up some wood; and at evening he brought him in again, and took him out of his parka, and, lo! he was changed. He sat up and crept about. He grew a little larger. One morning his father placed a big root at the door for him, to exercise with.

So then I don’t know how many years passed, and the woman conceived another child; and this one, too, she bore with great difficulty. They cared for him; and one of his fathers took him, and went out with him, and kept him out a day and came in again. Lo, he was changed! He crept around, and they cared for him, and he grew up.

Again years passed, I don’t know how many, and again she conceived; and this one too, poor thing! she bore with difficulty. Again he took it, and kept it outside a day, and brought it in at evening. He took it out of his parka, and it sat up.

So then it grew a little larger. I don’t know how many years it was after that, when the woman sat one day with her head bowed down. “Eat something!” said they; but she refused. “What is the matter?” said one of them. “I was just thinking of my parents,” said she. So then her husbands said, “We will go to them presently.” In the morning they got up and girded themselves, and went to look for material for a sled. During the day they came back and began to make a big sled. I don’t know how many sleeps passed while they were making it. At last they had it done, and the next day they loaded it. Deer-skins and fat, and skins of various kinds, they put into it, until they had packed it full. At the same time they had made a place for the wife to sit. So the day after they were to start. Then they put the woman into the sled, with her little daughter, and covered them up. They placed food beside them, too, and then they started. “Do not look at us,” they ‘said to her, and she promised not to do so. Then they got into the harness and went off. So here they go. Now, the woman wished to see; so at last she made a little opening, and peeked. Lo, they were changed! Two great bears were pulling the sled. So they went along. “Now,” said they, “get out, for the village is near!” So they got out of the sled, and they put on their best clothes and came to the village. “Yeq!” said they, “the Tri’gudihltu’xun that was lost is coming back!”

So they came into the village, and the Tri’gudihltu’xun saw her father and her mother again. Meanwhile the men had gone down into the kashime; and a fire was made in the kashime, and the bowls were brought in. Then, at evening, the boys went for water, and finally it became bed-time. Then they said to the strangers, “Do you sleep on the other side of the room.” So they lay down on the other side. During the night some one awoke, and on the other side of the room there were some great bears. He lay down again; and when the people woke up in the morning, it was broad daylight. I don’t know how many days they staid there, when one morning they made ready to go away. Finally they left, and passed out of sight of the village, and came to their own village. There they lived during the winter, and for a year more.

Then the Tri’gudihltu’xun’s older brother came over to them. Back in the grass he went, while those two were down at the river. Meanwhile he kept under the grass. There was no way for him to come out into view, because he was afraid. “They will kill me,” thought he. So he gave a whistle. Thereupon the ones who were down in the river thought, “There is an up-the-river man come down here.” They ran up the bank, and went off to the village up the river in the shape of bears. They had become full of rage. At last that woman’s brother went into the house. She said to him, “What made you come from up the river? That means death for the village people up the river. Come,” said she, “go and hide!” So he went out and went up the river.

After that, he was going along. He heard a sound, as though some one were coming. He got under the grass, beside the path. There he waited. Afterwards those men came along in the shape of bears. They were running, and they passed him. Their noses and mouths were covered with blood. He hurried on up the river, and went towards the village. It was gone! He hurried on. There among the houses all was in ruins. The path was covered with men’s blood. Every one had been killed. He climbed up to his cache, looking for a bear-skin. At length he found one, and brought it down, with the teeth that went with it. He dressed it; and when he had finished it, he put it on. It fitted him. The arms and legs were just right, but the neck was a little too small. He searched for a piece for it, and finally found a scrap and brought it down. It fitted exactly. Then he put on the skin, and went out wearing it. He rushed around the village. Then he went away. He came to the village; and there the men were, in the water. He stood looking down upon them, and pushed back the hood. “Come, now,” said he, “kill me also, for you killed all my neighbors!” Then he went up to one of them. They fought together, and at last he killed that one. Then he went to the other. So he killed them both. Then he went up the bank. “Well,” said he to his sister, “I have killed them. Don’t be sorry!”

How long they staid there I don’t know. One day he said to his sister, “Your house is to be out there-,” and he became a fox, and the woman became a mink, and they went into the mountains and made a house. The end.


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Wolverene and her brothers

In a secluded mountain village, five brothers lived with their sister, Tuitdjyak. As she matured, they warned her to remain indoors during their hunting trips. Curiosity led her outside, where she heard distant singing calling her name. Terrified, she donned a wolverine-skin parka and teeth, transforming into a wolverine. When five wolves approached, she fled, climbing a spruce tree to escape as they circled below.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Forbidden Knowledge: Her curiosity leads her to defy her brothers’ instructions, resulting in unforeseen consequences.

Family Dynamics: The relationship between the protagonist and her brothers highlights themes of obedience, protection, and familial roles.

Conflict with Nature: The protagonist’s transformation and subsequent interactions with the wolves reflect a struggle between human and animalistic instincts.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


Told by Simon’s mother. The narrator says that this is a coast legend, and that she had it from her grandmother, who was a woman of Piamute.

There was once a little village in the mountains where there lived a single family of children, — five boys and their little sister. They did nothing but hunt deer. Fish they knew nothing about, for they were Wolf men. Outside the house, on poles stretched across the racks, how many deer-skins were to be seen, so many deer did they get! Neither did they eat anything but deer-meat. Meanwhile their younger sister was growing up, and in time she became a large girl, and finally she came to maturity. Then her brothers said to her, “Now, while we are off hunting, do not go out of the house. Only when we are in the house do you go out walking, and get the water also,” said they. “Now, Tuitdjyak, while we are away, don’t go out,” said they; for it was the time of her seclusion.

By and by winter drew near. All winter long they spoke to her in the same way, and she began to think it over. “Why do my brothers tell me this?” she thought.

► Continue reading…

“I wonder what will happen to me if I go out, that they say this to me!” thought she. “Every day they tell me this,” thought she. At last she thought, “I will go out.” Her brothers went out on another trip. As she sat sewing, she put down her work and went out. She went out to the door, and stood there. “So,” thought she, “I have come out, and here I am, all right.” She went in and sat a while. Then she went back again outside, and listened. And then far away she heard the sound of singing. At that she went down into the house, and thought, “I wonder if this is why my brothers warned me!” and her heart beat fiercely for terror. She went out again and listened. Sure enough, there was singing. There! She heard her own name. “Tuidjyak, go in!” she heard. At that she climbed up into the cache. Bundles of wolverene-skins — many bundles she caught up, and looked through them, and took the good ones with long fur, and with the white parts very clear. She took them into the house, and wet them with warm water, stretched them, and went out again. When she had gone out, she looked up her brothers’ trail and saw five wolves. Sitting there, they sang, “A-yeq-ya, ya-yaq-ya, ho. Teen, Tuitdjyak, it-ka, ho.” She ran in, afraid. She put on the wolverene-skin like a parka, and pulled it around herself; and at the throat it was too short. Then she searched through her work-bag, and got a striped piece, and sewed it on; and again she pulled it around herself, and found that it was large enough. Again she searched in her work-bag, and found some beautiful wolverene’s teeth, and put them in her mouth. She took off the wolverene parka and the teeth and ran out. There they were, coming, close by. They saw her and sat down, and sang their song again. She ran in and put on the wolverene parka again, and put the teeth in her mouth. Then she rushed around the room in the shape of a wolverene. Up to the top of the house they went, and ripped it up with their teeth. Meanwhile the woman was running around as a wolverene. The wolverene made a dash among them, and ran along their trail. They looked, then they too went after her there. While she goes bounding along, over here, close after her they follow. Beside the path stood a great spruce. She caught it and scrambled up. They ran around underneath her, but they could only look up. Then she pushed back her little hood. “My brothers,” said she, “whenever you kill a deer, won’t you please leave the entrails for me?” Then they went off and left her; and the woman came down, and she too went away.


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Tdjo’xwullik; or, the injured wife’s revenge

In a small village by the sea, a skilled hunter frequently embarked on extended hunting trips, returning with diminishing game. His wife grew suspicious of his prolonged absences and declining success. After falling ill one winter, the hunter confessed on his deathbed, leading to revelations that prompted his wife to seek vengeance for his betrayals. This tale explores themes of trust, deception, and retribution.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Revenge and Justice: The title indicates that the wife seeks revenge, aiming to restore a sense of justice for her husband’s actions.

Family Dynamics: The story delves into the relationship between the husband and wife, highlighting marital strife and the impact on their family.

Prophecy and Fate: The husband’s anticipation of his death and his specific burial instructions may hint at a belief in destiny or predetermined outcomes.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


Told by Simon’s mother. This story is well known on the Yukon. Mr. Nelson has it among his Eskimo legends. It was told to me by Simon’s mother, who had it from her grandmother, who was a native of Piamute, the most northerly of the Eskimo villages on the Yukon.

There was once a little village, they say, where there lived a man and his wife. The man was a great hunter. Two small boys were all the children they had. They lived at the mouth of a river, where it emptied upon the sea. So, then, the husband was a great hunter. In the spring, after the ice had gone out, he would go up the river in his kayak after game. Then he would place logs side by side, and pile his quarry upon it. This was his regular custom. After the fishing-season, also, he used to go there, with the same result; and outside his house, upon racks, he had piles of deer-skins and beaver-skins so many did he kill. Now, the boys grew, as their father followed his customary way of life. They became quite large boys, those two. Their father hunted in the sea also, — seals and white whales and sea-lions.

One spring he followed his customary plan. Again, after the ice had gone out, he went up the river in his kayak. He was gone a long, long time. Meanwhile his wife became anxious about him. “Where can he be?” thought she.

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The time of his absence lengthened out. The little boys kept looking for their father day by day. Their mother, also, did not sleep, but sat up night after night, when finally they saw him coming. Then he came ashore. His wife was disposed to be angry. “What a long time you have been gone!” said she. “The grass has grown, and the leaves have come out, and the mosquitoes have come, while you have been away. How many deer you used to get!” said she. “What a long time you have been gone! Is that one kayakful all that you have killed?” “I couldn’t hit anything,” said he. “I saw game enough, but I missed them.” “And you used to pile up the deer-skins and the beaver-skins on the racks, too,” said she. “I don’t know what made me shoot so badly,” said he.

At length the fish began to run. The salmon-run came, and he worked at his fishing; but while they were still running, he began to talk about going up the river. “I believe I will go,” said he. “No,” said she, “it’s too soon. What a hurry you are in!” said she. “Wait, and go after those leaves have turned,” said she. “Remember how little game you killed last spring. You might not be back for a long time,” said she. At last, although his wife urged him to remain, he went away. “Now, hurry up and get back!” said she, “for we are thinking of you.”

He went, and again he was missing. By and by the ice formed at the edge of the water, and he came in sight. “Only one kayakful again! What a long time you have been gone!” said she. “You used to get game.” Then the man said, “Because, when there was plenty of game near by, up the river, I could get them; but now that they are far away, I kill but few.” Then said his wife, “Why is it that you get so few? There’s only one kayakful.”

So then the frosty weather came. When the days grew short, he fell sick. All winter long he continued to be sick; yet his appetite kept up, sick as he was. It came midwinter, and he grew worse. One day he said to his wife, “Listen! for I am going to die. Then, when I am gone, you must put many fine marten-skins beside me in the kayak, many of them,” said he; “and beaver too, fine ones, and wolf and wolverene, and good deer-fat, and my arrows and bow, and tie a deer-skin over the opening of the kayak, and put poles underneath it (i.e., place it on a scaffold). And now, be good to the boys! Make them fine parkas, and do not be harsh with them! Treat them well!” said he. So he died. His wife put him into the kayak, among fine skins, and tied on a cover, just as he had told her to do. Then they made a fire, and sat by it day by day, weeping. His wife also cut off her hair and burned it, for grief at the loss of her husband.

By and by spring approached. The wife and the boys still kept on mourning. At length pools of water stood on the surface of the rivers. Flocks of geese came, and the smaller birds with them. One morning, while the boys were still asleep, the woman went out early, before sunrise, to weep.

She weeps; and just here, overhead, a little bird is singing. Still she weeps, and does not hear him.

All at once she heard it was the name of her husband. She listened, and looked at him. “Wretched bird!” she thought, “why does it speak the name of the dead?” She looked, they say, she listened. There! It speaks! “Tdjo’xwullik up the river is married: he has a wife, — he, Tdjo’xwullik, Tdjo’xwullik!”

So the woman heard him. “What is it that this bird is saying?” thought she. She got up and untied the string that was around the opening of the kayak. “I will find out what the bird says,” she thought. She removed the deer-skin. What did she find? There was nothing in the kayak. Where was her husband? The wolf-skins and wolverene-skins and his arrows, that had been with him, were gone. She was angry, because she thought it was true that he had been dead. “That’s why the bird said it,” she thought. “Since yesterday it has said it; but while I kept crying, I did not listen. Too truly it spoke,” she thought. She went up into her cache. There were many skins of deer and of bear. An enormous brownbear skin also she found, with light fur. This one she chose, and she wet it with warm water. Hurriedly she wet it all day long, and stretched it. At length it became larger. While she was wetting it, she brought in water for the boys. Meanwhile she continued to wet it. She would wet it, and then put it back in its place wet. At length she had filled the pails and the birch-bark bowls with an abundance of water, and it became dark. Finally, while the boys were asleep, she brought in, from off her cache, meat and fat and king-salmon dried, and piled it up in the house. And then she fitted that bear-skin upon herself, and stretched it out, its claws being attached to it. Then she searched in her work-bag, and found the great teeth of a brown bear. And she put these on, also; the teeth she put into her mouth. And she became a great brown bear, like that one, and rushed furiously up the ravine. She tore up spruces by the roots. In her rage, she broke down the trees also. She came down the ravine and returned to the outside of the house. She took off the skin, and laid it down. The teeth also she put with it. She had not slept when the boys awoke. Neither had she eaten anything, for her anger. Then she brought in to those boys a forked birch stick that had been cut. That birch stick she carried into the house. Then said she, “Listen! I am going away. Do not wish for me,” said she. “I will come soon. Now eat the food and drink the water that I have brought in for you. Do not go to get water, for you will fall in; nor go up into the cache, for you will fall down. If any great beast comes in where you are, hold the stick tightly against his breast,” said she. Do not be afraid of him. I will come to you,” said she. Then she went up the ravine, and went along a mountain that formed the bank of the river. She rushed along in her wrath, going in her might, as the ice moves with the crashing of the trees. Another great mountain she climbed. She went up over a place where there were flat stones; and she thought, “I will put these stones at the sides of my chest, and on my breast and forehead.”

While she was going on, some one overhead, on a spruce, began to laugh. “Why,” said some one, “you have made a great mistake. You are very ridiculous. Take off the stones! they are of no use. Why,” said he, “in time to come it will be a thing for people to laugh about.” So she took them off. Then said the Raven, “There! That’s it! Now you look all right. Now go ahead!”

Then again she went on, hurrying, for she was thinking of the boys. She followed the river-bank. There, below her, she saw a large village, full of people. Toward it she went, and again she took off the skin; and the teeth, too, she removed, and put them under a little spruce. Here she found a good path, and she followed it to the village. She came near to the village from behind it. A large village it was, indeed, with a great kashime, and next to the kashime a large house. She went on in this direction, and there she ran in. On each side of the fire two beautiful women had set their pots to cook. They called to her. “Cousin,” said they, “you have come in, then! That is right, stay with us!” One of them said, “Sit down on my side of the room!” So she sat down on the platform. One was cooking deer-meat in a large pot, and the other was cooking beaver-meat in a large pot. “Cousins,” she said to them, “your husbands, where have they gone?” for she was thinking, as she looked at all the finery there in the house. Beautiful mats there were, and beds of deer-skin, and marten-skin parkas. Then they said to her, “Why, there is only one man living with us! Last spring, after the ice had gone out, a stranger came to us and took us,” said they; “but when the grass had begun to grow, then he left us; and last winter, at midwinter, he came back, and lives with us. He has gone to get wood,” said they.

Then they offered her food. “No,” said she, “I am not hungry. I ate only just now.” — “Come,” said they, “stay with us!” “Yes,” said she. “How very little oil there is on the surface of your pots!” said she to them. “Smile,” said she to one of them, “and bend over the surface of your pot!” When she did it, an abundance of oil covered the surface. “And you,” said she, “squint, and bend over yours!” Then she seized them both by the hair on their foreheads, and pushed their heads down into the big pots until they were dead and then she lifted them up, and put them back in their places. She made one of them appear as if she were sewing, and afterward she did the same thing to the other. One was squinting, and the other was smiling. Then she. ran out and rushed up the hill. Now came their husband, with logs in tow. He tied them up at the beach, and went up to the house and entered it. The woman who was bending over, squinting, he struck. When he did so, her face sloughed off. The other, who was smiling as she sewed, he struck also, and the skin sloughed off. Thereupon he ran out, crying. “What ails my wives?” said he. “My wife has been with them!”

As he goes out, the village is in an uproar. Just now they were walking around quietly outside the houses. What is the matter? Some are crying, and yonder some are shouting. “There goes a brown bear up on the big mountain!” they yell. Up streams a swarm of villagers, armed with spears and ice-picks and arrows. Up, up, they go. On the mountain the great beast stands looking at them. It is Tdjo’xwullik who is in the lead. In an instant she catches him. “My wife, I have come to you!” he says, for the woman has pushed the hood from her face; but that is all he says, for she crushes his head between her jaws, and tears him in pieces. And all the men of the village, too, she destroys on the spot, and down upon the village she rushes. She begins at one end of the village, and goes to the other. Caches and houses, she destroys them all, and the children and the women, and then she leaves.

She left, and went toward her own village, for she was thinking of the boys. She went into her house, and the older of the two boys cried out, “Ulli’yu!” in terror, and began to scream. Meanwhile his younger brother, the little man, caught up the stick that their mother had given them, and set it quickly against that bear’s breast. There he held it firmly. At that, she pulled back her hood. “My children,” said she, “well done! Stay where you are!” said she. Then she went out. Outside, near the house, she took off the skin, and removed the teeth also, and put them under a log and went in. Then she took the two boys on her knees, caressing them fondly. “Ah,” said she, “you have done well. While I was far from you, I was thinking about you.” There, then, they remained all that summer. The leaves turned, and still they staid on. The cold weather came; and then she said to her children, “Let us go now to the place where:our house is to be!” The younger of the two children she loved exceedingly. “As you have done,” said she, “so will men do in years to come. While the older brothers are fearful, the younger brothers will be brave.” They dressed themselves in brown-bear skins, for it had grown cold. Their mother, also, put on the skin that she had worn; and they went up the ravine to the place where their house was to be. On either side of the place stood a large spruce. On the farther one the mother exercised herself, and on this side the children; and when they had finished thus sharpening their claws, they dug out a place for the house. They completed it; and then she said to her children, “From this time on, men shall see but little of us.”

So, then, my story is ended.


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 The child who became a sea-gull

A seagull in human form abducts a woman’s young daughter, taking her to a nest on a nearby islet. The mother searches and hears her child, now transformed into a seagull, singing to her. Despite recognizing her mother’s presence, the child flies away with the other seagulls whenever her mother approaches, leaving the mother unable to retrieve her.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Loss and Renewal: The mother experiences the loss of her child, who is renewed in a different form as a sea-gull.

Conflict with Nature: The human characters face a direct conflict with a creature from nature that has supernatural abilities.

Family Dynamics: The story centers on the relationship between the mother and her child, highlighting themes of separation and the enduring bond between them.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Some people were camped near a lake, and among them a woman who had a little girl (or baby?). Near by, on an islet in the lake, seagulls had their nests. One day a sea-gull came in human form and stole the little girl from the people’s camp, and took her to her nest. Her mother searched for her, and came to where the sea-gulls were. The girl recognized her, and sang:

Mother, here I am, here I am!

The mother followed the voice, and saw her child in the form of a little sea-gull in the nest. She tried to catch her child, who continued to sing; but she did not succeed, for the sea-gulls always flew away when she came near, and the child went with them.

► Continue reading…

Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The man who married a grizzly bear

A hunter insults Grizzly Bear after slipping on its excrement. Soon after, he meets a woman who leads him to her home, where they live together for months, though it feels like days to him. Unbeknownst to him, she is a Grizzly Bear in human form. Eventually, his brothers, aided by his loyal dog, track him down. The man returns to his human family but remains connected to his Grizzly Bear wife and their children.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The man’s relationships with both his human and grizzly bear families explore complex familial bonds and loyalties.

Conflict with Nature: The narrative delves into the tensions between humans and the natural world, exemplified by the man’s initial disrespect towards the grizzly bear and his subsequent immersion into her realm.

Love and Betrayal: The man’s union with the grizzly bear woman and his eventual return to his human family touch upon themes of love, fidelity, and the challenges of dual existence.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A man who was married and had several children was hunting. He happened to step on some grizzly-bear excrement, which made him slip and fall. He was angry, and called Grizzly Bear nasty names. Shortly afterwards he met a nice-looking woman, who asked him if he cared to go with her. She said, “We shall go only a little way, then we will camp and lie down together.” The man agreed, and went with her. As they went along, he thought he was stepping over logs; but in reality each time he seemed to step over a log, he stepped over a mountain. After travelling a long way, they came to the house of the Grizzly woman. They entered, and staid there three months. The man thought it was only three nights. The woman asked him sometimes if he was hungry; and when he answered, “Yes,” she cooked dried salmon for him, and fed him dried berries after soaking them to freshen them. At the end of three months the woman, who was a shaman, sang.

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Then she said to her husband, “People are coming. Tomorrow your brothers will find us.” The man’s brothers were hunting in the neighborhood of where the Grizzly had her den. It was in the middle of winter, and they had their lost brother’s dog with them. He was called Tsa’shwa [this is used as a dog-name among the Tahltan and Tlingit (-hwa is said to mean “young man” in the Tlingit language)], and was very keen of scent. He found the old tracks of his master under the snow, and followed them. Now, bears feel the steps of people who walk on their tracks, for it is as though sparks fell on them. The bears turn these aside, and then the people lose the track. If bears do not pay attention to the sparks, the people can track them down. Now sparks of considerable force fell into the Grizzly woman’s den, for the brothers were drawing near. The woman pushed them back as fast as she could; but Tsa’shwa was cunning, and kept right on the tracks. The brothers followed him closely. At last the Grizzly woman became tired, and allowed the sparks to fall. Tsa’shwa and the brothers now came close to the den. His master recognized his voice and called him. Then the dog became excited. The hunters thought their brother must be there; but they were afraid to encounter the bear in its den, for they heard people talking inside. They thought the inmates of the den might not be bears. They returned to camp, although Tsa’shwa was loath to leave. When they had gone, the Grizzly woman advised her husband to leave. They went to a distant place, and took up their abode near a salmon creek. The next day the brothers came back to the den accompanied by another brother, but they found the den empty. For a long time the man lived with the Grizzly woman at the salmon creek, and no one discovered their house. He hunted and fished, and they always had plenty of food. His wife bore two children. One day she said, “You have a wife and children among the people. Go back and visit them.” He went in a canoe. His brothers and the people were glad to see him. He saw his former wife, but was afraid to talk to her. After a while he returned to his Grizzly-bear wife. Thus he visited his people three or four times. On his last visit his former wife intercepted him when he was about to leave, and asked him why he never spoke to her and to his children. She said, “How can I support your children? They are the same as fatherless.” He spoke with her. Then he feared something evil might happen: therefore he called upon a wise old man, and asked his advice. The old man told him what the result of his indiscretion would be. The hunter then requested the seer to watch him with his mind (or invisible seeing-power) and to tell the people what would happen to him. The old man promised to do so. Then the hunter, full of evil forebodings, returned to his Grizzly bear wife. As he approached the shore, he saw her weeping. She had known at once when the man had spoken to his former wife, and became sorry and wept. As he came close to the shore, the two cubs ran out into the water to meet him. Their mother followed. She caught the man in her arms and tore him to pieces.


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The woman who married the black bear

A woman collecting berries slips on bear excrement and curses the bears. A man appears, offers to carry her berries, and leads her to his den, revealing himself as a bear. She transforms into a bear and becomes his mate, bearing two children. Visiting her people, they mock her bear-like children, prompting her to revert to bear form and attack, leading hunters to kill her and her offspring.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Forbidden Knowledge: The woman’s integration into the bear’s world exposes her to experiences and realms beyond typical human understanding.

Family Dynamics: The tale explores complex relationships, including the woman’s bond with her bear partner and their hybrid offspring, as well as her interactions with her human relatives.

Tragic Flaw: The woman’s inability to fully reconcile her dual identity and the ensuing rage when her children are mocked lead to her downfall and the destruction of her family.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Some women were coming down a steep side-hill, following one another Indian file. They had been out picking berries all day. The last woman slipped on some bear-excrement and fell. She was angry, and said, “Those dirty black bears defecate on the trail all the time!” Soon afterwards a man caught up with her and offered to carry her berries. She agreed, and went with him. She thought he was leading her to the camp, but he led her away to where he had his den. They entered and sat down. The bear bent his head down, but the woman sat upright. Bear said, “Bend your head forward as I do.”

She did this, and at once changed into a bear. Now they lay down together to go to sleep. She put one of her hands out of the den. The bear told her not to do this, and she obeyed; but after a while she stretched out her hand again involuntarily.

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One day her brother was hunting below the den. She knew he was near and below her. She took some snow, kneaded it into a ball, and let it roll down the slope. The snowball hit the toe of her brother’s snowshoe. He looked up, and saw what looked like a small hole in the hillside. He examined the snowball, and saw that it had been kneaded and bore the marks of fingers. He returned to the camp and told the people. On the following day they went to the den, but found it empty. During the night the bear and the woman had gone off and made a new home near a salmon creek. Here they lived, and the woman bore two children to the bear. After a time the bear told her she might go back to her people and see them, but forbade her to talk to her former husband. [Some informants say that the bear was a grizzly, and not a black bear.] On this visit she reverted to her former human form. One time the people made fun of her children because they looked like bears and had long nails. Then she became angry, changed into a bear, and killed many people. Then some hunters killed her and her children.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The girl who was stolen by owl

A young girl, denied food by her parents, is lured outside by an owl mimicking her grandmother’s voice. The owl abducts her to its tree lodge, feeding her live ants. The villagers’ mourning rituals intrigue the owl, leading it to ask the girl about them. Seizing the opportunity, the girl deceives and kills the owl, then escapes home. Upon warming by the fire, ants emerge from her body, and she dies.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The owl in the story is portrayed with anthropomorphic qualities, capable of mimicking human speech and abducting the girl, indicating its supernatural nature.

Cunning and Deception: The owl deceives the girl by imitating her grandmother’s voice, luring her outside to facilitate the abduction.

Family Dynamics: The narrative highlights the relationships within the girl’s family, including her interactions with her parents and sister, and their reactions to her disappearance and return.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Once a number of people who were living at a salmon creek engaged in putting up fish for winter use. In one house lived a girl with her parents and sister. Her grandmother lived near by in another lodge. The girl had been playing in her grandmother’s lodge, and came home late, after her parents had gone to bed. She asked them for something to eat; but her parents did not want to get up, and told her to wait until the next morning. The girl cried and cried. Suddenly they heard some one speak outside with a voice like that of the grandmother, saying, “Come here! I’ll give you a piece of salmon.” The mother told the girl to go; but it was dark outside, and she was afraid. She continued to cry, and her mother urged her to go. She went out, and came back, saying, “That woman is not my grandmother.” Her mother said, “Surely it is she.” She went out again, and Owl took her. She screamed, and her parents got up. All the people searched for the girl.

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They followed her to the foot of a mountain, in which she disappeared. Her cries became fainter and fainter, and finally ceased altogether. Owl took her through the mountain to her lodge, which was in a hollow tree on the other side. The people dug into the mountain, but gave it up when they heard cries far away on the other side. They returned home and sang a dirge, accompanying it with beats of a long staff. Owl heard the noise, and said, “Let us go and see what the people are doing!” Owl went, and perched with the girl on the roof of one of the lodges, and watched. Owl asked, “Why are they singing?” and the girl answered, “Because they are sorry.” Owl said, “That is funny.” The people kept up the ceremony for several nights, and Owl watched each night. She thought it was nice, and asked the girl, “How do they do it? Do they hold the pole and bring one end down on their heads?” Owl thought this, because to her everything looked upside down. The girl answered, “Yes,” and Owl said she would like to try it. The girl said, “Very well. Let me help you!” When they came home, the girl made a long pole, sharpened one end, and put a heavy flat stone on the other. She stood above Owl, who was standing up straight. She put the sharp end of the stick on Owl’s head just where the skull was weakest. She pushed the stick and drove it in with the stone. Owl tried to pull the stick out, but did not succeed. When dying, she tore holes in the tree with her hands. The girl left, and returned to her people. She was weak, for Owl had fed her on live ants, telling her to swallow them without chewing. At last she reached the place where the people drew water, and sat down. Her sister came, and recognized her. When she told her parents that her sister had returned, the mother would not believe it. She said, “Don’t speak of her! Long ago Owl took her.” The girl returned, and told her sister that their parents would not believe her. Then the returned girl took off part of the fringe of her marten robe and sent it to her mother. She recognized it, and came out at once and took her in. She told her story. There was a good fire in the camp; and when the girl became warm, the ants stirred in her belly, and came out through her mouth, nose, ears, and even her eyes, and every opening in her body. Then she died.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The Owl-Woman

A man marries a young girl undergoing traditional training, marked by wearing a large-hooded robe. While relocating their camp, the girl is enchanted by an owl’s nest, climbs a tree, and transforms into an owl herself. Her mother attempts to deceive the son-in-law by wearing the girl’s robe, but he uncovers the truth. Efforts to retrieve his wife fail, emphasizing the cultural belief that adolescent girls should avoid looking upward to prevent such enchantments.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Magic and Enchantment: The story imparts a lesson on the cultural expectations and taboos for adolescent girls.

Family Dynamics: The interactions between the girl, her mother, and her husband highlight complex familial relationships.

Cunning and Deception: The mother’s attempt to deceive her son-in-law by disguising herself as her daughter showcases themes of deceit.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Once a man married a young girl who had not finished her training, and still wore the robe with large hood used by girls at this period. Her mother lived with them. The man was a good hunter, and always brought home plenty of meat. He brought home the paunch of a caribou for his wife to eat, for, being adolescent, she did not eat meat. That evening he said to his wife and mother-in-law, “We will move camp tomorrow. You women will carry everything over there; and I shall go hunting, and join you at night.” The following morning the women started with their loads, and on their way passed a tree where the owl lived. The mother said, “Oh, there is an owl’s nest in this tree!” The girl looked up, and at once had a strong desire to go there. The owl’s influence had come over her. She said, “I will climb up to see it.” While she was doing so, she began to hoot, and went into the nest, where she disappeared.

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When her mother called her, she looked down, and said, “I shall eat you.” Her mother noticed that her daughter’s face already looked like that of an owl. Her clothes had dropped off on her way up the tree. Her mother now picked them up and put them on, intending to deceive her son-in-law. She hid her face with the hood. The man came home. He mistook the old woman for his wife, and asked her where her mother was. The woman answered, “She has gone out.” The man gave her a paunch to cook and eat. As the old woman had very few teeth, she put charcoal in her mouth along with the food to make a crunching-noise. She thought the sound was exactly like that of some one chewing: so she said to her son-in-law, “Don’t you think I chew well? Listen to me.” He was made suspicious by this question, and thought the sound was different from that of some one chewing. He pulled back the hood, and discovered that she was his mother-in-law. He asked her where his wife was; and she answered, “On a big tree. She has turned into an owl.” Her husband went to the tree and called his wife. She flew down repeatedly close to her husband’s head, saying, “I shall take my husband’s hair.” He tried to catch her, but in vain. The owl took the girl because she looked up. An adolescent girl should only look along the ground.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

A tse’dextsi story; or, the girl who married the dog-man

A wealthy man’s daughter secretly marries a dog that transforms into a handsome man. They elope, but she discovers his true nature and kills him. Returning home, she gives birth to five puppies. Shunned by her community, she survives alone. Observing her pups shedding their skins to become children, she burns the skins, permanently transforming them into human form. They later reunite with their community.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The husband transforms between human and dog forms, and the children shed their dog skins to become human.

Family Dynamics: The narrative explores complex relationships within the family, including the woman’s marriage to the dog-man and her role as a mother to their unique children.

Community and Isolation: The woman and her children experience isolation after being deserted by their community and later seek reintegration.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tahltan people


Tse’dextsi mean “rocks sitting down,” with reference to the rocks at this place, which were the Dog-Man’s wife and children.

A wealthy man had a daughter who lived in a recess off the main part of the house. The entrance to her chamber was from the main room, and the girl could neither go out nor in without being seen. Her father’s old dog was in the habit of lying down at the entrance to her room, and was always in the way. Going in or coming out, she had to step over him or kick him out of the way. One night the old dog turned himself into a good-looking young man. Then he asked her if she would marry him. She consented; and forthwith they eloped, and made their camp on a distant mountain. The man proved to be a good hunter, and always brought home plenty of game. The girl noticed, however, that each time he went hunting, there was the sound of a dog barking in the direction whither he had gone. She asked her husband about this; and he said, “Your father’s dog comes here,” She asked, “Where is he now? I will feed him;” and he answered, “I called him, but he would not follow me. He must have gone off somewhere.” She also noticed that her husband put all the bones from their meals on the opposite side of the fire. He never threw them into the fire.

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At night she often heard crunching of bones, and thought that perhaps her father’s dog had come. In the morning, however, there was never any sign of the dog having been there. She also noticed that her husband, on his return from hunting, invariably lay down for a short time and went to sleep quickly, as dogs do. She thought much over these things, and at last made up her mind to watch one night. She saw her husband get up, change into a dog, chew the bones alongside the fire, then change back into a man and go to bed again. She made up her mind to kill him. She prepared a block of wood and had a club ready. On the following day, when he came home from hunting, she said to him, “Well, you are tired. Lie down and have a nap. Put your head on this block while I cook for you. When all is ready, I will wake you up.” While he slept, she hit him on the head. He changed into her father’s old dog, and died. Now she returned to her parents, told them how she had eloped and that now she was pregnant. They said, “If your children are human, it will be well; but if they are dogs, it will be bad.” One month afterwards she gave birth to four male and one female pups. The people were angry, and at once deserted her, leaving her without food. She would also have been without fire had not her maternal grandmother taken pity on her, hidden some fire in a pit, and secretly told her of it. The people had left in canoes.

The woman dug clams every day, and fed her children abundantly. Sometimes, when she returned home, as she approached the camp, she heard sounds of laughing and talking, as though children were playing in the lodge. She also noticed sticks lying about, as if children had been playing with them. She watched, and found that the boys had stripped off their dog-skins and had assumed the form of children. The girl, however, was ashamed to strip naked, and pulled her skin down, exposing the upper part of the body only. The boys had piled up their dog-skins while they were playing. The girl would run out from time to time to see if their mother was coming. The woman then went down to the beach to dig clams. She set up a stick, and put her hat and robe on it, to deceive the girl and make her think she was still on the beach. The mother then went back to the camp, and, creeping stealthily up behind the girl, seized her and pulled off her skin. She then seized the other skins and threw all into a hollow log that she had put on the fire before leaving.

The boys grew up to be good hunters, and always supplied the family with plenty of meat. Now the family left the coast and moved into the interior, where there was plenty of game. They hunted on the north side of the Stikine River in the Tahltan country. As they depleted the game in each place where they hunted, they often moved camp and hunted in new places. When they had finished hunting in the Level Mountain country north of Telegraph Creek, they made up their minds to move to the south side of Stikine River. They forded the river at “The Three Sisters,” a little above Glenora. The girl, who was adolescent, and therefore not supposed to look purposely at anything, wove a robe with a hood which came over her head and face. She sat down at the river’s edge to wait for her mother, who was resting herself on the edge of the bank above and had divested herself of her pack. The four boys had entered the water. Their mother was watching them, and seeing the foremost ones struggling in the current, and, as she thought, in danger of being drowned, she called out in her excitement. The girl then looked at her brothers, who at once became transformed into stone in the positions they occupied in the water. Then she and her mother and her pack also changed into stone; and all of them may now be seen as rocks at this place. These rocks are called “The Three Sister Rocks” by the whites, because of the three large rocks in the river close together. The Indians call the upper rock Aske’tleka’; the middle one, Kasketl; the one next to the lowest, Tsexhuxha’; and the lowest one, Tlkaia’uk. These rocks are the four brothers. The rocks known as the girl and mother are on the shore, and a rock which stands out at the mouth of the little creek near by is known as their pack. Because the Dog men hunted throughout the Tahltan country on the north side of the Stikine, and killed off so much game, marmots are scarce there now, while they are plentiful throughout the country on the south side of the river, where they did not hunt.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

The deceitful wife

A hunter struggles to find game, leaving his family starving. His wife discovers a bear’s den, hides it, and secretly kills the bear, feeding herself and their children while deceiving her husband. When her brothers arrive seeking food, she lies about their situation. Upon learning of her deceit, the husband kills his wife and children for hiding food and betraying him.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Family Dynamics: The narrative centers on relationships within a family, highlighting betrayal and the consequences of hidden actions.

Revenge and Justice: The husband’s act of killing his wife and children serves as retribution for her deception and selfishness.

Moral Lessons: The tale imparts a lesson on the destructive consequences of deceit and selfishness within a family unit.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A man was out hunting. He had a wife and four children. He could find no large game. All he could get were small birds, sometimes only one or two a day. They were starving, and moved their camp. The woman found a bear’s den. She heaped a pile of snow over it to conceal it, and camped alongside. Her husband was hunting. That night he heard near the head of the bed growling as of a dog. He asked his wife what it might be, and she answered that she was scratching herself.

They were to move camp again the next day. In the morning her husband went ahead to try to find some game. He was barely out of sight when the woman killed the bear. She cooked the meat. Her husband smelled the burning hair and meat, and came back. As soon as she saw him, she hid the bear, and put the head of one of her children into the fire and scorched his hair.

► Continue reading…

She told her husband that one of the boys had gone too close to the fire and had singed his hair. When he saw the boy with his hair burnt, he believed what she said, and departed. The woman fed herself and children, and put the rest of the meat on her toboggan. Now, her brothers were also starving, and, thinking that their brother-in-law might be well provided with game, they journeyed towards his camp. When they struck his trail, they followed it, and came to the place where their sister and her children had been eating the bear-meat. They saw the bear’s skull hanging there. They were glad, and thought that their brother-in-law had been successful in hunting. The woman concealed the bear-meat from her husband, and kept it for herself and her children. When her brothers arrived in camp, they said to their brother-in-law, “We are starving;” and she answered, “So am I.” They said, “We saw the skull of a bear that you had killed, and we thought you had meat.” Then the woman said, “I will give you some meat to eat,” and she took some out of her toboggan. The brothers were ashamed, and went off without eating. Then the husband killed her and the children, because she had hidden the food and deceived him.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page