Yukaghir manners

The Yukaghir used a bag containing the bones of ancestors for divination, guiding their hunting and trading decisions. If the bag was heavy, it signified bad luck, and if light, good fortune. The bag also provided protection, as when a man sought refuge from an evil spirit. It indicated the safe course by becoming lighter, allowing him to escape unharmed.

Source
Tales of Yukaghir, Lamut, and Russianized Natives of Eastern Siberia
by Waldemar Bogoras
The American Museum of Natural History
Anthropological Papers, Vol. 20, Part 1

New York, 1918


► Themes of the story

Ancestral Spirits: The Yukaghir’s use of a bag containing ancestral bones for divination highlights their deep connection to forebears influencing their present decisions.

Sacred Objects: The bone-filled bag serves as a powerful artifact with mystical significance, guiding and protecting the community.

Ritual and Initiation: The practices surrounding the bag, such as offerings and divination rituals, emphasize ceremonial rites integral to the Yukaghir’s cultural transitions and decisions.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Yukaghir people


Told by Nicholas Vostryakoff, a Russianized Yukaghir man, in the village of Omolon, in the Kolyma country, summer of 1900.

In former times, the Yukaghir acted in the following manner. When the grave-box of a member of their own kind decayed on account of extreme age, they gathered the dry bones. They prepared a bag of harlot skin, and put the bones into it. That done, they built a small storehouse on wooden supports, in which to keep the bones. The bag of bones served them as a means of divination. In their hunting pursuits they wandered about in various directions. As soon as they were ready to depart, they spoke to the bone charms, “See grandfather! answer us! How is our present hunting trip going to turn out?” With this they would try to lift the bag. Whenever it felt heavy, it was a sign that the hunt would not be successful. Sometimes it felt so heavy that it was impossible to lift it from the ground. That foreboded misfortune and possible death, and they would stay at home. Another time, the bag would feel lighter than a feather. This foreboded good luck, and they would start off merrily.

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The same was done when they wanted to go to Russian settlements for trading purposes. “Eh, grandfather, what is going to happen to us?” Sometimes the signs would urge them on, and at other times it would make them desist. Another day they would be ready to depart; but the “grandfather” would forecast ill luck, so that they would stay at home. After three or four days, they would go to the bag; and the “grandfather” might have changed his mind, and feel quite light when lifted. This meant that the bad influence had passed, and they went forth to resume their enterprise. In due time they would come back from their hunting; then they would visit the “grandfather,” taking him the best morsel of meat and fat, marrow and blood soup, also tea and sugar, tobacco, and hard tack. They would put all this into the bag. About midwinter, it might happen that the people would lack tea or tobacco; then they would go to the “grandfather” for a loan from his stores. First of all, they would ask him, “Eh, grandfather, will you let us have a loan from your stores?” and then they would lift the bag. Sometimes it would consent, and feel quite light. Another time it would refuse the loan, and feel heavier than lead. Then they would go back empty-handed.

Every house and family had such a bag as their own protector. They would bring sacrifices to it, and it in turn would defend them and keep them in good condition.

My uncle told me one time how his “grandfather” saved him from an evil spirit. [In Russian creole чудинка (literally, “phantom”), or also пужанка (literally, “fright”). Both these words are unknown in European Russian though they are clearly of Russian origin.] One summer my uncle went in a wooden canoe down the river to inspect his deadfalls. He came to his autumn fishing place, where he had a hut with racks for drying fish. He wanted to get some fishing nets from there. When he was entering the hut, he heard something stir behind him; and on looking back he saw a “fright” coming. He nearly lost his senses. What was to be done? The return was cut off, and there was no chance to run ahead. Moreover, his feet nearly refused to serve him. All at once it came to his mind that his “grandfather’s” house was close by. So he rushed to it, climbed the ladder, tore open the door, and fell across the sill. “O granny! save me!” After that he remembered nothing. He came to himself late in the evening; and, lo, he was lying in the place of the bag of bones, and the “grandfather” lay close to the door and across the sill. The bag had moved the man to its own place, lain down near the entrance, like a sentry. My uncle felt quite uneasy, “Ah, grandfather!” said he, “What is to be done? Shall I go? I am sorely afraid. Please give answer! I will lift you. In case you want me to go, be light like feather down; but in case you want me to stay for safety, please be heavier than cast iron!” He tried to lift it, and it was lighter than a cobweb. “Oh, you permit me to go.” — He put down the bag, and put it back to its former place. Then he went down to the bank of the river, boarded his canoe, and paddled off. The “fright” never came back. So he reached home without any hindrance.


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The big pike

In Shigansk, near the Lena River, a giant pike is said to inhabit a lake, capable of swallowing men or reindeer. One time, a chief tried to catch it, but the pike was too strong. Another time, a man saw its enormous eyes in the water, prompting him to offer a sacrifice. He became known as Pike John, and his descendants still bear the name.

Source
Tales of Yukaghir, Lamut, and Russianized Natives of Eastern Siberia
by Waldemar Bogoras
The American Museum of Natural History
Anthropological Papers, Vol. 20, Part 1

New York, 1918


► Themes of the story

Mythical Creatures: The narrative centers on a colossal pike, a creature of extraordinary size and strength, capable of swallowing a man or even a reindeer.

Sacred Objects: The pike’s cheekbones are repurposed to construct a small hut, indicating the use of parts from a revered creature for significant purposes.

Cultural Heroes: The man who encounters the pike and offers a sacrifice becomes known as Pike John, establishing a lineage and cultural identity linked to the creature.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Yukaghir people


Told by Nicholas Kusakoff, a Russian creole, in the village of Pokhotsk, Kolyma country, summer of 1896.

They say, in the district of Shigansk, near the Lena River, there is a lake. In that lake are some monstrous pikes, such as are able to swallow a man or even a reindeer. One time a big elk went there to drink, and the pike caught him by the muzzle. They fought, but neither was the elk able to drag the pike out of the water, nor did the pike succeed in drawing in the elk. So they both perished. Their bones were found in the shallow water. The cheek bones of the pike were used for a small hut which gave shelter to one man.

One time a chief officer of the country ordered a large iron hook to be hammered out. He baited the hook with elk brisket, and tied it to a strong cord plaited of three lines of tough elkhide and let it down into the lake under the ice. After a week, they went back to the lake and found that the pike had been caught. It was so heavy, that ten men could hardly pull it up.

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The strands of the cord snapped, until only one remained. They attached a team of twelve dogs to the line and continued to pull. The head of the pike came up to the ice; but the ice hole was too small, though they worked upon it for two days. The head butted against the ice, and the last line snapped and the pike was lost.

Another time they caught a pike, and found in the stomach fragments of a canoe which it must have swallowed together with the paddle.

A man traveled in a canoe on this lake. One time he cast his nets, and waited near them for a very long time. Then he looked down under water and he saw a big round eye, to the left of his canoe. He looked into the water to the right, and saw another eye, like the first one. They were the eyes of the big Pike. The distance between the eyes was about the length of the double paddle of the canoe. He was so badly frightened, that be paddled off, leaving behind him his fish nets; but the giant fish remained motionless, just as pikes are accustomed to do. The man came to the shore and brought a sacrifice to the whole family of pikes. After that he refused to eat of the flesh of pike, and so he was nicknamed Pike John. His descendants are still living. Their family name is Pike [in Russian Щукинъ. This name is quite common, and much in use also in European Russia.]


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Tale of a shaman

A Kolyma head man’s assistant, a young one-eyed shaman, performs a miraculous ritual to heal a tribute chief’s dying wife. Despite his small stature, he expels seven shamans and restores the woman to health through extraordinary means. Rewarded with a horse, he sends it magically to his family, refusing excess riches and demonstrating humility and power.

Source
Tales of Yukaghir, Lamut, and Russianized Natives of Eastern Siberia
by Waldemar Bogoras
The American Museum of Natural History
Anthropological Papers, Vol. 20, Part 1

New York, 1918


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The narrative centers on a young shaman who performs miraculous rituals, showcasing interactions with the supernatural realm.

Trials and Tribulations: The shaman faces the challenge of healing a dying woman, testing his abilities and resolve.

Sacred Objects: The shaman utilizes special items or rituals imbued with spiritual significance during his healing process.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Yukaghir people


Told by Nicholas Kusakoff, a Russian creole, in the village of the Pokhotsk, in the Kolyma country, summer of 1896.

There was the head man of a village. I do not know exactly whether it was a village of Yukaghir or of the Yakut clan.

[For the last hundred years, the northern Miatushski clan has been living on the Great Anui River, in the Lower Kolyma country. This clan has been superficially Russianized. Their way of living is quite Russo-Yukaghir. They have no cattle, and catch their fish not in the lakes, but in the Great Anui and Kolyma rivers.]

This head man used to gather tribute among his clansmen. Then he carried it southward to the town of Yakutsk on the river Aldan. On the Aldan lived the tribute chief of their tribe. [This indicates that they were probably Yakut. The tribute chief in local Russian is голова (literally, “head”). This chief was elected by several clans related to one another and forming together one tribal branch.]

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One time this Kolyma head man came to the Aldan tribute chief. The wife of the latter was suffering very much from one day to the next and they were afraid she might die. The Kolyma head man, seeing her condition said to the tribute chief, “Have no care about my dinner, I will go elsewhere.” The tribute chief answered, “You were my guest in times of good fortune. Will you go away in these evil hours?” So the Kolyma head man entered, and saw sitting there in the house around a table, seven people, all quite unknown to him. He asked the tribute chief, “Who are these people — your workmen or your guests?” — “Oh, oh!”, said the tribute chief, “what are you thinking of! These people are no workmen, nor are they simple guests. They are shamans, all seven of them. They have come here for nine days, and they practise their art all the while; but we do not see any help. My wife is getting worse and worse. O friend! Your Kolyma country is renowned for its shamans and magicians; and you too, come from a country far distant, and you select your assistant from the whole community without doubt with great care. I am sure that you pay attention also to this (i.e., to magic). Can you not ask your assistant? Perhaps he knows enough to get for us at least temporary relief, even if for only a couple of hours.” — “I cannot tell. Indeed, as a young man, he suffered from fits, and perhaps he really is able to practise the art of shamanism, though I do not know whether for himself only or also in behalf of other people. [Fits of shamanistic hysteria. Among the Russian creoles and Russianized natives, both on the Anadyr and the Kolyma, women often have so-called “fits” (припадки). The patient, during the fit, sings improvised tunes, and even pronounces words of an unknown language. When coming to herself, she pretends not to remember what she has done. Such singing is also called shamanistic, and probably all this really represents the remnants of a more ancient shamanistic practice.] However, we may call him here, and see what he can do. Where is he? Go and call him.”

They brought the assistant. He was a small fellow, quite young, with only one eye. The house master asked him, “Here, you, of Kolyma birth, perhaps you have some knowledge of this matter, some shamanistic power or magical force. Have a look at my wife, and try to help her somehow!” — “All right!” said the fellow. “If I were in my own place, or if I had at least my own shamanistic garment, I might try to do something.” To this the tribute chief answered, “If you only will try, I will procure the necessary garment and all appurtenances.” The man was silent for a while. Then he said, “I will try to practise, as far as I may and know. But if she should die, do not be angry with me!” — “Oh, no! surely not! Do whatever you like. Before the beginning, however, give me a few hours only. Let me have one more look at her, though she is suffering.” They brought the shamanistic garment and arrayed him in it. The garment was too large for him. He looked in it just like a stump in an overcoat. The owner of the garment said, “Tie him up with a girdle. He will tear off all the tassels.” One man went up to him and said, “Let me gird you up!” — “Wait a while,” said the Kolyma shaman, “then you may gird me. I will give you a signal.” So he began to practise. He croaked three times like a raven; then he roared three times like a bear; then he howled three times like a wolf. After that he stood up. His head pierced the roof, and the garment burst between the shoulders. Then the door flew open, and the seven shamans were hurled out of the house like seven shreds of skin. They died on the spot. He began to practise. After some time he went to the patient, and cut her body into small pieces. Each piece he took into his hands and put into his mouth, sucked it all around, and then blew on it. He put them together, and blew upon them three times. They joined again, and were covered with a new skin. He blew three times more, and the body breathed. After that he stepped toward the entrance and sang for an hour, then for another hour. At the beginning of the third hour, the woman came to herself, and turned over on the other side. She even asked for a little piece of meat to be put into her mouth. So he went back to her from the door, and asked her, “How do you feel?” — “I feel numb all over!” He resumed his singing and performed until dawn. Then he stopped and ordered all the people to lie down to sleep. When they awoke, the woman awoke with them, and asked for food and drink. They put another piece of meat into her mouth. From this time on she recovered rapidly, and after three days she was able to take food and drink without assistance.

After that the tribute chief took his best horse, renowned in that region for its swiftness. He put on it a saddle of silver, a bridle of steel inlaid with silver, and a saddle cloth embroidered with silk. To the saddle he tied a pouch containing two hundred rubles in cash. Then he took the horse to the Kolyma shaman, but the shaman refused to accept anything. So the tribute chief felt greatly afraid, and with much insistence and almost in tears, begged him to take something. At last, the shaman consented. He took the horse; but the bridle and the saddle, together with the saddle cloth, he took off and gave them back to the master. He also took thirty rubles only, and those not in silver, but in paper money. He rolled them up and tucked them into the horse’s left ear. Then he blew upon the horse and struck it with his staff; and the horse soared up on high, flew away, and vanished. They asked him, “Where did you send it?” — “I sent it to my mother and sister. This will last them until my return.”


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page

Reindeer-Born

A Tungus man, fearing the reindeer-eating foster son Reindeer-born, flees and finds an iron house with a beautiful woman. She gives him a magical neckerchief to protect him. When Reindeer-born pursues, the man hides behind a tree, and the kerchief transforms into a saw that kills Reindeer-born. The man returns to the iron house and marries the woman.

Source
Tales of Yukaghir, Lamut, and Russianized Natives of Eastern Siberia
by Waldemar Bogoras
The American Museum of Natural History
Anthropological Papers, Vol. 20, Part 1

New York, 1918


► Themes of the story

Supernatural Beings: The tale features Reindeer-Born, a creature with both human and reindeer characteristics, highlighting interactions with entities beyond the natural realm.

Cunning and Deception: The protagonist employs cleverness to escape and ultimately defeat Reindeer-Born, showcasing the use of wit to overcome challenges.

Sacred Objects: The magical neckerchief given by the mysterious woman serves as a powerful artifact that transforms into a saw, playing a crucial role in the story’s resolution.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Yukaghir people


Told by Innocent Karyakin, a Tundra Yukaghir man, on the western tundra of the Kolyma country, winter of 1895.

There was a Tungus man who had a large reindeer herd, and no son at all. One time he came to his herd, and saw that a doe had brought forth a fawn which looked quite human. “What is this?” asked the man. “This is a small boy,” said the doe. “I brought forth for you. Take him and have him for a son.”

The Tungus took the boy, who grew up quickly. Every day he would swallow live reindeer, — one in the morning, another at noon, and still another in the evening, — three meals a day, three living reindeer. So this man, who was rich in reindeer, soon had almost none at all, and was poor. Then he felt afraid, and said to himself, “He will finish the reindeer-herd, and next it will be my turn.” He left his house and goods, and fled away, not knowing where he was going. He walked on for a long time. Then he saw an iron house.

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In the house was a very pretty girl, so pretty that all the food she swallowed was visible though her transparent body. He thought in his mind, “Oh, I wish I had a wife like that girl!” And she answered immediately, “Really, you wish it?” She knew his thoughts, though he had not uttered a single word. She called him in and gave him food and drink. Then they lay down to sleep together. He stayed in that iron house three days and three nights. On the fourth morning his wife said, “It seems that you area runaway.” He said, “Maybe I am.” — “From whom were you running? I wish you would tell me the truth.” Then he said, “I took a foster child from the herd, Reindeer-Born; and I was afraid he would eat me up, together with my last reindeer.” — “All right,” said the woman, “have no more fear! Go back to your home. Here, take this neckerchief, and if the Reindeer-born should see you and should pursue you, run to some tree and hide behind it. Reindeer-born will not be able to catch you. And it Reindeer-born should not desist, touch the tree with this neckerchief.”

The man went back and came to his house. All at once he saw Reindeer-born, who rushed straight for him. The man turned about and ran for his life. He came to a tree, and hid behind it. Reindeer-born gave chase, and ran straight into the tree, striking his forehead against it with all his might. “Ah!” said Reindeer-born, “Your strength is greater than mine. I cannot make you fall.” In the meantime the man took the neckerchief and touched the tree with it; and instantly the kerchief turned into iron, and its outward shape was similar to that of a saw. This saw sawed at the tree and cut it down. The tree fell and struck Reindeer-born directly upon the head. It broke his head as if it had been an egg-shell, and killed him outright. The man returned to the iron house and lived there, having the young woman as a wife.


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The sinew rope

A young man, struggling as an unsuccessful hunter, defies his mother’s advice and discovers a sinister figure intending to feast on him. Pretending to be dead, he endures pain to maintain his ruse before escaping with a magical sinew rope. This artifact brings him exceptional hunting success, transforming him into a celebrated provider and symbolizing resilience and the rewards of courage.

Source
Eskimo and Aleut Stories from Alaska
collected by F.A. Golder
The Journal of American Folklore

Vol. 22, No. 83, Jan. – Mar., 1909


► Themes of the story

Transformation: The protagonist evolves from an unsuccessful hunter to a renowned provider, symbolizing personal growth and change.

Cunning and Deception: The young man uses cleverness to feign death and escape from the sinister figure, highlighting the use of wit to overcome danger.

Sacred Objects: The sinew rope serves as a magical artifact that brings the protagonist success, emphasizing the significance of powerful objects in myths.

► From the same Region or People

Learn more about the Aleut people


Kadiak story

There were a great many successful hunters in a certain village; but one there was who had never killed anything, and he and his parents lived off the game secured by others. This humiliated the young man very much. He asked his mother why he in particular was so unfortunate, and what he ought to do to have better luck.

His mother advised him to go to the point of the cape and look about, but under no circumstances to go farther. He set out, and, when reaching the designated spot without seeing anything of note, he decided to go on until something happened. Towards evening he came to a beach, and in the sand he detected fresh human footsteps.

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After pulling up his boat on the kelp, he threw himself alongside of it, giving the impression of having been thrown up by the waves. He lay there a short time when he heard footsteps followed by a voice saying, “Ha, ha, here is another one! “The young man was carefully examined by the new-comer to make sure that he was dead; then tying a sinew rope about the body, the person swung him on his shoulders and walked off. On the way they passed through alder-bushes; and when a good opportunity offered itself, the young man reached out and gave a strong pull at a bush, almost upsetting the bearer, who called out, “Who is pulling me?”

When they reached a barabara, the young man was conscious of a woman and several children gathered about him in the expectation of a feast. The baby coaxed so much for a piece of meat that the father told the mother to cut off a toe for the child. Painful as the operation was, the young man did not in the least betray his feelings. The man had started a big fire and was sharpening the knives, when his attention was drawn to the choking baby, who had attempted to swallow the toe but could not. While the whole family was assisting the baby, the young man decided it was about time to escape. So he made a dash for the outside, and ran as fast as he could to the beach for the boat. He had barely time to get in it and push out, when the other man came up and said, “Give me back my sinew rope, and I will give you something also.”

The young man, however, refused to have any dealings with him, and pulled away, taking the rope with him. On the way home he killed much game; and as long as he retained the rope he was successful, and in time became a renowned hunter.


Running and expanding this site requires resources: from maintaining our digital platform to sourcing and curating new content. With your help, we can grow our collection, improve accessibility, and bring these incredible narratives to an even wider audience. Your sponsorship enables us to keep the world’s stories alive and thriving. ♦ Visit our Support page