The Raven

These Inuit tales explore themes of trickery, survival, and transformation, often featuring the raven as a central figure. The raven demonstrates arrogance, resourcefulness, and eventual folly—whether stealing a thigh bone, attempting to dominate others, or failing to adapt to challenges. Interactions with other animals and humans reveal moral undertones about respect, cleverness, and the consequences of hubris, culminating in the raven’s ultimate downfall.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Trickster: The raven embodies the archetype of the trickster, using cunning and deceit in interactions with other animals and humans.

Transformation: The story features physical transformations, such as geese becoming human and vice versa, highlighting themes of change and adaptability.

Cunning and Deception: The narrative showcases acts of deceit and cleverness, particularly through the raven’s actions and the responses of other characters.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


1. A raven flew above a person, carrying something in his bill. “What have you in your bill, raven?” the person asked. “A man’s thigh-bone,” the raven answered. “I eat it because I like it. I am going to swallow it.”

2. A man, who was an angakoq, went visiting. He entered the raven’s house. The raven at once began to give orders to his son. He said: “Go out and get excrements.” His son went out and soon returned, bringing a large one. The raven told the man to eat of the excrement. The raven said, “Eat!” But the man did not eat it. The gull said to him: “Come over here to me.” The man came and went in its house. The gull went out and brought back trout. The man began to eat the trout. Then he left the house, went away, and arrived home.

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3. A small snowbird was crying because she had lost her husband. While she was crying, the raven, who had no wife, came along. When the raven reached her he said, “Why are you crying?” “I am crying for my husband, because he has been away so long a time,” said the snowbird. “My husband went out to look for food for me, and has not come back.” The raven told her that her husband was dead; that he had been sitting on a rock, when this became loosened and fell through the ice, and that he had fallen with it. “I will marry you,” he said. “You can sleep here under my armpit. Take me for a husband; I have a pretty bill; I have a pretty chin; I have good enough nostrils and eyes; my wings are good and large, and so are my whiskers.” But the little snowbird said, “I don’t want you for my husband.” Then the raven went away, because the snowbird did not want to marry him.

After a while the raven, who was still without a wife, came to some geese who had become persons. The geese were just going away. The raven said, “I too, I who have no wife, I am going.” The geese, because they were about to leave, now became birds again. One of them said, “It is very far away that we are going. You had better not go with us,” meaning the raven. “Don’t come with us.” The raven said, “I am not afraid to go. When I am tired, I shall sleep by whirling up.” Then they started, the raven going with them. They flew a great distance (having now become birds), passing over a large expanse of water, where there was no land to be seen. Finally, when the geese wanted to sleep, they settled and swam on the water, and there they went to sleep. The raven also grew very tired, and wanted to sleep, but of course could not swim.

So he whirled upwards towards the sky. But as soon as he went to sleep, he began to drop from up there. When he fell into the water he woke up and said, “Get together, so that I can climb on your backs and go to sleep there.” The geese did as he’ told them, and he was soon asleep on their backs. Then one of the geese said, “He is not light at all. Let us shake him off, because he is so heavy.” Then they shook him off their backs into the water.

“Get together,” cried the raven. But they did not do so, and thus the raven was drowned.

4. The hawk was busy marking the raven with spots. Meanwhile a man was coming from behind towards them, so that they did not see him (especially as they were absorbed in their occupation). The man came nearer. (An obscure passage follows.) Suddenly the hawk was startled, and spilled the soot over the raven, so that the latter became black, while the raven bespattered him, so that he became marked with small spots.


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The Tornit and the Adlit

Two tornit lived among savage adlit, known for their murderous and cannibalistic behavior. Fearing for their lives, one night, the tornit prepared a sledge, harnessed dogs, and silently called his companion. They sabotaged the adlit sledges by cutting their thongs. As they fled, barking dogs alerted the adlit, but their sledges broke down, allowing the tornit to escape unharmed.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Authority: The Tornit challenge the oppressive and dangerous dominance of the Adlit by orchestrating their escape.

Cunning and Deception: The Tornit use cleverness to outwit the Adlit, cutting the thongs of their sledges to prevent pursuit.

Trials and Tribulations: The Tornit’s struggle to survive among the Adlit and their daring escape highlight their resilience.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


Among some savage and murderous adlit, who were even cannibals, were two tornit, who were in consequence much afraid. One night, when his companions had all gone to sleep, one of them got up and went out. Then he prepared a sledge and harnessed the dogs, and softly called his companion, the other tornit. Then they cut the thongs that held the crossbars to the runners of the other sledges, and, getting on their own sledge, started off. Just then, however, the dogs barked, and the adlit, awakened by the noise, came out of the house. They immediately prepared to pursue, but when they started, their sledges of course broke down, and the tornit escaped.

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Inukpan

Inukpan, also known as Inukpakssua, is a mythical giant in Inuit folklore. Stories depict him as so massive that people could walk on his toe or use his boot-string as a kayak cover. He mistook bears for foxes and crushed them effortlessly. In one tale, he captured five kayakers in his hand, but they escaped his giant home while he slept.

Source: 
Tales of the Smith Sound Eskimo 
by Alfred L. Kroeber 
[The American Folklore Society] 
Journal of American Folklore 
Vol.12, No.46, pp.166-182 
July-September, 1899


► Themes of the story

Mythical Creatures: Inukpan himself is a colossal being, so immense that humans could walk on his toe or use his boot-string as a kayak cover. His interactions, such as mistaking bears for foxes and effortlessly crushing them, highlight the presence of extraordinary beings within the narrative.

Supernatural Beings: Inukpan’s existence and actions transcend the natural world, showcasing the influence of supernatural entities in Inuit mythology. His ability to capture five kayakers in his hand and his enormous dwelling further emphasize this theme.

Cunning and Deception: The captured kayakers exhibit resourcefulness by escaping from Inukpan’s giant home while he sleeps, demonstrating human ingenuity and the use of wit to overcome formidable challenges.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Inuit peoples


The same tale is found among the central tribes. The Greenlanders also tell of Inugpait, giants that live across the sea.

Inukpan, also called Inukpakssua, was a very large man, who did not really exist, but whom stories tell about. It is said that he was so large that people could stand on his big toe, and walk about on it, and that the flat skin-thong of his boot-string could be used as a kayak-covering by ordinary men. It is also said that, seeing several bears, he called them only foxes, and, picking them up between his fingers, crushed them dead.

At one time, when he was out in his kayak, he saw five kayakers some distance away. He went after them, soon reached them, and then scooped up all five, kayaks and all, in the hollow of his hand. He took them to his house, which was enormously large, and put them over the lamp. Then, however, he fell asleep, and the men climbed down, went out, and ran home before he awoke.

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How the caribou lost their large eyes

The Eskimo tell of a time when caribou had large, keen eyes, making them savage and difficult to hunt. After seeking help from their Torngak, one thoughtful caribou sewed up the corners of its species’ eyes, using a bone from its foreleg, to appear less fierce. This act made caribou tamer and easier to hunt, providing the Eskimo with sustenance and materials for survival.

Source: 
The Labrador Eskimo 
by E.W. Hawkes 
[Canada, Department of Mines] 
Geological Survey, Memoir 91 
Anthropological Series no. 14 
Ottawa, 1916


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The story explains why caribou have smaller eyes, attributing it to a deliberate change to aid human hunters.

Cunning and Deception: The caribou’s act of sewing their eyes to appear less fierce involves a form of self-deception to alter their behavior and relationship with humans.

Harmony with Nature: The tale reflects the interdependence between humans and animals, highlighting how changes in animal behavior can lead to a balanced coexistence.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


When the caribou were first found by the Eskimo, they had very large eyes. They could see a long distance and were very savage. So the Eskimo found it exceedingly difficult to get near enough to shoot them with their bows and arrows. Consequently they often went hungry. They asked their Torngak to help them, and to make the caribou tamer. One of the caribou grew very thoughtful. He said to the others, “I wish our eyes were not so large, then we should be better looking.” So the other caribou said, “Sew our eyes up then.” So the thoughtful caribou took a little bone out of its foreleg and a piece of sinew and sewed up the corners of their eyes. The caribou became tamer and could not see so quickly, and the Eskimo were able to take them more easily.

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The Eskimo say that it is because the Torngak of their forefathers helped them that the caribou are not so savage and cannot see so far, and they are able to kill them and eat their meat and wear their skins for clothing. They always show the bone in the foreleg that was used by the caribou that their Torngak made thoughtful, when they tell the story. It is a bone in the ankle that seems to be loose under the skin.


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The owl and the raven

The owl and the raven quarreled, leading to the owl tipping a lamp over the raven, covering him in soot. Ashamed, the raven flew away, crying “kaq, kaq.” This explains why ravens are black in this tale.

Source: 
The Labrador Eskimo 
by E.W. Hawkes 
[Canada, Department of Mines] 
Geological Survey, Memoir 91 
Anthropological Series no. 14 
Ottawa, 1916


► Themes of the story

Origin of Things: The tale provides an explanation for the raven’s black coloration.

Conflict with Nature: The quarrel between the owl and the raven represents a struggle between natural creatures.

Cunning and Deception: The owl’s act of tipping the lamp over the raven involves a deceptive action leading to the raven’s transformation.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Once the owl and the raven had a quarrel.

The owl became angry and tipped a lamp over the raven.

He was completely covered with soot.

He was very much ashamed, and flew off, crying, “kaq, kaq.”

That is why he is black.

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The girl who married a whale

A girl walking along the shore wished for a husband and chose a whale’s skull, which came to life. She married the whale but was kept tied due to his jealousy. Escaping with her family, she distracted the pursuing whale by throwing her clothes into the sea. The whale, enraged, stranded himself and was killed, reverting to a bone.

Source: 
The Labrador Eskimo 
by E.W. Hawkes 
[Canada, Department of Mines] 
Geological Survey, Memoir 91 
Anthropological Series no. 14 
Ottawa, 1916


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The story features a whale’s skull that transforms into a living being, highlighting interactions with supernatural entities.

Forbidden Love: The girl’s union with a whale represents a romantic connection that defies natural and societal norms.

Cunning and Deception: The girl employs clever tactics to escape her jealous whale husband, demonstrating the use of wit to achieve freedom.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Once a girl was walking along the shore. She wished she had a husband. She saw a whale’s skull lying on the sand. So she said, “I will take the whale bone for a husband.” It came to life and married her. She went to live with the whale in the sea. The whale was very jealous of her, and tied a line to her for fear she would escape.

One day the girl saw her father and brothers going by in an umiak. She called to them to take her aboard. Soon the whale discovered her escape. He came swimming furiously after the boat. When he was quite near, the girl took off her mittens and threw them into the water.

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While he was tearing them up, they gained a little. Then he came on again, making the water foam in his anger. Then she took off her boots and threw them into the water. While he was thrashing them with his tail, they made for the shore. But he caught them again, when they were close to the shore. Then the girl took off her qo’lituk [this is the term used in northern Labrador for the deerskin frock] and threw it into the water. While he was tearing this up, they landed. But he was so angry that he did not notice the land, and came on again. He stranded in the shallow water, and was easily killed by her father and brothers. Then he changed back into a bone.


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The last of the Tunnit

This tale recounts the demise of a giant, the last of the Tunnit, who terrorized hunters near Hebron on the Labrador coast. Exploiting their fear, he stole their food until a harsh winter left everyone starving. Joining a hunt, he fell for a ruse, agreeing to follow customs that led to his binding. The hunters attacked him in his sleep, ultimately killing him, though not without losses. His grave remains visible near Saglek Bay.

Source: 
The Labrador Eskimo 
by E.W. Hawkes 
[Canada, Department of Mines] 
Geological Survey, Memoir 91 
Anthropological Series no. 14 
Ottawa, 1916


► Themes of the story

Conflict with Nature: The giant, representing a formidable force of nature, poses a significant threat to the hunters, who must confront and overcome him to ensure their survival.

Cunning and Deception: The hunters employ cleverness and deceit, convincing the giant to adhere to fabricated customs, leading to his eventual capture and death.

Sacrifice: The hunters risk their lives to eliminate the giant, and during the struggle, some lose their lives, highlighting the theme of sacrifice for the greater good of the community.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


A big, overgrown giant, the last of the Tunnit left on the Labrador coast, lived a long time ago near Hebron. He would not hunt nor do any work. Whenever he wanted food he took it away from the hunters. He would watch when they brought in their seals at the end of the day’s hunt, and go up to them and take his choice. They were all afraid of him on account of his size and strength and did not dare resist him.

Finally a hard winter came when the hunters could get no seal. Then he had to starve with the rest of them. When they were nearly dead with hunger, the people decided to send out six of their best hunters to see if they could not get some food.

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They were all surprised when the giant asked to go along too. Then they saw a chance to get rid of him. So they asked him to promise to obey all the customs of the hunters, which he did readily enough, suspecting nothing.

The first night out, after they had erected a snow-house, they told him that it was the custom for every young hunter to be bound the first evening on the hunt. So he allowed himself to be bound, having promised to obey all their customs. They tied his hands and feet with heavy lashing from their komatiks. They did not dare trust ordinary line. When he was sound asleep, in the middle of the night, they set on him and killed him with their lances; but bound as he was, he managed to break the heavy line, and kill one of them before he was finally killed.

When the hunters returned home without him, his wife asked where he was, but the hunters would not tell her. Finally she understood. She went out and got his body and buried it. The grave can still be seen on the north side of Saglek bay.

Another version, which gives the additional detail that the hunters cut through the side of the snow-house to get at the giant, is as follows:

Once on a time there lived a giant near Hebron, who was so heavy that he could not walk on new ice. He was the tyrant of the village. Whatever he wanted he took, and no one dared dispute him.

One year he expressed a wish that he would like to see how seals were killed and how the men went hunting. (He never hunted himself but stole from others). The hunters thought it a fine chance to get him in their power. They wanted to get rid of him because they were afraid of him and he was always bullying them. So they told him that if he wanted to go seal hunting with them, he would have to do exactly as they told him. He promised that he would, and they let him go with them.

So the first night they were out on the ice, they built a snowhouse, and told him that it was their custom to be lashed with skin line and left alone in the snow-house all night. So he let them tie him up, and lay down to sleep. Now the other Eskimo outside waited until they thought he was sound asleep. Then they cut a big hole in the side of the house and three men went in, while eight stood outside waiting. The three men inside jumped on the giant, and the eight men came in and joined in the fight. The giant broke the lines he was fastened with, and killed three men before the others overpowered him and killed him with their knives. So that was the last of the giant. His grave is to be seen to this day. It is a very large and long stone grave in Saglek bay.


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Tungujuluk and Saunikoq

Tungujuluk and Saunikoq, rival wizards from the same village, could transform into a walrus and a bear, respectively. Saunikoq’s jealousy over Tungujuluk teaching his son kayaking led to a failed attempt to harm the boy in bear form. Tungujuluk later outwitted Saunikoq by turning into a walrus, tricking him during a hunt, and exposing his deeds at a feast. Humiliated, Saunikoq fled and was never seen again.

Source: 
Eskimo Folk-Tales 
collected by Knud Rasmussen 
[Copenhagen, Christiania], 1921


► Themes of the story

Transformation: Both protagonists possess the ability to metamorphose into animals—Tungujuluk into a walrus and Saunikoq into a bear—highlighting themes of physical change and the fluidity between human and animal forms.

Cunning and Deception: The narrative showcases acts of trickery, particularly when Tungujuluk, disguised as a walrus, deceives Saunikoq during a hunt, turning the latter’s schemes against him.

Revenge and Justice: Saunikoq’s jealousy leads him to attempt harm against Tungujuluk’s son, but ultimately, Tungujuluk’s clever retaliation exposes Saunikoq’s malicious intent, resulting in Saunikoq’s humiliation and exile, serving as a form of poetic justice.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Tungujuluk and Saunikoq were men from one village. And both were wizards. When they heard a spirit calling, one would change into a bear, and the other into a walrus.

Tungujuluk had a son, but Saunikoq had no children.

As soon as his son was old enough, Tungujuluk taught him to paddle a kayak. At this the other, Saunikoq, grew jealous, and began planning evil.

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One morning when he awoke, he went out hunting seal as usual. He had been out some time, when he went up to an island, and called for his bearskin. When it came, he got into it, and moved off towards Tungujuluk’s house. He landed a little way off, and then stole up to kill Tungujuluk’s son. And when he came near, he saw him playing with the other children. But he did not know that his father had already come home, and was sitting busily at work on the kayak he was making for his son. He was just about to go up to them, when the boy went weeping home to his father, and when his father looked round, there was a big bear already close to them. He took a knife and ran towards it, and was just about to stab that bear, when it began to laugh. And then suddenly Tungujuluk remembered that his neighbour Saunikoq was able to take the shape of a bear. And he was now so angry that he had nearly stabbed him in spite of all, and it was a hard matter for him to hold back his knife.

But he did not forget that happening. He waited until a long time had passed, and at last, many days later, when he awoke in the morning, he went out in his kayak. On the way he came to an island. And going up on to that island, he called his other shape to him. When it came, he crawled into it, and became a walrus. And when he had thus become a walrus, he went to that place where it was the custom for kayaks to hunt seal. And when he came near, he looked round, and sighted Saunikoq, who lay there waiting for seal.

Now he rose to the surface quite near him, and when Saunikoq saw him, he came over that way. And Saunikoq lifted his harpoon to throw it, and the stroke could not fail. Therefore he made himself small, and crept over to one side of the skin. And when he was struck, he floundered about a little, but not too violently, lest he should break the line. Then he swam away under water with the bladder float, and folded it up under his arm, and took out the air from it, and swam in towards land, and swam and swam until he came to the land near by where his kayak was lying. Then he went to it, and having taken out the point of the harpoon, he went out hunting.

He struck a black seal, and rowed home at once. And when he had come home, he said to his wife: “Make haste and cook the breast piece.”

And when that breast piece was cooked, and the other kayaks had come home, he made a meat feast, and Saunikoq, thinking nothing of any matter, came in with the others. When he came in, Tungujuluk made no sign of knowing anything, but went and took out the bladder and line from his kayak. And then all sat down to eat together. And they ate and were satisfied. And then each man began telling of his day’s hunting.

At last Saunikoq said: “Today, when I struck a walrus, I did not think at all that it should cause me to lose my bladder float. Where that came up again is a thing we do not know. That bladder float of mine was lost.”

And when Saunikoq had said this, Tungujuluk took that bladder and line and laid them beside the meat dish, and said: “Whose can this bladder be, now, I wonder? Aha, at last I have paid you for the time when you came in the shape of a bear, and mocked us.”

And when these words were said, the many who sat there laughed greatly. But Saunikoq got up and went away. And then next morning very early, he set out and rowed northward in his umiak. And since then he has not been seen. So great a shame did he feel.


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The eagle and the whale

In a remote village, two sisters are taken by magical creatures—a great eagle and a whale—who become their husbands. Longing to reunite, their brothers craft tools to rescue them. The eagle is slain by a boy’s arrow, while the whale is thwarted by the sisters’ clever distractions during a perilous sea chase. Ultimately, both sisters escape, leaving their fantastical captors behind.

Source: 
Eskimo Folk-Tales 
collected by Knud Rasmussen 
[Copenhagen, Christiania], 1921


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The sisters are taken by magical creatures—a great eagle and a whale—who become their husbands.

Quest: The brothers embark on a journey to rescue their sisters from these supernatural captors.

Cunning and Deception: The sisters use clever tactics to aid in their escape, such as plaiting sinew lines to lower themselves down and distracting the whale during the sea chase.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


In a certain village there lived many brothers. And they had two sisters, both of an age to marry, and often urged them to take husbands, but they would not.

At last one of the men said: “What sort of a husband do you want, then? An eagle, perhaps? Very well, an eagle you shall have.”

This he said to the one. And to the other he said: “And you perhaps would like a whale? Well, a whale you shall have.”

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And then suddenly a great eagle came in sight, and it swooped down on the young girl and flew off with her to a high ledge of rock. And a whale also came in sight, and carried off the other sister, carrying her likewise to a ledge of rock.

After that the eagle and the girl lived together on a ledge of rock far up a high steep cliff. The eagle flew out over the sea to hunt, and while he was away, his wife would busy herself plaiting sinews for a line wherewith to lower herself down the rock. And while she was busied with that work, the eagle would sometimes appear, with a walrus in one claw and a narwhal in the other.

One day she tried the line, with which she was to lower herself down; it was too short. And so she plaited more.

But as time went on, the brothers began to long for their sister. And they all set to work making crossbows.

And there was in that village a little homeless boy, who was so small that he had not strength to draw a bow, but must get one of the others to draw it for him every time he wanted to shoot. When they had made all things ready, they went out to the place where their sister was, and called to her from the foot of the cliff, telling her to lower herself down. And this she did. As soon as her husband had gone out hunting, she lowered herself down and reached her brothers.

Towards evening, the eagle appeared out at sea, with a walrus in each claw, and as he passed the house of his wife’s brothers, he dropped one down to them. But when he came home, his wife was gone. Then he simply threw his catch away, and flew, gliding on widespread wings, down to where those brothers were. But whenever the eagle tried to fly down to the house, they shot at it with their bows. And as none of them could hit, the little homeless boy cried: “Let me try too!”

And then one of the others had to bend his bow for him. But when he shot off his arrow, it struck. And when then the eagle came fluttering down to earth, the others shot so many arrows at it that it could not quite touch the ground.

Thus they killed their sister’s husband, who was a mighty hunter.

But the other sister and the whale lived together likewise. And the whale was very fond of her, and would hardly let her out of his sight for a moment.

But the girl here likewise began to feel homesick, and she also began plaiting a line of sinew threads, and her brothers, who were likewise beginning to long for their sister, set about making a swift-sailing umiak. And when they had finished it, and got it into the water, they said: “Now let us see how fast it can go.”

And then they got a guillemot which had its nest close by to fly beside them, while they tried to outdistance it by rowing. But when it flew past them, they cried: “This will not do; the whale would overtake us at once. We must take this boat to pieces and build a new one.” And so they took that boat to pieces and built a new one.

Then they put it in the water again and once more let the bird fly a race with them. And now the two kept side by side all the way, but when they neared the land, the bird was left behind.

One day the girl said as usual to the whale: “I must go outside a little.”

“Stay here,” said her husband, that great one.

“But I must go outside,” said the girl.

Now he had a string tied to her, and this he would pull when he wanted her to come in again. And hardly had she got outside when he began pulling at the string.

“I am only just outside the passage,” she cried. And then she tied the string by which she was held, to a stone, and ran away as fast as she could down hill, and the whale hauled at the stone, thinking it was his wife, and pulled it in. The brothers’ house was just below the hillside where she was, and as soon as she came home, they fled away with her. But at the same moment, the whale came out from the passage way of its house, and rolled down into the sea. The umiak dashed off, but it seemed as if it were standing still, so swiftly did the whale overhaul it. And when the whale had nearly reached them, the brothers said to their sister: “Throw out your hairband.”

And hardly had she thrown it out when the sea foamed up, and the whale stopped. Then it went on after them again, and when it came up just behind the boat, the brothers said: “Throw out one of your mittens.”

And she threw it out, and the sea foamed up, and the whale pounced down on it. And then she threw out the inner lining of one of her mittens, and then her outer frock and then her inner coat, and now they were close to land, but the whale was almost upon them. Then the brothers cried: “Throw out your breeches!”

And at the same moment the sea was lashed into foam, but the umiak had reached the land. And the whale tried to follow, but was cast up on the shore as a white and sun-bleached bone of a whale.


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Qasiagssaq, the great liar

The story of Qasiagssaq, a notorious liar, recounts his deceitful acts and eventual demise. Despite repeatedly failing as a hunter, he resorts to theft, lies, and manipulation, embarrassing his wife and angering his fellow villagers. His deceit escalates with exaggerated claims and trickery, culminating in his leading the community on a futile whale hunt. Overwhelmed by his falsehoods, they ultimately kill him, ending his troubling legacy.

Source: 
Eskimo Folk-Tales 
collected by Knud Rasmussen 
[Copenhagen, Christiania], 1921


► Themes of the story

Trickster: Qasiagssaq embodies the trickster archetype, using deceit and manipulation to achieve his ends, such as stealing a fellow villager’s seal and fabricating stories to cover his failures.

Cunning and Deception: The narrative centers on Qasiagssaq’s continuous lies and schemes, highlighting the consequences of deceit within a community.

Moral Lessons: The story imparts a cautionary message about the perils of dishonesty and the eventual downfall that befalls those who engage in deceitful behavior.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about Inuit peoples


Qasiagssaq, men say, was a great liar. His wife was called Qigdlugsuk. He could never sleep well at night, and being sleepless, he always woke his fellow-villagers when they were to go out hunting in the morning. But he never brought home anything himself.

One day when he had been out as usual in his kayak, without even sight of a seal, he said: “It is no use my trying to be a hunter, for I never catch anything. I may as well make up some lie or other.”

► Continue reading…

And at the same moment he noticed that one of his fellow-villagers was towing a big black seal over to an island, to land it there before going out for more. When that seal had been brought to land, Qasiagssaq rowed round behind the man, and stole it, and towed it back home.

His wife was looking out for him, going outside every now and then to look if he were in sight. And thus it was that coming out, she caught sight of a kayak coming in with something in tow. She shaded her eyes with both hands, one above the other, and looked through between them, gazing eagerly to try if she could make out who it was. The kayak with its seal in tow came rowing in, and she kept going out to look, and at last, when she came out as usual, she could see that it was really and truly Qasiagssaq, coming home with his catch in tow.

“Here is Qasiagssaq has made a catch,” cried his fellow-villagers. And when he came in, they saw that he had a great black seal in tow, with deep black markings all over the body. And the tow-line was thick with trappings of the finest narwhal tusk.

“Where did you get that tow-line?” they asked.

“I have had it a long time,” he answered, “but have never used it before today.”

After they had hauled the seal to land, his wife cut out the belly part, and when that was done, she shared out so much blubber and meat to the others that there was hardly anything left for themselves. And then she set about cooking a meal, with a shoulder-blade for a lamp, and another for a pot. And every time a kayak came in, they told the newcomer that Qasiagssaq had got a big black seal.

At last there was but one kayak still out, and when that one came in, they told him the same thing: “Qasiagssaq has actually got a big seal.”

But this last man said when they told him: “I got a big black seal today, and hauled it up on an island. But when I went back to fetch it, it was gone.”

The others said again: “The tow-line which Qasiagssaq was using today was furnished with toggles of pure narwhal tusk.”

Later in the evening, Qasiagssaq heard a voice calling in at the window: “You, Qasiagssaq, I have come to ask if you will give back that tow-line.”

Qasiagssaq sprang up and said: “Here it is; you may take it back now.”

But his wife, who was beside him, said: “When Qasiagssaq does such things, one cannot but feel shame for him.”

“Hrrrr!” said Qasiagssaq to his wife, as if to frighten her. And after that he went about as if nothing had happened.

One day when he was out in his kayak as usual, he said: “What is the use of my being out here, I who never catch anything?”

And he rowed in towards land. When he reached the shore, he took off his breeches, and sat down on the ground, laying one knee across a stone. Then he took another stone to serve as a hammer, and with that he hammered both his knee-caps until they were altogether smashed.

And there he lay. He lay there for a long time, but at last he got up and went down to his kayak, and now he could only walk with little and painful steps. And when he came down to his kayak, he hammered and battered at that, until all the woodwork was broken to pieces. And then, getting into it, he piled up a lot of fragments of iceberg upon it, and even placed some inside his clothes, which were of ravens’ skin. And so he rowed home.

But all this while two women had been standing watching him.

His wife was looking out for him as usual, shading her eyes with her hands, and when at last she caught sight of his kayak, and it came nearer, she could see that it was Qasiagssaq, rowing very slowly. And when then he reached the land, she said: “What has happened to you now?”

“An iceberg calved.”

And seeing her husband come home in such a case, his wife said to the others: “An iceberg has calved right on top of Qasiagssaq, so that he barely escaped alive.”

But when the women who had watched him came home, they said: “We saw him today; he rowed in to land, and took off his breeches and hammered at his knee-caps with a stone; then he went down to his kayak and battered it to bits, and when that was done, he filled his kayak with ice, and even put ice inside his clothing.”

But when his wife heard this, she said to him: “When Qasiagssaq does such things, one cannot but feel shame for him.”

“Hrrrr!” said Qasiagssaq, as if to frighten her.

After that he lay still for a long while, waiting for his knees to heal, and when at last his knees were well again, he began once more to go out in his kayak, always without catching anything, as usual. And when he had thus been out one day as usual, without catching anything, he said to himself again: “What is the use of my staying out here?”

And he rowed in to land. There he found a long stone, laid it on his kayak, and rowed out again. And when he came in sight of other kayaks that lay waiting for seal, he stopped still, took out his two small bladder floats made from the belly of a seal, tied the harpoon line to the stone in his kayak, and when that was done, he rowed away as fast as he could, while the kayaks that were waiting looked on. Then he disappeared from sight behind an iceberg, and when he came round on the other side, his bladder float was gone, and he himself was rowing as fast as he could towards land. His wife, who was looking out for him as usual, shading her eyes with her hands, said then: “But what has happened to Qasiagssaq?”

As soon as a voice could reach the land, Qasiagssaq cried: “Now you need not be afraid of breaking the handles of your knives; I have struck a great walrus, and it has gone down under water with my two small bladder floats. One or another of those who are out after seal will be sure to find it.”

He himself remained altogether idle, and having come into his house, did not go out again. And as the kayaks began to come in, others went down to the shore and told them the news: “Qasiagssaq has struck a walrus.”

And this they said to all the kayaks as they came home, but as usual, there was one of them that remained out a long time, and when at last he came back, late in the evening, they told him the same thing: “Qasiagssaq, it is said, has struck a walrus.”

“That I do not believe, for here are his bladder floats; they had been tied to a stone, and the knot had worked loose.”

Then they brought those bladder floats to Qasiagssaq and said: “Here are your bladder floats; they were fastened to a stone, but the knot worked loose.”

“When Qasiagssaq does such things, one cannot but feel shame for him,” said his wife as usual.

“Hrrrr!” said Qasiagssaq, to frighten her.

And after that Qasiagssaq went about as if nothing had happened.

One day he was out in his kayak as usual at a place where there was much ice; here he caught sight of a speckled seal, which had crawled up on to a piece of the ice. He rowed up to it, taking it unawares, and lifted his harpoon ready to throw, but just as he was about to throw, he looked at the point, and then he laid the harpoon down again, saying to himself: “Would it not be a pity, now, for that skin, which is to be used to make breeches for my wife, to be pierced with holes by the point of a harpoon?”

So he lay alongside the piece of ice, and began whistling to that seal [speckled seal may often be caught in this fashion]. And he was just about to grasp hold of it when the seal went down. But he watched it carefully, and when it came up again, he rowed over to it once more. He lifted his harpoon and was just about to throw, when again he caught sight of the point, and said to himself: “Would it not be a pity if that skin, which is to make breeches for my wife, should be pierced with holes by the harpoon?” And again he cried out to try and frighten the seal, and down it went again, and did not come up any more.

Once he heard that there lived an old couple in another village, who had lost their child. So Qasiagssaq went off there on a visit. He came to their place, and went into the house, and there sat the old couple mourning. Then he asked the others of the house in a low voice: “What is the trouble here?”

“They are mourning,” he was told.

“What for?” he asked.

“They have lost a child; their little daughter died the other day.”

“What was her name?”

“Nipisartangivaq,” they said.

Then Qasiagssaq cleared his throat and said in a loud voice: “Today my little daughter Nipisartangivaq is doubtless crying at her mother’s side as usual.”

Hardly had he said this when the mourners looked up eagerly, and cried: “Ah, how grateful we are to you! [The souls of the dead are supposed to be born again in the body of one named after them.] Now your little daughter can have all her things.”

And they gave him beads, and the little girl’s mother said: “I have nothing to give you by way of thanks, but you shall have my cooking pot.”

And when he was setting out again for home, they gave him great quantities of food to take home to his little girl. But when he came back to his own place, his fellow-villagers asked: “Wherever did you get all this?”

“An umiak started out on a journey, and the people in it were hurried and forgetful. Here are some things which they left behind.”

Towards evening a number of kayaks came in sight; it was people coming on a visit, and they had all brought meat with them. When they came in, they said: “Tell Qasiagssaq and his wife to come down and fetch up this meat for their little girl.”

“Qasiagssaq and his wife have no children; we know Qasiagssaq well, and his wife is childless.”

When the strangers heard this, they would not even land at the place, but simply said: “Then tell them to give us back the beads and the cooking pot.”

And those things were brought, and given back to them.

Then Qasiagssaq’s wife said as usual: “Now you have lied again. When you do such things, one cannot but feel shame for you.”

“Hrrrr!” said Qasiagssaq, to frighten her, and went on as if nothing had happened.

Now it is said that Qasiagssaq’s wife Qigdlugsuk had a mother who lived in another village, and had a son whose name was Ernilik. One day Qasiagssaq set out to visit them. He came to their place, and when he entered into the house, it was quite dark, because they had no blubber for their lamp, and the little child was crying, because it had nothing to eat. Qasiagssaq cleared his throat loudly and said: “What is the matter with him?”

“He is hungry, as usual,” said the mother.

Then said Qasiagssaq: “How foolish I was not to take so much as a little blubber with me. Over in our village, seals are daily thrown away. You must come back with me to our place.”

Next morning they set off together. When they reached the place, Qasiagssaq hurried up with the harpoon line in his hand, before his wife’s mother had landed. And all she saw was that there was much carrion of ravens on Qasiagssaq’s rubbish heap. Suddenly Qasiagssaq cried out: “Ah! One of them has got away again!”

He had caught a raven in his snare. His wife cooked it, and their lamp was a shoulder-blade, and another shoulder-blade was their cooking pot, and when that meat was cooked, Qigdlugsuk’s mother was given raven’s meat to eat. Afterwards she was well fed by the other villagers there, and next morning when she was setting out to go home, they all gave her meat to take with her; all save Qasiagssaq, who gave her nothing.

And time went on, and once he was out as usual in his kayak, and when he came home in the evening, he said: “I have found a dead whale; tomorrow we must all go out in the umiak and cut it up.”

Next day many umiaks and kayaks set out to the eastward, and when they had rowed a long way in, they asked: “Where is it?”

“Over there, beyond that little ness,” he said.

And they rowed over there, and when they reached the place, there was nothing to be seen. So they asked again: “Where is it?”

“Over there, beyond that little ness.”

And they rowed over there, but when they reached the place, there was nothing to be seen. And again they asked: “Where is it? Where is it?”

“Up there, beyond the little ness.”

And again they reached the place and rowed round it, and there was nothing to be seen.

Then the others said: “Qasiagssaq is lying as usual. Let us kill him.”

But he answered: “Wait a little; let us first make sure that it is a lie, and if you do not see it, you may kill me.”

And again they asked: “Where is it?”

“Yes… where was it now… over there beyond that little ness.”

And now they had almost reached the base of that great fjord, and again they rounded a little ness farther in, and there was nothing to be seen. Therefore they said: “He is only trouble to us all: let us kill him.”

And at last they did as they had said, and killed him.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page