The Yukaghir used a bag containing the bones of ancestors for divination, guiding their hunting and trading decisions. If the bag was heavy, it signified bad luck, and if light, good fortune. The bag also provided protection, as when a man sought refuge from an evil spirit. It indicated the safe course by becoming lighter, allowing him to escape unharmed.
Source
Tales of Yukaghir, Lamut, and Russianized Natives of Eastern Siberia
by Waldemar Bogoras
The American Museum of Natural History
Anthropological Papers, Vol. 20, Part 1
New York, 1918
► Themes of the story
Ancestral Spirits: The Yukaghir’s use of a bag containing ancestral bones for divination highlights their deep connection to forebears influencing their present decisions.
Sacred Objects: The bone-filled bag serves as a powerful artifact with mystical significance, guiding and protecting the community.
Ritual and Initiation: The practices surrounding the bag, such as offerings and divination rituals, emphasize ceremonial rites integral to the Yukaghir’s cultural transitions and decisions.
► From the same Region or People
Learn more about the Yukaghir people
Told by Nicholas Vostryakoff, a Russianized Yukaghir man, in the village of Omolon, in the Kolyma country, summer of 1900.
In former times, the Yukaghir acted in the following manner. When the grave-box of a member of their own kind decayed on account of extreme age, they gathered the dry bones. They prepared a bag of harlot skin, and put the bones into it. That done, they built a small storehouse on wooden supports, in which to keep the bones. The bag of bones served them as a means of divination. In their hunting pursuits they wandered about in various directions. As soon as they were ready to depart, they spoke to the bone charms, “See grandfather! answer us! How is our present hunting trip going to turn out?” With this they would try to lift the bag. Whenever it felt heavy, it was a sign that the hunt would not be successful. Sometimes it felt so heavy that it was impossible to lift it from the ground. That foreboded misfortune and possible death, and they would stay at home. Another time, the bag would feel lighter than a feather. This foreboded good luck, and they would start off merrily.
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The same was done when they wanted to go to Russian settlements for trading purposes. “Eh, grandfather, what is going to happen to us?” Sometimes the signs would urge them on, and at other times it would make them desist. Another day they would be ready to depart; but the “grandfather” would forecast ill luck, so that they would stay at home. After three or four days, they would go to the bag; and the “grandfather” might have changed his mind, and feel quite light when lifted. This meant that the bad influence had passed, and they went forth to resume their enterprise. In due time they would come back from their hunting; then they would visit the “grandfather,” taking him the best morsel of meat and fat, marrow and blood soup, also tea and sugar, tobacco, and hard tack. They would put all this into the bag. About midwinter, it might happen that the people would lack tea or tobacco; then they would go to the “grandfather” for a loan from his stores. First of all, they would ask him, “Eh, grandfather, will you let us have a loan from your stores?” and then they would lift the bag. Sometimes it would consent, and feel quite light. Another time it would refuse the loan, and feel heavier than lead. Then they would go back empty-handed.
Every house and family had such a bag as their own protector. They would bring sacrifices to it, and it in turn would defend them and keep them in good condition.
My uncle told me one time how his “grandfather” saved him from an evil spirit. [In Russian creole чудинка (literally, “phantom”), or also пужанка (literally, “fright”). Both these words are unknown in European Russian though they are clearly of Russian origin.] One summer my uncle went in a wooden canoe down the river to inspect his deadfalls. He came to his autumn fishing place, where he had a hut with racks for drying fish. He wanted to get some fishing nets from there. When he was entering the hut, he heard something stir behind him; and on looking back he saw a “fright” coming. He nearly lost his senses. What was to be done? The return was cut off, and there was no chance to run ahead. Moreover, his feet nearly refused to serve him. All at once it came to his mind that his “grandfather’s” house was close by. So he rushed to it, climbed the ladder, tore open the door, and fell across the sill. “O granny! save me!” After that he remembered nothing. He came to himself late in the evening; and, lo, he was lying in the place of the bag of bones, and the “grandfather” lay close to the door and across the sill. The bag had moved the man to its own place, lain down near the entrance, like a sentry. My uncle felt quite uneasy, “Ah, grandfather!” said he, “What is to be done? Shall I go? I am sorely afraid. Please give answer! I will lift you. In case you want me to go, be light like feather down; but in case you want me to stay for safety, please be heavier than cast iron!” He tried to lift it, and it was lighter than a cobweb. “Oh, you permit me to go.” — He put down the bag, and put it back to its former place. Then he went down to the bank of the river, boarded his canoe, and paddled off. The “fright” never came back. So he reached home without any hindrance.
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