Ennou’s hunting trip

The story recounts a journey during which Ennou faces harsh winter conditions, encounters multiple moose without success, and navigates deep snow to various lakes. Over several weeks, he traps lynx, chisels through beaver houses, and confronts wolves without a gun. Ultimately, Ennou returns with a significant haul of furs and sells them for a substantial sum, reflecting on the numerous experiences of the expedition.

Source: 
Chipewyan Texts
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 1
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story

Trials and Tribulations: Throughout his expedition, Ennou confronts numerous obstacles, including harsh weather conditions, deep snow, and encounters with wolves, testing his endurance and skills.

Conflict with Nature: Ennou’s journey involves direct struggles against natural elements, such as navigating through four-foot-deep snow, facing cold weather, and dealing with wildlife like moose and wolves.

Cunning and Deception: Ennou demonstrates resourcefulness by setting traps, chiseling through beaver houses, and utilizing the help of dogs and companions to achieve his hunting objectives.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chipewyan people


After there had been three weeks of cold, snow, and wind, the weather cleared. We started on the trip and camped that night six miles away. The next night we reached the base of Goose Lake where we camped for the night. As we were going along the shore, the next morning, we all saw a moose. I went toward it but did not succeed in killing it. We saw three moose that day. I shot at the nose of one which was all that could be seen of it and missed it. That was why I did not kill any that day.

We went on from there but the snow was four feet deep and I had to tramp back and forth to make a road. Finally, we came to a small lake called Big Log Lake. From there we went to Wolf Lake where we stayed for a short time.

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Going out from that place, I set traps for lynx. I killed one. We went on from there to the opposite side of Black Fox Lake. We camped there three weeks during which time I killed nine lynx. We walked to White Fish Lake. I killed one lynx on the way. There was a beaver house at the lake. I chiseled through it with the help of a young woman. While we were there some wolves came after us. We had no gun. We killed four beaver at White Fish Lake outlet.

I went back for the traps and other property. It was a two day’s journey, but I brought back seven lynx. Starting down the White Fish River one morning, we came where there were beaver living, five of which we killed. From there we went to Big Beaver Lake where I trapped a lynx and we chiseled out three beaver and killed one mink. We then turned back, traveling over the same way we had come. Nine lynx had been caught in the traps set as we first passed over the road, but one had gotten away taking the trap. The next morning I went, after this one with the dogs. With the help of the dogs, I killed, that day, one moose and a lynx. We came back from there to Goose Lake at the outlet of which we found some Indians. At the narrows there were more Indians. Finally, we came back to Cold Lake and into the Reserve and stopped at Alfos house. I had twenty-five lynx, six beavers, and one mink. I sold them to Baptiste Jacob for four hundred ninety dollars, two horses, and a spring wagon. I also bought a cow. I could not tell in a whole day all that happened on that trip.


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His-Leg-Trembles

The tale is about a man known for his exceptional speed and bravery. In one instance, despite warnings from his companions about two white bears atop a hill, he confronts and defeats them single-handedly. In another episode, he outsmarts a group of Cree warriors who had set a trap using fake caribou decoys, ultimately killing all the Cree.

Source: 
Chipewyan Texts
by Pliny Earle Goddard
The American Museum of Natural History – Anthropological Papers
Volume X, Part 1
New York, 1912


► Themes of the story

Hero’s Journey: The protagonist embarks on daring confrontations, showcasing his courage and strength.

Cultural Heroes: His actions and abilities highlight traits revered in Chipewyan culture, positioning him as a foundational figure.

Trials and Tribulations: The protagonist encounters and successfully navigates various challenges, including ambushes and deceptive traps.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Chipewyan people


Once when the Chipewyan were returning from an unsuccessful war party against the Cree, they were approaching the top of a hill. His-leg-trembles was far behind them. “I wonder what those two things are, sitting there ahead of us,” one of them said. When they started up the hill their blankets were blown back. His-leg-trembles came up to the party and started to climb the hill. “I want to see what they are,” he said. “Do not go up there, there are some white bears living under the top of the hill,” the others said to him. “I like to see something frightful,” he said, “I am going to look at them.” “No, do not,” the others urged him. “I am going to look,” he said. The string which held the blanket around his neck broke when it Was blown back by the wind. He ran around the two white bears who were sitting there waiting for him, making the ashes fly until nothing could be seen.

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When the ashes settled, they saw the two bears lying with their heads away from each other and His-leg-trembles standing a little way from them leaning upon his little old spear. That man could run so fast that nothing could catch him. Without running very hard, he could keep along beside a young caribou.

At another time the Cree had put some willow sticks on a lake making them look like the horns of caribou. The Chipewyan thought they were caribou and hung pieces of clothing about the lake to prevent the caribou from running out and began to hunt them. While they were going to their several positions, they came where His-leg-trembles was sitting. On a point of land nearly opposite the side, they thought they heard a noise. It sounded like shouting but they were not certain. Then a big woman came near. “Niece, what has happened,” they asked. “’The Cree have put up sticks,’ Thananye told me. Then I started from there in a straight line, running sidewise that I might go faster. Over in the middle of the lake, I saw the Cree fighting. When I was about to run into them, I stopped. I slipped and fell under the Cree. ‘I will spear that mean little child,’ one of them thought to himself. They were holding their spears ready for me, but the spear points all came together behind me. Then I saw him standing there, it was so quickly done.” He had killed all the Cree.


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How the boys escaped

Two boys lose an arrow and discover a house containing a bowl of ice cream. After eating the treat, they hide inside the house but are found and swallowed by a woman who returns. Inside her stomach, they use a small knife and whetstone to cut their way out, successfully escaping.

Source: 
Ten’a Texts and Tales
(from Anvik, Alaska)
by John W. Chapman
The American Ethnological Society
Publications, Volume 6 (ed. Franz Boas)
E.J. Brill, Leyden, 1914


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The boys exhibit cunning behavior by hiding and later devising a plan to escape from the woman’s stomach.

Conflict with Nature: The boys face a life-threatening situation within a natural setting and must use their wits to survive.

Trials and Tribulations: The boys undergo a series of challenges, from losing their arrow to being swallowed and finding a way to escape.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Koyukon people


Two boys were shooting with arrows, and the arrow of one of them was lost; and they searched for it, and found a house, and went up on the roof. Down there on the floor, in a big bowl, was some ice-cream; and they went into the house and ate it. Then one of them got under a stone, and the other got under a pillow, and there they staid. Soon some one came stamping in. And she kicked the bowl, and said, “Who ate what was in you?” “There’s one of them under that stone, and the other is under the pillow,” said she, and she swallowed them. And they were in her belly. Then one of them took out a little knife, and the other took out a little whetstone, and they cut open her stomach and jumped out.

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The hunter and the Duci’ne

A hunter, wary of the Duci’ne—a group of malevolent, semi-cannibalistic beings with shamanistic powers—prepares his family for potential danger. One day, after observing a peculiar fog, he devises a plan to confront the Duci’ne. Through cunning and persistence, he ultimately defeats one of these beings, ensuring his family’s safety.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Cunning and Deception: Both the hunter and the Duci’ne employ tactics of stealth and surprise, using deception to gain the upper hand.

Trials and Tribulations: The hunter undergoes a series of challenges in his efforts to defeat the resilient Duci’ne, testing his perseverance and ingenuity.

Moral Lessons: The story imparts lessons on vigilance, the importance of preparedness, and the consequences of underestimating one’s adversaries.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


Duci’ne or Duce’na are a kind of wild people, partly cannibal, of wicked disposition, believed to inhabit the country, especially to the east. They wear clothes, and look like people. They often sing and dance as they go along. They possess great shamanistic power, and, when hunting in the mountains, conceal themselves in a cloud of down, so that people cannot see them. At a distance the down looks to people just like fog. They are said to cat only the ribs of game they kill. They are good hunters and travellers. At the present day the name is used as a common designation for the Cree Indians.

A man went with his family to trap marmots. He thought Duci’ne people were near. Therefore he told his wife to build the door of their house in the form of a passage, with a recess on one side where a person could hide.

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He said, “If you see a fog travelling on the mountains on a clear day, you may be sure that it is a Duci’ne man.” One clear day after this the man was hunting sheep. He killed one, and brought it home to camp. His wife told him that she had seen the fog that day: so at dusk he asked her to hide with the children in the woods near by, while he would wait in camp. He kept up a large fire, and laid the body of the sheep alongside the fire, and covered it with blankets. About midnight the fire had burned down a little. Then he heard a sound as of some one approaching, and he hid in the recess near the door. Soon a man holding bow and arrows entered, and, seeing what seemed to be a man asleep near the fire, he discharged an arrow into the sheep. At the same moment when he lifted his arms to shoot his bow, the man from the recess shot an arrow into his body below the arm. The Duci’ne ran out, making a noise like a bird flying, and disappeared. The man went out and called on his helper, the snow. Then snow began to fall, and covered the ground. Early in the morning he called his wife and children to camp, and told them he was going after the wounded man. He followed his tracks to a lake, where he came to the Duci’ne in the water, and a loon sucking his wound to heal it. He called on the man to spare him. The man refused, and shot him again; and his body sank in a deep part of the lake. Next morning he saw the Duci’ne afloat again, and the loon sucking his wounds. He shot him again, and this time cut off his head. He put his body in the water at one end of the lake, and his head at the other. The next morning the parts had come together, and the loon was attending to him as before. The man shot him again, and cut his body into small pieces. He carried them around, putting them here and there in different lakes and streams some distance apart. In this way he managed to kill him for good and all.


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Story of grasshopper

A young woman disguises herself as a man and partners with Grasshopper for hunting. Upon discovering her true identity, Grasshopper marries her. However, he proves to be an ineffective provider, consuming only grasshoppers and sinew. Their child dies during a journey, but Grasshopper miraculously revives it. He later encounters a monstrous creature, kills it unconventionally, and eventually dies himself while serving as a snare trigger.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The young woman dresses and lives as a man, embodying a physical and social transformation.

Family Dynamics: The narrative delves into the relationship between Grasshopper and the woman, their unconventional marriage, and the birth of their child.

Trials and Tribulations: The characters face various challenges, including hunting difficulties, starvation, and personal conflicts.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A young woman used to dress like a man. She and Grasshopper were hunting-partners, but Grasshopper did not know that she was a woman. She killed plenty of game, while Grasshopper did not kill anything. He wondered why she was such a good hunter, and also why she always sat down when she wanted to urinate. One day they came to a porcupine-den, and she sat down to urinate. Grasshopper ran through the porcupine-den, and, coming out close behind her, put his hand below her, and found out that she was a woman. The woman was ashamed, and went home and told her parents. They ranged up all the men, and had them pass before the girl, to find out who had done it. Grasshopper sat in the corner, laughing. All the men passed in view, but the girl could not point to any of them. Then she looked around, and, seeing Grasshopper sitting in the corner, pointed him out as the culprit.

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The girl’s father gave him the girl for his wife. Now they went out on a hunting-trip together. Grasshopper, being the husband, went out hunting every day, but never killed anything except other grasshoppers. He ate only grasshoppers and sinew of game. He ate no flesh of any kind. They were starving, and the woman herself had to go out hunting. After a time a baby was born. One day when they moved camp. Grasshopper, who was unable to carry much weight, went ahead with the baby, while his wife followed with a heavy load of camp-outfit. Grasshopper grew tired carrying the baby. He choked it, and hung it up on a tree. Then he went off hunting grasshoppers. At night, when he came to camp, he found his wife crying. He said to her, “Grasshopper, Grasshopper-Child [he always addressed his wife and child thus] is not dead. Why do you cry?” He struck the baby with his mitts, and it woke up, as though it had only been asleep. His wife was glad, and said to him, “Kill a bear for me tomorrow.” Grasshopper went out, and, while hunting grasshoppers in the grass, saw a huge monster approach. He was too late to get away, and the monster swallowed him. He tried to get out, and at last emerged through the anus. In this way the animal was killed. He went home, and said to his wife, “I have killed a bear for you. I jumped down his mouth, passed through all his insides, then came out and shot him.” She went out to see; and when she saw the huge carcass, she fell down from fright and crawled away, for her legs trembled so that she could not walk. Grasshopper came; and when he tapped her on the legs with his mitts, she became well, and walked back to camp. She said to him, “Bears are not like that: they are black, and only a little larger than a dog,” He went out hunting, and this time he killed a bear. His wife sent him to her mother. He went, and staid some time. His mother-in-law gave him plenty of meat to eat, but this was not his food. He wanted sinew to eat. He became so weak and sick that he had to crawl on his way back to his wife. He said to her, “Your mother gave me nothing but her excrements to eat, and made me sick.” They moved camp again, this time to snare caribou. Grasshopper said to his wife, “Use me as a trigger for the snare [like the trigger of a rabbit-snare].” His wife chased a caribou into the snare. The caribou went with great force and cut Grasshopper in two. He said to his wife, “Quick! put me together [join my legs to my body], that I may chase the caribou.” In her haste she joined the two parts of his body the wrong way; so that, when he ran forward, he was looking backwards. He was angry and ran off, but he could not go straight. He called to her, “Quick! break me, and join me again!” She broke him and joined him again, and now he went straight ahead. He said to her, “When you see smoke, you will know that I have overtaken and killed the caribou.” His wife saw smoke in a far-away mountain, and went there.


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The bad man and his son-in-law

A man is targeted by his malevolent father-in-law, who schemes to kill him. First, he sends the man to hunt near a cannibal toad’s lair, but with the aid of his animal protectors—a grizzly bear, black bear, wolf, and lynx—the man defeats the toad. Undeterred, the father-in-law attempts other deadly plots, including transforming his own daughter into a grizzly bear to attack her husband. Each time, the man overcomes the dangers, ultimately leading to the father-in-law’s demise.

Source: 
Tahltan Tales
by James A. Teit
The American Folklore Society
Journal of American Folklore
Vol.32, No.124, pp.198-250
April-June, 1917
Vol.34, No.133, pp.223-253
July-September, 1921
Vol.34, No.134, pp.335-356
October-December, 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The protagonist receives assistance from supernatural animal protectors, including the grizzly bear, black bear, wolf, and lynx.

Conflict with Authority: The story centers on the protagonist’s struggle against his authoritative and malevolent father-in-law.

Trials and Tribulations: The protagonist endures and overcomes a series of lethal challenges orchestrated by his father-in-law.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Tahltan people


A man who had married a girl, the daughter of a man of evil disposition, was hated by his father-in-law, who had made up his mind to kill him. One day he told the man to go hunting at a place where a gigantic cannibal toad lived. When the man approached the toad’s abode, he knew by the power of his protectors that he was in danger, and called on them for assistance. His four protectors — the grizzly bear, black bear, wolf, and lynx — appeared at once. The toad came out to fight the man, and opened its great mouth to bite him. Grizzly Bear, who was foremost, immediately jumped down its throat before it could bring its jaws together, and the others followed him. Then the four tore its entrails, and the man shot and killed it. The animals ate their way out, leaving four great holes in its body. When the man returned, his father-in-law was much disappointed because he had not been killed.

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The following day he asked him to go hunting on a high mountain at a place where snow-slides always came down and killed people. When he reached this place, he changed himself into something so tiny that the snow-slide could not crush it. The avalanche came and carried him down, but failed to harm him. When he arrived at the bottom, he resumed his natural form and went home. His father-in-law could hardly suppress his disappointment and anger. He said to his daughter, “I will change you into a grizzly bear. Go out on yonder side-hill and act and feed like a bear.” He put a bear-skin on her, and told her to tear her husband. Then he pointed out the bear to his son-in-law, who went to kill it. When he came near and was about to shoot, his wife called out, “Don’t shoot! Save me! I am your wife.” He never heeded, and kept on shooting until he had killed her. His father-in-law was now very angry, and pursued him. The man threw down part of the inside of the bear; and this formed a deep chasm between them, stopping for a time the advance of his pursuer. The latter caught up again; and the man threw something behind him, which again formed an obstacle and delayed his pursuer. Thus he threw down several things, which became canyons, lakes, etc., behind him. His father-in-law managed to pass them all, and again caught up. He had only one thing left that he could throw. This was a stick, which turned into fire [some people say it was a fire-drill or fire-rock]. His pursuer ran right into the fire, and was burned to death.


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The shaman who went into the fire, and the heron’s son

A young boy, mistreated by his uncle’s wife, retreats into the wilderness, guided by a spirit. He creates nests along a creek and undergoes a transformation, gaining shamanic powers. His concerned uncle searches for him and eventually finds him in a cave. The boy instructs his uncle on how to handle his spiritual journeys, emphasizing the importance of rescuing him from the fire during rituals.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist undergoes a significant change, becoming a shaman with spiritual powers.

Trials and Tribulations: The boy faces challenges, including mistreatment by his uncle’s wife and the hardships of his spiritual journey.

Sacred Spaces: The cave and the nests he creates serve as significant spiritual locations in his transformation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.

A little boy’s friends were all gone. His uncle was a great hunter, and the little boy was always going around far up in the woods with bow and arrows. He was growing bigger. He also went out with his uncle. His uncle went about everywhere to kill things. He always brought plenty of game down from the mountains.

One time he again went hunting. At that time the inside of the house was full of the sides of mountain sheep, on racks. His uncle’s wife bated her husband’s little nephew very much. When she went outside for a moment, he broke off a little piece of fat from the sides of mountain sheep hanging on the rack, to put inside of his cheek. Although there was so much he broke off only so much. Then his uncle’s wife looked all around. The end piece was not there.

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“Is it you that has done this?” she said to her husband’s little nephew. He cried and said, “No.” Then she put her hand inside of his cheek. “Why don’t you go up on the mountain?” [she said.] She scratched the inside of his cheek. Blood ran out of his mouth. While crying he pulled his uncle’s box toward him. He took his uncle’s whetstone out of it. Meanwhile his uncle was far away.

Then he started off into the woods, carrying the whetstone, and came out to a creek. He came out on a sandy bank, pounded (or scooped) it out like a salmon, and made a nest beside the water. He stayed upon it overnight. His dream was like this. He was told, “Let it swim down into the water.” It was his spirit that told him to do this.

When his uncle came down he missed him. He asked his wife, “Where is my nephew?” She answered. “He went up that way with his bow and arrows.”

When [the boy] got up farther he made another nest. This man was named “For-little-slave.” He made eight nests. Now his spirit helper began to come to him on the last. At that time he took his whetstone down into the creek, and it swam up in it. Then he lost his senses and went right up against the cliff. He stayed up there against the cliff. Everything came to bear him there-sea gulls, eagles, etc. When his spirits left him they would always be destroyed — the eagles, sea gulls, all of them.

Now, his uncle hunted for him. After he had been out for eight days he discovered the nest his nephew had made by the creek. He saw all the nests his nephew had camped in. His uncle looked into the creek. The salmon was swimming there, and be camped under the nest. Afterward he listened. In the morning he heard the beating made by shamans’ sticks. He heard it just in the middle of the cliff. Then he came up underneath it. Before he thought that [his nephew] had seen him, his nephew spoke to him: “You came under me, the wrong way, uncle.” The uncle pitied his nephew very much. “Come up by this corner,” said his nephew. Ever afterward he was named, “For-little-slave.” then his uncle asked him, “What caused you to do this?” He did not say that his uncle’s wife had scratched the inside of his cheek. Instead be said to his Uncle: “Cave spirits told me to come here.” This was a big cave, bigger than a house.

Then his spirits came to him while his uncle was with him. They went inside, and his uncle beat time for him. Then be told his uncle to remember this: “When the spirit Nixa’ runs into the fire with me, do not let me burn up. While I am getting small throw me into a basket.” That was the way he did with him. It ran into the fire with him, and he threw him into the basket. Then he always came to life inside of the basket. He became a big man again.

That same evening he sent out his uncle to call, “This way those that can sing.” Then the cliff could hardly be seen for the mountain sheep that came down to look into the cave. When they were seated there, he whirled about his bow and arrows and all the mountain sheep were destroyed. The inside of the cave was full of them. Now, he said to his uncle: “Take off the hides.” He was singing for great Nixa’. When the spirit came out of him he reminded his uncle, “When it runs into the fire with me, don’t forget to take me out and put me into the basket.”

After all of the sheeps’ sides were covered up be sent him for his wife. He came up with his wife into the cave. Then he said to his uncle: Take the half-basket in which we cook. “Mash up the inside fat for your wife.” His spirits took out the woman’s bottom part from her. For this reason the woman never got full eating the mountain-sheep fat. She could not taste the fat. He put her in this condition because she had scratched the inside of his cheek.

By and by be said to his uncle: “Make your mind courageous when Nixa’ comes in.” In the evening he told his uncle to go out and call. The cliffs could hardly be seen. Grizzly bears came in front of the house to the door of the cave. They extended far up in lines. Then his uncle started the song for the spirit. They kept coming inside. Suddenly a grizzly bear came in. It was as if eagle down were tied around its ears. At that [the uncle’s] wife became scared and broke in two. He did this to her because she had scratched on the inside of his cheek on account of the fat. His spirit also ran into the fire with him. While his uncle stood in fear of the grizzly bear, For-little-slave burned up in the fire.

At that the cave creaked, and every animal ran into its skin. The things they were drying did so. They did so because the shaman had burned up. So the shaman and his uncle also were finally burned up.


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The origin of copper

A chief’s daughter, while berry-picking, insults a grizzly bear and is subsequently taken by him as his wife. Living among the grizzly-bear people, she struggles with their customs. A grandmother mouse warns her of the danger, prompting her escape. Pursued by bears, she is rescued by a canoe that transports her to the sun. There, she marries the sun’s sons, who eliminate a cannibalistic threat for her. Eventually, she returns to her father’s village with her new family.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative includes interactions with grizzly-bear people and the sun’s sons, both of which are supernatural entities.

Journey to the Otherworld: The woman is taken to the realm of the grizzly-bear people and later ascends to the sun’s domain, both representing journeys to otherworldly places.

Trials and Tribulations: The protagonist faces multiple challenges, including captivity by the grizzly bears, the threat of a cannibal, and the struggle to return to her father’s home.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


The story was obtained at Sitka.
Another version is incorporated into the story of Raven

A chief lived in the middle of a very long town. His daughter was fond of picking berries. Once she went for berries with her father’s slaves, and while picking far up in the woods she stepped upon some grizzly-bear’s dung. “They always leave things under people’s feet, those wide anuses,” she said. When they wanted to go down her basket broke, and her father’s slaves picked up the berries and put them back for her. Very close to her father’s house it broke again.

Then one said to her, “Now pick them up yourself.” While she was putting them in a man came to her whirling a stick in his hand. “Let me marry you,” he said to her. Then he started off with her. He went up toward the woods with her and passed under two logs. These things which looked like logs were mountains.

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The people missed this woman. For that the people were called together, and they searched everywhere for her. It was the grizzly bear to which the high-caste woman had spoken angrily that married her. The grizzly-bear people kept going after salmon. After they had gone her husband went out after wet wood. She, however, always collected dry wood. When they came up from the salmon place they threw off their coats. They shook them. Something in these like grease would burn in the soaked wood. The woman’s dry wood, however, always went out. It was not long before they did something to the high-caste woman on account of it.

When they went out again, the woman saw smoke right under her foot. A grandmother mouse was coming out from under a little hill. It was that which was going to help her. “Come in, grandchild,” she said, “These are very dangerous animals you are among. The grizzly-bear people have carried you away.” She told her the truth. Then she gave her advice. “Over there is your father’s home.” So next morning when they were gone after salmon she started running in the, opposite direction. When they came home at midday the grizzly-bear people missed her. The woman’s dress had rotted up there. After she had crossed one mountain she glanced behind her. It looked dark with grizzly bears. When they gained on her she began crying for her life. She came out on the edge of a lake. In the middle of this big lake a canoe was floating wearing a dance hat. It said to her, “Run this way into the water.” Then she ran into the water toward it. She was pulled in, and it went up with her into the sun.

The sun’s sons had married a cannibal [Luqana’, probably equivalent to Kwakiutl Lo’koala]. Whomsoever they married never lasted long before they killed her. Now, however, they liked the one they had just married. To make way for her they killed the cannibal. They killed her over a Tsimshian town. They chopped her into very fine pieces. This is why there came to be so many cannibals there. They could see the Tsimshian town. When the sun got straight up over her father’s town they said, “Here is your father’s town.” Very soon they had a child. Their father’s canoe, a grizzly-bear canoe, stood at the end of this town. The canoe could hear. They loaded it with things. They put grease inside of it for their father-in-law. Then it walked away with them. After it had walked on for a long time it would stop suddenly. This was because it was hungry, and they would then break up a box of grease in front of the bow. They came in front of their father-in-law’s house. Then she recognized her father’s house, and went up in front of it. Then her brother came into the house and said, “My sister has come and is outside.” But his mother beat him because he claimed to see his sister who had been long dead. His mother went out. It was indeed true, and they were coming ashore. They did not see them (her husbands), however, for they were like streaks of moonlight. Now, after they had brought all their things up, one went out and said, “There is nothing there.” The wife said, “That moonlight down there is they. Tell them to come up.” So people went to tell them. They came up. Then the sunbeams lay alongside of the woman in streaks, and their little son in front of them was also like a sunbeam. After they were seated inside of the house they began to appear as if coming out of a fog. “Eat something, my daughter,” said the chief. Then a very young man ran to get water for them. But her husband took a fishhawk’s quill out, and put this into it. If it bent over on account of the wet the man had not behaved himself. After they had examined everyone she sent her little brother, and her little brother always brought water for them. When her brother went away she took her husband’s bucket for the water herself. But after she had been twice, a man near the water seized her hand. And, when she brought it into the house and set it close beside her husbands, they put the fishhawk’s quill into it. This time, after her hand had been caught, the quill bent over with slime. Then they started to getup to go outside, away from her. She would catch first one and then the other, but her hands passed right through them. Then they ceased to see them. Their canoe, however, ran about on the lake.

After that the sun’s children began to wish that filth would kill their son. This is why poverty always kills a little boy when his father dies. After her little child had begun to suffer very much they compelled him to go outside with his mother. She made a house with branches at the other end of the town. There she stayed with her little child. She continually bathed her little child inside of the house of branches, and he grew larger there. People kept throwing the leavings of food on top of their house. They always called him” This man living here.” They would laugh at him. Whenever the little boy ran out among the boys who were playing they said “Uh! Garbage-man.” Now he said to his mother, “Make a bow and arrows for me.” And, after she had made them, he went out shooting just at daybreak. He shot all kinds of things. When he was getting to be a man, he kept going up close by the lake.

After he had gone up there many times something came up quickly toward him. Its mouth was red. After it had done so twice, he asked his mother, “What is that, mother?” Then he prepared anew spear. “When it opens its mouth for you and puts its forefeet up on land run down to it. It is your father’s canoe.” So he went there and it opened its mouth for him. His mother had said, “Shoot it in the mouth,” and, when he had shot it, it was heard to say “Ga,” like a raven. It was as if its seats had been all cut off. It was a copper canoe in which were wide seats. The canoe was nothing but copper and broke entirely up. Throughout the night he carried it into his house to his mother. No person knew of it.

Now he began making a big house out of copper. He would pound out spears and bracelets under the branches. In those days there was no iron or copper. He also pounded out copper plates. Then he set them all round the inside of the house. When they threw garbage upon his house [they kept calling him] “Pounding-chief.” After he had finished the house there were plenty of copper plates which he kept pounding out. When they laughed at him and he ran outside they would say, “Uh! Garbage-man.” There was a chief’s daughter whom they would let no one marry. After people from all places had tried to get her he prepared himself. He dressed himself at night. He took a piece of twisted copper. He knew where the chief’s daughter slept. He poked the woman through a hole with this copper roll, and the woman caught hold of it. She smelt it. She did not know what the copper was, no person in the world having ever seen copper. Then he called to her saying, “Come outside,” and she went outside to him. “Go down to my house with me. With me you shall stay,” he said to her. She did not know whence the man came. The man that used to be called dirty was only going to the beach with her. Just before she touched the door it opened inward. The copper door shone in her face. Whence were all those coppers that stood around inside of the house? Then he married her in his house.

By and by the people began searching for that woman. They missed her for many days. Two days were passed in searching for her. Then her father said to a slave, “Search below here.” The slave searched there for her. When he had looked into the house the slave backed out. It began shining in his face. Then the woman’s husband from inside the house said to him, “Come in. Do not tell about my house,” he said. “Say Garbage-man has married her.” When he came into the house he told about it. He said, “Garbage-man has married her.” Then they started to rush out. Her mother cried, “My daughter!” Then they rushed to his door. They kicked into the house, under the house made of branches. “Dam” it sounded. It shone out into her face, and they started back from the house door. Where was their anger against him? Then she became ashamed. After they got home he sent for his father-in-law, and he put eight coppers on him because he had married his daughter. Then they threw the branch house away, letting the copper shine out. But his father had done this purposely to him in order to help him. So even now, when a man is poor, something comes to help him. This shows how valuable copper was at the place where this happened. Even lately a copper plate used to cost two slaves. It has since become an everlasting thing there (i.e., it, is now used there all the time).


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Qaqatcgu’k

Qaqatcgu’k, a skilled hunter of Sitka, faced a transformative journey after hearing seals speak, leading him to abandon hunting. Forced by his family’s hunger, he ventured out again, only to become stranded at sea for months. Surviving on a remote rock, he returned to find his wives’ fates altered. His elder wife mourned him, while the younger remarried. Reunited, he shared his harrowing tale and rewarded those honoring his memory.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Qaqatcgu’k undergoes significant personal change after overhearing seals speak, leading him to abandon hunting—a central aspect of his identity.

Trials and Tribulations: His journey is marked by hardships, including being stranded at sea for months and surviving on a remote rock, testing his resilience and determination.

Family Dynamics: The narrative explores complex family relationships, highlighting his elder wife’s mourning and the younger wife’s remarriage during his absence, and the subsequent impact upon his return.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

One of the Sitka Kiksa’di, a man named Qaqatcgu’k, was very fond of hunting and could use his spear very accurately. He had two wives and several children, to whom he always brought home a fur seal. One time he heard a little fur seal crying continually, and he heard one of the others say to it, “Take care of that baby. Feed it. Qaqatcgu’k comes here hunting.” Then Qaqatcgu’k was frightened and said to his companions, “Let us go back.” So they went back and told the people in town what had happened. Then Qaqatcgu’k broke up his canoe, his paddles, and his spears, and burnt them, saying, “I will never go out hunting again.” So he remained at home for a long time.

One day, however, when a crowd of people were eating fur-seal meat, his little ones looked on hungrily. He pitied them so much that he did not know what to do.

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Then he said to his wife, “Go to your brother and ask him to loan me his canoe and spears.” Then he started off again, but, although there were many seals about, he could not get one. A young seal in particular he tried very hard to get. He kept chasing it farther and farther out to sea. At last he said to his men, “Let us go back. I can not get anything.” When they started paddling, however, a light breeze was blowing out from Sitka, and, although they worked vigorously the shore seemed to get more and more distant. Finally all became tired, threw their paddles into the canoe, and lay down to sleep, letting themselves drift farther and farther out.

After a very long time they came to a rock crowded with sea lions, fur seals, and sea otters, which seemed very tame. They clubbed numbers of them. Fresh water they obtained from a wild celery which has hollow stalks full of water. They built a house out of dry bushes, cooked the flesh of the sea animals and lived thus until August.

At last they wanted to start home again, so they made ropes of sea-lion hide, dried four sea-lion stomachs to carry along as floats, and filled a fifth with water. In the bottom of their canoe they put numbers of sea-lion bristles and loaded the rest of it down with valuable furs. They also cooked a lot of dried and fresh meat for the journey. Then they started off, guiding themselves by the sun, which they knew came up right behind Sitka in summer. When the sun set, they anchored by means of their hide lines and put the four sea-lion stomachs around their canoe to float it in case of storms. They did this every day.

Finally, after many days were past, they saw what they thought was a sea gull, but it always stayed in one place, and at last they discovered that it was a mountain. Then they felt brave and worked harder, and it became bigger and bigger. They did not know what mountain it was but said, “If we get to that place we can reach the village.” After a while they saw another mountain farther back and then knew that the first was Mount Edgecumbe and the second Verstovaia (Qane’sdi-ca). By and by they reached the mountain and drew their canoe up in a little bay under it, which they named Place-where-canoe-rested. After two days they started on again. Then they said, “Everyone has now gone to the salmon creeks.” By and by they came to Sitka village and had no more than done so before the Wind began to blow very hard. They must have been on the rock seven months. As they had anticipated, they found Sitka empty, and started for the salmon creek, Daxe’t.

All of the village people were then at Daxe’t drying salmon, and both of Qaqatcgu’k’s wives were with them. The younger had already remarried, but the elder sat near the point every day and cried for him. They had held a death feast for him and had set up a post. They were burning food and clothing for him.

That day, after the old wife had sat crying for some time, she looked up and saw a canoe with three men in it coming toward her. As she wept she looked up at it every now and then. When it got very close she suddenly stopped crying and thought to herself, “There is a fellow in that canoe that paddles just like my husband.” It made her feel sad. But, when it was still nearer, she said, “That is he and his brothers who went with him. Nobody ever paddled so much like him.” Then she got up and walked toward the house.

Then her husband, who thought a great deal of her, stood up and said, “That is my wife.” He looked again and was certain of it. Then he said to his brothers, “That is my wife. She must have been sitting there, crying.”

When the woman reached her house she said, “There is a canoe coming and I am sure that one of the men in it is my husband. Go out and look.” Then all went out, and saw that it was indeed he, and began to shout his name, announcing that he had come back. When he at length landed, he asked first for his wives, and they said, “The younger is married again, but the elder has been grieving her life away.” He asked whether his children were all alive and they said they were. Then they brought up his furs and other property from the canoe, and he began telling how he had happened to stay away so long. He told them how hard they had tried to get back, and how he had thought of his wife and children worrying at home, how they lived upon the large rock, how they provided themselves with water and meat, and how many valuable furs they could have gotten had they had bigger canoes. He told them how the seals, fur seals, sea otter, and sea lions were so tame that they looked at them like human beings, and how numerous they were. He also told them what a dreadful thing it is to be out at sea without knowing where one is or which way to go home, that it is like being in the inside of a bucket. When it was cloudy they did not know where the sun rose or set. He said that that was a valuable rock out there, and that wherever one looked or stepped lay sea-lion bristles. He also told the people how much surprised they were at having fine weather out at sea and at having it become stormy as soon as they got to the village. He told how they camped in their canoe, how they fixed it for the night, and everything else connected with their journey. He said that he dreamed all the time of being with his people, and that he used to wake up and tell his brothers that his old wife and all of his children were well. He always had had bad dreams about the younger wife, however, probably because she was married again. He had also composed a song about his dreams, which he sang to them. In this song he said, “Here I am lost and yet I dream I am at home with my people. I have no hope of seeing them, and yet I see them in my dreams.”

When he heard that the people had had a feast for him, he said, “Which of you gave a feast for me?” Then they pointed to a certain man and answered, “There is the principal one who gave a feast for you.” They pointed to others and said, “That one gave so much for you and that one so much.” He gave all of them valuable skins for what they had done.


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The duck helper

In Ta’sna, a boy and his mother were the sole survivors of a smallpox outbreak. Distressed by his grieving mother, the boy ventured into the woods and became lost. After wandering and repeatedly encountering a mysterious lake, he met a magical man who transformed from a black duck. Guided by the man’s instructions, the boy finally reunited with his mother at his uncle’s village, bringing her great joy.

Source: 
Tlingit Myths and Texts 
by John R. Swanton 
[Smithsonian Institution] 
Bureau of American Ethnology 
Bulletin 39 
Washington, 1909


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The boy encounters a magical man who transforms from a black duck, guiding him back to his mother.

Trials and Tribulations: The boy faces the challenges of losing his community, becoming lost in the woods, and striving to reunite with his mother.

Family Dynamics: The narrative centers on the boy’s concern for his grieving mother and his journey to return to her, highlighting the bond between mother and son.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Tlingit people


Myth recorded in English at Wrangell, Alaska, in January-April 1904

All the people in a village called Ta’sna, “just south of the mouth of the Yukon,” once died of smallpox with the exception of one woman and her son. The boy was just old enough to realize what had happened. His mother kept weeping day after day, and it so distressed her son that he went off hunting with bow and arrows and did not return until he thought she was through.

One day he went farther than he realized and on turning about was puzzled to know where the village lay. He walked for a long time in different directions trying to find it but in vain. He was lost and had to camp that night. Next morning he began looking again, and he looked all day with no better success. On the third morning, after he had looked about until he was very tired, he caught sight of water through the trees and, thinking it was the ocean, ran quickly toward it.

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When he came up to it, however, he found it was only a lake. He remained there for some time, living on roots, and afterward continued his journey. Again he traveled all day and on the following morning he again saw water through the woods. Now he felt happy once more, but when he came down to it and looked around, lo! it was the same lake he had left.

By this time the boy was too tired to walk any more, so he thought, “Well! I might as well stay right here.” He covered himself up with moss and went to sleep. Suddenly, however, he was awakened by a voice saying, “Who is this boy?” He looked around but saw no one. He was entirely alone. Then he fell asleep again, and again something said, “Who is this boy?” He thought that he was dreaming, for, when he looked around, he saw only a black duck far out on the water.

After this the boy said to himself, “Now I am going to sit up and watch.” So he seated himself against a large bush and, although he became so sleepy there that his eyes kept closing, he would open them resolutely and keep on the watch. Finally he got up and went behind the bush. While his eyes were closed, the boy heard the same voice again, but he was not quite asleep, so he opened them quickly and saw the black duck (gaxu) on the beach. Immediately it turned into a man, who stood looking at him. “What are you doing here?” said the man. Then the boy told him how he had gotten lost. “All of our village people died, and my mother cried so that I wanted to get away from her, so I traveled in the woods alone and became lost. Since that day I have not been home to see my mother.” Then the man took off his coat, gave it to the boy, and said, “Put on this coat. As soon as you have done so, stretch out your arms and keep going like that. Don’t think of me and don’t think of this lake. Think of your uncle’s house.”

The boy did as he had been told, and it seemed to him that he was flying along very rapidly far above the trees. For a long time he thought of nothing else than his uncle’s house and his uncle’s village, but at length he remembered the lake and lo! he was there once more with the man standing before him in the same place. Then the man said, “Didn’t I tell you not to think of me or the lake? Start over again. Think of nothing but your uncle’s house and the village you are bound for.” So this time the boy tried very hard, and all at once he came out back of his uncle’s house, where his mother was waiting and calling for him. When she recognized him she was very happy.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page